beware of sexual crimes around us
In the United States (US), a psychologist in California has accused candidate supreme justice Brett Kavanaugh of sexually assaulting him while they were in high school.
The terms “sexual abuse”, “sexual assault”, “sexual harassment” and rape are all over the media.
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Many people want to understand this behavior and how to prevent it. So of course it would be useful if we could be consistent and accurate when using these terms.
But what do each of these terms mean?
We have specialized in scientific research on sexual abuse, rape, sexual assault and sexual harassment for decades.
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Let's go over the definitions of each of these terms. Then we can see how these behaviors sometimes coincide
Fornication
In the US, this term has been popular in the media recently regarding sports doctor Larry Nassar being tried for sexual immorality, a form of child abuse. Fornication is used to describe behavior towards children, not adults.
All US states have laws that recognize that children are unable to give proper sexual consent to any sexual act. In the US, the age of a person is considered capable of giving this consent ranging from 16 to 18 years.
Fornication can include many different things, from touching the victim sexually, forcing the victim to touch the perpetrator sexually, to forcing the victim to look at sexual organs or sexual activities. Fornication of children is a criminal offense.
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Rape
In 2012, the FBI issued a revised definition of rape, namely "penetration, even if slight, into the vagina or anus with any body organ or object, or oral penetration with a person's sex organs, without the victim's consent." This revision is gender neutral, meaning that victims can include anyone.
If you read further, this FBI definition is not what most people imagine regarding rape - generally carried out by foreigners under coercion. This FBI definition says nothing about the relationship between the victim and the perpetrator. Consent is our ability to make decisions about what happens to our bodies.
Perpetrators can coerce penetrative sex on victims in a number of ways. The perpetrator can ignore verbal resistance - for example by saying "no", "stop", "I don't want to" - or overcome physical resistance by holding someone down so the victim can't move.
A person can penetrate a victim who is unable to give consent because she is drunk, unconscious, sleeping, or has mental or physical limitations; or can threaten or use physical force or weapon against the victim.
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In essence, they ignore or diminish the ability of victims to make their own decisions about what happens to their bodies. Laws in US states vary regarding disenfranchising or ignoring resistance.
Perpetrators cannot defend themselves against accusations of rape by claiming that they are drunk or that they are married to the victim.
'Take Back the Workplace March' and '#MeToo Survivors March' rallies in Hollywood in November 2017. Reuters / Lucy Nicholson
Sexual assault
The terms rape and sexual assault are often used interchangeably in news related to the #MeToo movement. This practice, though not intentional, is confusing.
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The definition of rape is specific, but the term sexual assault can be used to describe several acts of crime that are sexual in nature, ranging from touching and kissing, rubbing, groping or forcing the victim to touch the perpetrator in a sexual manner. But sexual assault does coincide with rape because that term includes rape.
Social and behavioral researchers often use the term "sexual assault". This term is much broader than sexual assault. Sexual violence includes acts that are not legally criminal but are dangerous and traumatic.
Sexual harassment
Sexual harassment is a broader term than sexual assault, it covers three categories of unacceptable behavior.
First, sexual coercion - legally called “quid pro quo harassment” - refers to an implicit or explicit attempt to make a work-related condition dependent on sexual behavior. The classic “sleep with me or you get fired” scenario is an example of sexual coercion. This behavior is the most commonly recognized form of sexual harassment, but it is also the rarest.
The second, and more frequent, form of harassment is unwanted sexual attention: unwanted touching, hugging, caressing, kissing, constant pressure for dates or sexual acts.