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Qinghai-tibet railway torrent download.WU Yinshan 1 CHEN Jiaxi 1 QIAN Junxi 2.【Abstract】 Within the context of “mobility turn,” the mobility bears complex impacts on emotional experiences, material and social relations. Vehicles, serving as technologies of mobility, bear much more expansive meanings than just functional tools that overcome distance limitations. Through various mobility experiences and practices, different modes of travel are endowed with abundant and unique meanings and structures of feelings and affects. The Chinese society is currently experiencing rapid economic growth and social transformation in the post-reform era. Against such a background, traveling to Tibet has been regarded as a type of sacred and spiritual journey that is highly appealing to tourists. Meanwhile, choices of entry methods also have profound impacts for such journeys. Drawing on in-depth interviews, participant observation and textual analysis, this paper develops a case study of train to Tibet. Based on the perspective of the new mobility paradigm (NMP), this paper explores the complex material and non-material exchanges and interactions between travelers’ bodies, imaginations for the tourist destination, landscapes alongside the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, and the internal environment of the train. The followings are the main findings. The particularity of tourist destination, Tibet, serves as a primary factor that enables the technological devices and the concomitant altitude to be embedded in tourists’ bodily experiences, expressed by “altitude sickness.” This result in the tourists’ unique mobility experiences of place and movement. And in this way, the train itself is, in turn, given distinct cultural connotations. Furthermore, the gradually changing landscapes along with railway mobility, as the objects of visual experiences, are closely connected with tourists’ emotions. Such emotional experiences can be produced, maintained and circulated in tourists’ practices with the help of specific media. This paper also points out that the internal material space of the train plays an active role in constructing tourists’ mobility experiences during the process. Within such interior space, tourists’ bodies, material infrastructures and situated practices are closely intertwined and are all merged into an organic whole with rich feelings and meanings. At the same time, the ongoing social interactions between tourists unfold in the forms of information exchange, affective relations and improvised social relations. The production and dynamics of these three kinds of relations promotes the formation of a micro community in the compartments. It has been found that this small social niche, with shared feelings and code of conduct can exert a profound influence on tourists’ mobility experiences and practices. In short, the train to Tibet can be conceptualized as a “mobility of ritual.” To sum up, the contributions of this paper are twofold. On the one hand, it combines three factors, namely emotional experiences, material basis and social relations, into this research of railway mobility and tries to discuss how these three are correlated. On the other hand, it treats the travel process, rather than the destination, as the anchor of research. Besides, in the empirical level, this paper suggests that the particularity of tourist destination, the ebbing and flowing landscapes, the material infrastructures, situated practices, and social relations are all important non-economic factors that have notable impact on tourism decision-making.【Keywords】 mobility; train travel; experience; materiality; social relation; Tibet;【Funds】 Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (41401139)[1]. ① “Collective effervescence” refers to a torrent like electricity formed when people get together.[43][2]. ②“Tourist experience communitas” refers to a type of resonance empathic experience.[43][3]. ① “Tibet fanciers” refer to those people who relocate from the Chinese mainland to Tibet, and live and wander in Tibet.[45][1] Hannam K, Sheller M, Urry J. Editorial: Mobilities, immobilities and moorings. Mobilities , 2006, 1(3): 1–22.[2] Büscher M, Urry J. Mobile methods and the empirical. 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Reflexive mobility-a critical and action oriented perspective on transport research//Thomsen T U, Nielsen L D, Gudmundsson H. Social Perspectives on Mobility . UK: Ashgate, Aldershot, 2005: 29–47.[10] Burns P M, Novelli M. Tourism and Mobilities: Local Global Connections . Wallingford: CABI Publishing, 2008: xvii–. xxvi.[11] Grieco M, Urry J. Mobilities: New Perspectives on Transport and Society . Farnham and Burlington: Ashgate, 2011: 3–20.[12] Sheller M, Urry J. The new mobilities paradigm. Environment & Planning A , 2006, 38(2): 207–226.[13] Butler G, Hannam K. Performing expatriate mobilities in Kuala Lumpur. Mobilities , 2014, 9(1): 1–20.[14] Blunt A. Cultural geographies of migration: Mobility, transnationality and diaspora. Progress in Human Geography , 2007,31(5): 684–694.[15] Burrell K. Going steerage on Ryanair: Cultures of migrant air travel between Poland and the UK. Journal of Transport Geography , 2011, 10(4): 299–304.[16] Basu P, Coleman S. Introduction: Migrant worlds, material cultures. Mobilities , 2008, 3(3): 313–330.[17] Haldrup M, Larsen J. Material cultures of tourism. Leisure Studies , 2007, 25(3): 275–289.[18] Löfgren O. Motion and emotion: Learning to be a railway traveller. Mobilities , 2008, 3(3): 331–351.[19] Cresswell T. Landscape and the obliteration of practice// Anderson K, Domosh M, Pile S, et al. Handbook of Cultural Geography . London: Sage, 2003: 269–281.[20] Adey P. Mobility . London: Routledge, 2009: 222–239.[21] Watts L. The art and craft of train travel. Social & Cultural Geography , 2008, 9(6): 711–726.[22] Colin S. Coaching and training: An ethnography of student commuting on Sydney’s suburban trains. Mobilities , 2007, 2(3): 443–461.[23] Urry J. Social networks, travel and talk. British Journal of Sociology , 2003, 54(2): 155–175.[24] White N R, White P B. Home and away: Tourists in a connected world. Annals of Tourism Research , 2007, 34(1): 88–104.[25] Sheller M. Automotive emotions: Feeling the car. Theory, Culture & Society , 2004, 21(4–5): 221–242.[26] Huijbens E H, Benediktsson K. Practising highland heterotopias: Automobility in the interior of Iceland. Mobilities , 2007, 2(1): 143–165.[27] Featherstone M. Automobilities: An introduction. Theory Culture & Society , 2004, 21(4/5): 1–24.[28] Adey P. Airports, mobility and the calculative architecture of affective control. Geoforum , 2008, 39(1): 438–451.[29] Budd L C S. The view from the air: The cultural geographies of flight//Vannini P. The Cultures of Alternative Mobilities: Routes Less Travelled . Farnham: Ashgate, 2009: 152–176.[30] Budd L. On being aeromobile: Airline passengers and the affective experiences of flight. Journal of Transport Geography , 2011, 19(5): 1010–1016.[31] Crang M. Between places: Producing hubs, flows, and networks. Environment & Planning A , 2002, 34(4): 569–574.[32] Bissell D. Passenger mobilities: Affective atmospheres and the sociality of transport. Environment & Planning D Society & Space , 2010, 28(2): 270–289.[33] Crang M, Zhang J. Transient dwelling: Trains as places of identification for the floating population of China. Social & Cultural Geography , 2012, 13(8): 895–914.[34] Lyons G, Urry J. Travel time use in the information age. Transportation Research Part A , 2005, 39(2–3): 257–276.[35] Rojek C, Urry J. Touring Cultures: The Transformations of Travel and Theory . London: Routledge, 1997: 1–22.[36] Hannam K, Butler G, Paris C M. Developments and key issues in tourism mobilities. Annals of Tourism Research , 2014, 44(1): 171–185.[37] Lamb B, Davidson S. Tourism and transport in Ontario, Canada// Harrison L C, Husbands W. Practicing Responsible Tourism: International Case Studies in Tourism Planning, Policy and Development . New York: Wiley, 1996: 261–276.[38] Su M M, Wall G. Destination and en-route experiences among train travellers to Tibet. Tourism Recreation Research , 2009, 34(2): 181–190.[39] Zhong, S. & Zhang, W. Tourism Forum (旅游论坛), 5(4): 11–15 (2012).[40] Yang, K., Ji, M. & Chen, Y. Tourism Tribune (旅游学刊) , 6(3): 60–65 (2013).[41] Roy S, Hannam K. Embodying the mobilities of the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway. Mobilities , 2013, 8(4): 580–594.[42] Sheller M, Urry J. Tourism Mobilities: Places to Play, Places in Play . London: Routledge, 2004: 1–10.[43] Xie, Y. & Xu, Y. Tourism Science (旅游科学), 30(1): 1–15 (2016).[44] Crouch D, Coleman S, Crang M. Surrounded by place: Embodied encounters// Coleman S, Crang M. Tourism: Between Place and Performance . New York: Berghahn Books, 2002: 207–218.[45] Qian, J., Yang, J. & Zhu, H. Acta Geographica Sinica (地理学报), 70(8): 1281–1295 (2015).[46] Graburn N. Tourism: The sacred journey// Smith V L. Host and Guests: The Antropology of Tourism . Philadelphia: University of Pensylvania Press, 1989: 21–36.[47] Zhao, H. Tourism Forum (旅游学刊), 22(9): 70–74 (2007).

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