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Irish has two different ways of expressing the English verb "to be". The copula is a sort of pseudo-verb. It is used for four main purposes: "Bí" is the verb "to be." If you want to negate "tá sé," you use níl instead of tá. Níl sé He is not Approximate phonetic pronunciations are provided for the phrases below. Pronunciation varies from one dialect to another. If you learned a different way of pronouncing these words, don't worry. In a classification sentence, we tell what class an identified person belongs to. For example, telling the profession of someone. Here are some persons and their professions. Cad é is gairm bheatha duit? Cén tslí bheatha atá agat? Cén cineál oibre atá agat? What is your profession? The little word ea (in Ulster and in older texts, eadh) means "it", but it is only used in copula constructions. There is an alternative sort of classification sentence, which uses the word ea and is especially common in southern dialects:
There are three ways to say "How are you?", depending on your dialect. Just pick the one you're most comfortable with, and use it. Tá mé go maith. TAW MAY GUH MAH _____ is ainm dom. _____ is my name. _____ ISS an-yim DUM Cad is ainm duit? What is your name? KOD ISS AN-yim DITCH An bhfuil _____ agat? Do you have _____? Tá __X__ ag __Y__. TAW ___ EGG ___ Tá mé i mo chónaí i _____. I live in _____. TAW MAY ih MUH HOH-nee Cá bhfuil tú i do chónaí? Where do you live? KAW WILL TOO ih DUH HOH-nee Rugadh agus togadh mé i _____. I was born and reared in _____. RUG-oo GUSS TOH-goo MAY ih... Is as _____ ó dhúchas mé. I'm originally from _____. ISS AHSS _____ OH GHOO-khus MAY Is maith liom _____. An maith leat _____? Do you like _____? Is brea liom _____. I really like _____. Is fuath liom _____. Is maith le __X__ __Y__ Ba mhaith liom _____.
I would like _____. BUH WAH LUM ... Ar mhaith leat _____? Would you like _____? ER WAH LAT ...? Tá a fhios agam go raibh maith agat (Often abbreviated grma on the Internet) Here are some words you can use to fill in the blanks above: Example: Tá sé __adjective__ = He/it is _____ Example: Níl sí __adjective__ = She/it isn't _____ All of the above questions are answered simply Tá or Níl. Here are some more adjectives to practice with. The verb tá, and its other forms (níl, an bhfuil, and nach bhfuil) can be used to describe something, but they can't be used to say what something is. For that you need to use a special verb called the copula. Think of copula statements as a set of templates you can plug things into. You can change what you plug into the template, but you can't change the template itself. One of the templates available is a classification statement. A classification statement has the form: These questions are answered simply Is ea or Ní hea.
You can practice classification statements using the nouns below. One of the most common mistakes learners make is using tá in place of is, or vice versa. Here's one way to remember the difference: Another way to think of it: Fill in the blanks with either tá or is, as appropriate. Hover your mouse over each blank to see the answer.He is a man. ___ an lá go deas. The day is nice.She is a doctor. ___ an leabhar sin deacair. That book is difficult. ___ leabhar Gone With The Wind. Gone With The Wind is a book. ___ an leabhar ar an mbord. The book is on the table. ___ mo mhadra Dougal. Dougal is my dog. ___ madra mór é. He is a big dog. ___ an madra mór. The dog is big. ___ an fhuinneog briste. The window is broken. ___ fuinneog bhriste é sin. That is a broken window. sé níos mó ná bosca arán. It is bigger than a breadbox. Playing Fiche Ceist is an excellent way to become familiar with: Is deacair a rá.
(It’s difficult to say). Tá sé réasúnta fuar, etc. (It’s reasonably cold, etc.) chomh mór le (as big as) níos mó ná (bigger than) chomh beag le (as small as) níos lú ná (smaller than) ar an (on the) in aice leis an (beside the) gar don (near the) páipéar (a paper, newspaper) The table below illustrates how to form simple sentences in the past, present and future tenses. There are also a few combined forms that are used in some dialects. Until you're ready to focus on one dialect in particular, you can use either form: Practice by answering the questions below. If any of the words below are unfamiliar, you should be able to find them in the previous sections. Nuair a bhí tú óg... When you were young... Cá raibh tú i do chónaí? Nuair a bheidh tú sean... When you are (will be) old... An mbeidh tú tuirseach? In English, we usually make comparisons by tacking the suffix -er or -est onto the adjective.
Irish also has special comparative forms. níos mó bigger (ní ba mhó in the past tense) is mó biggest (ba mhó in the past tense) níos fuaire colder (ní b'fhuaire in the past tense) is fuaire coldest (ab fhuaire in the past tense) níos áille lovelier (ní b'áille in the past tense) is áille loveliest (ab áille in the past tense) Note that the same form of the adjective is used for the relative and absolute comparisons. It's the prefix, níos or is, that makes the difference. Also note that the comparison is expressed differently for the past tense. (We're only going to worry about the present tense in this thread.) The most common structures for comparing things are: You may have notice something unusual about that first structure. I said earlier that is is used for absolute comparisons, where we use the '-est' ending in English, but I translate the first structure using an "-er" ending. You probably remember your English teacher saying that you compare two things using "-er";
that "-est" could only be used with three or more things. However, Irish doesn't have this rule. A sentence such as Is í an tsúil chlé an tsúil is láidre literally means "My left eye is the strongest eye", where in English we would say "My left eye is the stronger eye." So in short, don't worry about it. One final comment about the first and third structures. The copula, is, can never be followed directly by a definite noun or a proper noun; you need to insert é, í or iad. If you're not ready to deal with that, don't worry. Just stick with the second structure. So let's look at some examples of how to make comparisons. Tá an madra mór. Tá an madra níos mó ná an cat. The dog is bigger than the cat. (Notice how ná is used for "than".) Sin an madra is mó. That is the biggest dog. Tá an aimsir fuar. The weather is cold. Tá an aimsir níos fuaire anois. The weather is colder now. Tá an lá inniu go deas. Beidh an lá amárach níos deise.