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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Martial law in Poland .
Martial law in Poland ( Polish : Stan wojenny w Polsce ) existed between 13 December 1981 and 22 July 1983. The government of the Polish People's Republic drastically restricted everyday life by introducing martial law and a military junta in an attempt to counter political opposition, in particular the Solidarity movement .
Since the late 1970s, communist Poland was in a deep economic recession . Edward Gierek , First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR), had obtained a series of large loans from foreign creditors to achieve better economic output, but they instead resulted in a domestic crisis. Essential goods were heavily rationed , which acted as a stimulus to establishing the first anti-communist trade union in the Communist Bloc , known as Solidarity, in 1980. Gierek, who permitted the trade union to appear per the Gdańsk Agreement , was dismissed from his post less than a month later and confined to house arrest . Following countless strikes and demonstrations by employees of chief industrial regions, Poland was heading towards bankruptcy. The new First Secretary, General Wojciech Jaruzelski , was determined to put an end to the demonstrations by force if necessary.
On 13 December 1981, Jaruzelski announced the introduction of martial law in a televised speech, following the vote of the Council of State the previous day which formally authorised its introduction. An extraconstitutional military junta , the Military Council of National Salvation (WRON), was formed to rule Poland during the time. The Polish People's Army , Citizens' Militia (MO), ZOMO special paramilitary units, and tanks were deployed on the streets to demoralize demonstrators, begin regular patrols, control strategic enterprises, and maintain curfew . Intercity travelling without a permit was forbidden, food shortages intensified, and censorship was placed on all media and correspondence. The secret services (SB) wiretapped phones in public booths and state institutions. Thousands of opposition activists were imprisoned without trial, [2] and although martial law was lifted in 1983, many political prisoners were not released until a general amnesty in 1986. The crackdown on the opposition led the Reagan Administration to introduce economic sanctions against Poland and the neighbouring Soviet Union , further worsening the former's economy.
Some protests appeared in response to the introduction of martial law. On 16 December, the ZOMO squads pacified the pro-Solidarity miners' strike in the Wujek Coal Mine in the industrial city of Katowice , killing nine demonstrators. Other demonstrations across Poland were dispersed by the military or paramilitary units, which utilized water cannons , tear gas , batons , truncheons, and clubs, killing 91 people in total, though this figure is uncertain and is still debated among historians. [2] Martial law succeeded in marginalising the Solidarity movement, which would largely remain on the sidelines until the late 1980s. As fewer people engaged in anti-government demonstrations, martial law was suspended on 31 December 1982, [3] and was formally lifted on 22 July 1983, a state holiday .
When Edward Gierek succeeded Gomułka as the head of state in 1970, he took decisive measures to boost economic growth and develop modern infrastructure. [4] Gierek, a more liberal figure than his predecessor, was determined to make Poland the wealthiest and most economically significant communist country of the Eastern Bloc . [5] However, these ideas prompted resistance from hardline communist leadership as the reform would effectively abandon the fundamental principles of a centrally planned Marxist economy. The grip and emphasis on state-owned enterprises and state-controlled prices or trade were eventually loosened. Small private businesses began to appear and Poland recorded temporary growth in GDP and an improvement in living conditions. [6] [7]
Gierek maintained close ties with the United States , which he subsequently used for diplomatic and economic purposes. [7] In order to continue with the reforms, large sums of money were borrowed from creditors in the Western Bloc . [8] These sequential and uninterrupted loans were primarily targeted at establishing heavy industry, mines or manufacturing facilities that would produce goods for export . [8] [9] The projected income from the exports would then be used to pay off the debt . Apart from financing the economic sector, the money was spent on social housing and on expanding road connections, for example the first fully operational highway linking Warsaw with industrial Silesia was opened for traffic in 1976. [10] Furthermore, over 1.8 million plattenbau flats were constructed to house the growing population. Agricultural output rose by nearly 22% between 1971 and 1975, and industrial production by 10.5% annually. [11] [12] Gierek also initiated the construction of Warszawa Centralna , Europe's most modern railway station at the time. [13] [14] [15] [16]
As expenditures increased and debts accumulated, foreign creditors refrained from granting Poland loans. Moreover, the 1973 , June 1976 protests and 1979 oil crises affected the fragile economy. Due to previous GDP growth, higher income and expanded industries, the demand for certain goods and consumption surged. [17] [18] New factories and state enterprises required imported fuel, materials and a workforce to operate production lines. [19] Soon, the country started exporting locally-produced stock designated for the Polish populace, thus resulting in widespread shortages . [20] Because the remaining assets were directed at production, exports and debt repayment, the state also reduced imports to minimize expenses.
In 1976, the communist government introduced ration cards for sugar, [21] meat, processed food and dairy followed. [22] Confectionery, cocoa , coffee, rice, tobacco and other goods not produced in Poland were so heavily rationed that they were almost permanently unavailable. [23] [22] Due to the constant lack of tobacco, ordinary cigarettes became a form of new currency on the black market . [24] The living standards began to sharply decline; the supply of imported goods was kept to a low minimum and the country was forced to export everything it could, including coal necessary for basic heating and power plants. Power outages were commonplace. [25] By 1980, the debt accounted to over US$23 billion, then almost half of Poland's nominal GDP . [26]
At the same time, the newly-founded Solidarity movement encouraged farmers to refrain from selling agricultural products (wheat, grain, fruit and others) to the state as a sign of protest. The actual shortage of goods on the market and in stores was caused by the fact that production was occasionally halted due to the strikes organized by Solidarity. [27] In 1980, the national income fell by 6% compared to previous year, and in 1981 by 12%. [28] The number of exports declined by 4.2%. Mismanagement and wastefulness were abundant. [29]
On 6 September 1980, Gierek was dismissed from his office, expelled from the Polish United Workers' Party (possibly under the pressure from the Soviet Union) and falsely charged with corruption . [30] [31] A year later, on 10 September 1981, the Soviet authorities informed the Polish government that in connection with the prevailing situation in Poland the USSR would cut oil supply to Poland by 64% and gas by 47%. [32] The import of diesel from the Soviet Union was terminated immediately. [32] This action was intended to force the Polish communist authorities to suppress the demonstrations and dissolve Solidarity. [33] The situation was already dire and gradually worsened, which only fueled anti-communist sentiment. A civil war was hanging by a thread. [34]
In 1981, Poland notified Club de Paris (a group of Western-European central banks) about its insolvency , which caught the attention of the entire world. [35]
After the short tenure of Stanisław Kania , General and Minister of Defence Wojciech Jaruzelski was chosen as the new first secretary. Before assuming office, Jaruzelski ordered the Polish General Staff to update plans for a nationwide martial law on 22 October 1980. [36] In November 1980, the Ministry of Internal Affairs planned to potentially facilitate thousands of oppositionists in state prisons and places of internment. [37]
On 5 December 1980, Kania spoke of the preparations relating to martial law at the Warsaw Pact Summit in Moscow . [38] [39] He presented his own view of how to weaken Solidarity and insisted that a "psychological-operational method" would be most appropriate to prevent violence. [40] T
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