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Samuel

Category: Soft

Published: leyketbuiti1987

Language: English

Introduction.The Kernel Virtual Machine, or KVM, is a full virtualization solution for Linux on x86 (64-bit included) hardware containing virtualization extensions (Intel VT or AMD-V). It consists of a loadable kernel module, kvm.ko , which prov >In Debian, Xen is an alternative to KVM. (VirtualBox is not in Debian main and not in Debian Buster and won't be in Debian Buster-Backports, 794466).Installation.It is possible to install only QEMU and KVM for a very minimal setup, but most users will also want libvirt for convenient configuration and management of the virtual machines (libvirt-daemon-system - libvirt, virt-manager - a GUI for libvirt). Typically a user should install:When installing on a server, you can add the --no-install-recommends apt option, to prevent the installation of extraneous graphical packages:The libvirt-bin daemon will start automatically at boot time and load the appropriate KVM modules, kvm-amd or kvm-intel, which are shipped with the Linux kernel Debian package. If you intend to create Virtual Machines (VMs) from the command-line, install virtinst.Connecting locally to libvirt as regular user.In order to manage virtual machines as regular user, that user needs to be added to some groups:You should then be able to list your domains. In virtualization, a "domain" is a virtual machine managed by libvirt:Connecting to remotely libvirt.By default, if virsh is run as a normal user it will connect to libvirt using qemu:///session URI string. This URI allows virsh to manage only the set of VMs belonging to this particular user. To manage the system set of VMs (i.e., VMs belonging to root) virsh should be ran as root or with qemu:///system URI:Creating a new guest.The easiest way to create and manage a VM guest is using GUI application Virtual Machine Manager virt-manager.Alternatively, you can create a VM guest via the command line. Below is example showing the creation of a Buster guest with the name buster-amd64:Since the guest has no network connection yet, you will need to use the GUI virt-viewer to complete the install.You can avo >--location option. To obtain text console for the installation you can also prov >--extra-args "console=ttyS0" :For a fully automated install look into preseed or debootstrap .Setting up br >Between VM guests.By default, QEMU uses macvtap in VEPA mode to prov >Between VM host and guests.Libvirt default network.If you use libvirt to manage your VMs, libvirt prov > via dnsmasq. This network is not automatically started. To start it use:To make the default network start automatically use:In order for things to work this way you need to have the recommended packages dnsmasq-base, br >Accessing guests with their hostnames.After the default network is setup, you can configure the libvirt's DNS server dnsmasq, such that you can access the guests using their host names. This is usefull when you have multiple guests and want to access them using simple hostnames, like vm1.libvirt instead of memorizing their IP addresses.First, configure the libvirt's default network. Run virsh --connect=qemu:///system net-edit default and add to the configuration the following line (e.g., after the mac tag):libvirt is the name of the domain for the guests. You can set it to something else, but make sure not to set it to local , because it may conflict with mDNS. Setting hlocalOnly='yes' is important to make sure that requests to that domain are never forwarded upstream (to avo >The resulting network configuration should look something like this:Now configure the VM guests with their names. For example, if you want to name a ghuest 'vm1', login to it and run:Next, configure the host's NetworkManager, so that it uses libvirt's DNS server and correctly resolves the guests' hostnames. First, tell NetworkManager to start its own version of dnsmasq by creating a configuration file /etc/NetworkManager/conf.d/libvirt_dns.conf with the follwoing content:Second, tell the host's dnsmasq that for all DNS requests regarding the libvirt domain the libvirt's dnsmasq instance should be queried. This can be don by creating a configuration file /etc/NetworkManager/dnsmasq.d/libvirt_dns.conf with the following content:libvirt here is the domain name you set in the configuration of the libvirt's default network. Note, the IP address must correspond to that of the libvirt's default network. See the ip -tag in the network configuration above.Now, restart the host's NetworkManager with.From now on the guests can be accessed using their hosnames, like ssh vm1.libvirt .Manual br >To let communications between VM host and VM guests, you may setup a macvlan br >Between VM host, guests and the world.In order to let communications between host, guests and outs >For example, you may modify network configuration file /etc/network/interfaces for setup ethernet interface eth0 to a br >Once that is correctly configured, you should be able to use the br >Managing VMs from the command-line.You can then use the virsh(1) command to start and stop virtual machines. VMs can be generated using virtinst. For more details see the libvirt page. Virtual machines can also be controlled using the kvm command in a similar fashion to QEMU. Below are some frequently used commands:Start a configured VM guest "VMGUEST":Notify the VM guest "VMGUEST" to graceful shutdown:Force the VM guest "VMGUEST" to shutdown in case it is hanged, i.e. graceful shutdown not work:Managing VM guests with a GUI.On the other hand, if you want to use a graphical UI to manage the VMs, you can use the Virtual Machine Manager virt-manager.Automatic guest management on host shutdown/startup.Guest behavior on host shutdown/startup is configured in /etc/default/libvirt-guests.This file specifies whether guests should be shutdown or suspended, if they should be restarted on host startup, etc.First parameter defines where to find running guests. For instance:Performance Tuning.Below are some options which can improve performance of VM guests.Assign virtual CPU core to dedicated physical CPU core Edit the VM guest configuration, assume the VM guest name is "VMGUEST" having 4 virtual CPU core.Add below codes after the line " where vcpu are the virtual cpu core > In general, the higher half physical CPU core are the hyperthreading cores which cannot prov > A general rule of thumb to set cpuset is: For the first vcpu, assign a lower half cpuset number. For example, if the system has 4 core 8 thread, the val > For the second and the every second vcpu, assign its higher half cpuset number. For example, if you assigned the first cpuset to 0, then the second cpuset should be set to 4.For the third vcpu and above, you may need to determine which physical cpu core share the memory cache more to the first vcpu as described here and assign it to the cpuset number to increase the memory cache hit rate.Disk I/O.Disk I/O is usually the bottleneck of performance due to its characteristics. Unlike CPU and RAM, VM host may not allocate a dedicated storage hardware for a VM. Worse, disk is the slowest component between them. There is two types of disk bottleneck, throughput and access time. A modern harddisk can perform 100MB/s throughput which is sufficient for most of the systems. While a modern harddisk can only prov >One way to improve disk I/O latency is to use a small but fast Sol >For VM Host, you can benchmark different disk I/O parameters to get the best tps for your disk. Below is an example of disk tuning and benchmarking using fio:For Windows VM guests, you may wish to switch between the slow but cross-platform Windows built-in > Native driver for Windows VM guests Create new VM guest with below configuration: > > Start VM guest and install the Windows OS as usual Shutdown VM guest Reconfigure VM guest with below configuration: Add a dummy VirtIO / VirtIO SCSI storage with 100MB size, e.g. DUMMY.qcow2.Attach VirtIO driver CD ISO to the > Restart VM guest Install the VirtIO driver from the > For VM guest of Windows 10 and above Run "cmd" as Administrator and run below command Shutdown VM guest Reconfigure VM guest with below configuration: Remove > Remove VirtIO storage for dummy storage, you can delete DUMMY.qcow2 Remove > Add a new VirtIO / VirtIO SCSI storage and attach WINDOWS.qcow2 to it Restart the VM guest For VM guest of Windows 10 and above Login the safe mode of Windows 10 VM guest and run below command Restart the VM guest Native driver for Linux VM guests Select VirtIO / VirtIO SCSI storage for the storage containers Restart the VM guest VirtIO / VirtIO SCSI storage VirtIO SCSI storage prov > Disk Cache Select "None" for disk cache mode, "Native" for IO mode, "Unmap" for Discard mode and Detect zeroes method. Dedicate I/O Threads Specifying I/O thread can reduce blocking symptom during disk I/O significantly. 1 I/O thread is sufficient for most cases: Edit the VM guest configuration, assume the VM guest name is "VMGUEST"After the first line " ", add "iothreads" line:After the line of disk controller, for example, for Virtio-SCSI controller, after the line " ", add "driver" line:Network I/O.Using virt-manager: Native driver for Windows VM guests Select VirtIO for the network adapter.Attach VirtIO driver CD ISO to the > Restart the VM guest, Windows found a new network adapter hardware, install the VirtIO driver from the > Native driver for Linux VM guests Select VirtIO for the network adapter Restart the VM guest.Memory.Huge Page Memory support Calculate the huge page counts required. Each huge page is 2MB size, as a result we can use below formula for the calculation. e.g. 4 VM guests, each VM guest using 1024MB, then huge page counts = 4 x 1024 / 2 = 2048. Note that the system may be hang if the acquired memory is more than that of the system available.Configure ?HugePages memory support by using below command. Since Huge memory might not be allocated if it is too fragmented, it is better to append the code to /etc/rc.local Reboot the system to enable huge page memory support. Verify huge page memory support by below command. Edit the VM guest configuration, assume the VM guest name is "VMGUEST"Add below codes after the line " Start the VM guest "VMGUEST" and verify it is using huge page memory by below command.Migrating guests to a Debian host.Migrating guests from RHEL/CentOS 5.x.There are a few minor things in guest XML configuration files ( /etc/libvirt/qemu/*.xml you need to modify:Machine variable in section should say pc , not rhel5.4.0 or similar.Emulator entry should point to /usr/bin/kvm , not /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm.In other words, the relevant sections should look something like this:If you had configured a br >Troubleshooting.No network br >virt-manager uses a virtual network for its guests, by default this is routed to 192.168.122.0/24 and you should see this by typing ip route as root.If this route is not present in the kernel routing table then the guests will fail to connect and you will not be able to complete a guest creation.Fixing this is simple, open up virt-manager and go to "Edit" -> "Host details" -> "Virtual networks" tab. From there you may create a virtual network of your own or attempt to fix the default one. Usually the problem exists where the default network is not started.cannot create br >To solve this probelm you may remove the virbr0 by running:Open virt-manager and go to "Edit" -> "Host details" -> "Virtual networks" start the default network.You can check the netstatus.Optionally, you can use br >Windows guest frequently hang or BSOD.Some Windows guest using some high-end N-way CPU may found frequently hang or BSOD, this is a known kernel bug while unfortunately not fixed in Jessie (TBC in Stretch). Below workaround can be applied by adding a section . in the guest configuration via command virsh edit GUESTNAME :See also.You can find an example for testing. You can't do it remotely.External links.Please, add links to external documentation. This is not a place for links to non-free commercial products.

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