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Our website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. We suggest you upgrade to a modern browser. Passiflora L. They are mostly tendril-bearing vines, with some being shrubs or trees. They can be woody or herbaceous. Passion flowers produce regular and usually showy flowers with a distinctive corona. The flower is pentamerous and ripens into an indehiscent fruit with numerous seeds. Many species of Passiflora have been found to contain beta-carboline harmala alkaloids,Duke some of which are MAO inhibitors. The flower and fruit have only traces of these chemicals, but the leaves and the roots often contain more. The most common of these alkaloids is harman, but harmaline, harmalol, harmine, and harmol are also present. The species known to bear such alkaloids include: P. Other compounds found in passion flowers are coumarins e. Many flavonoids and their glycosides have been found in Passiflora, including apigenin, benzoflavone, homoorientin, 7-isoorientin, isoshaftoside, isovitexin or saponaretin , kaempferol, lucenin, luteolin, n-orientin, passiflorine named after the genus , quercetin, rutin, saponarin, shaftoside, vicenin and vitexin. Maypop, blue passion flower P. Also documented to occur at least in some Passiflora in quantity are the hydrocarbon nonacosane and the anthocyanidin pelargonidindiglycoside. Dhawan, et al. Esters like ethyl butyrate, ethyl caproate, n-hexyl butyrate and n-hexyl caproate give the fruits their flavor and appetizing smell. Sugars, contained mainly in the fruit, are most significantly d-fructose, d-glucose and raffinose. Among enzymes, Passiflora was found to be rich in catalase, pectin methylesterase and phenolase. Passiflora has a largely neotropic distribution, unlike other genera in the family Passifloraceae, which includes more Old World species such as the genus Adenia. New species continue to be identified: for example, P. Some species of Passiflora have been naturalized beyond their native ranges. For example, the blue passion flower P. Dana et al. Passion flowers have floral structures adapted for biotic pollination. Pollinators of Passiflora include bumblebees, carpenter bees e. Passiflora often exhibit high levels of pollinator specificity, which has led to frequent coevolution across the genus. The sword-billed hummingbird Ensifera ensifera is a notable example: it, with its immensely elongated bill, is the sole pollinator of 37 species of high Andean Passiflora in the supersection Tacsonia. Bud of the passion flower Passion flower bloom in water The leaves are used for feeding by the larvae of a number of species of Lepidoptera. Famously, they are exclusively targeted by many butterfly species of the tribe Heliconiini. The many defensive adaptations visible on Passiflora include diverse leaf shapes which help disguise their identity , colored nubs which mimic butterfly eggs and can deter Heliconians from ovipositing on a seemingly crowded leaf , extrafloral nectaries, trichomes, variegation, and chemical defenses. These, combined with adaptations on the part of the butterflies, were important in the foundation of coevolutionary theory. The following lepidoptera larvae are known to feed on Passiflora: Longwing butterflies Heliconiinae Cydno longwing Heliconius cydno , one of few Heliconians to feed on multiple species of Passiflora Gulf fritillary Agraulis vanillae , which feeds on several species of Passiflora, such as Passiflora lutea, Passiflora affinis, stinking passion flower P. Butterfly Gardening in Southern Arizona. Postman butterfly Heliconius melpomene prefer P. It is thought to have among the highest foliar diversity among all plant genera, with leaf shapes ranging from unlobed to five-lobed frequently found on the same plant. Coevolution can be a major driver of speciation, and may be responsible for the radiation of certain clades of Passiflora such as Tacsonia. The bracts of the stinking passion flower are covered by hairs which exude a sticky fluid. Many small insects get stuck to this and get digested to nutrient-rich goo by proteases and acid phosphatases. Since the insects usually killed are rarely major pests, this passion flower seems to be a protocarnivorous plant. Radhamani et al. It is commonly spread by feral pigs eating the fruits. It overgrows and smothers stands of endemic vegetation, mainly on roadsides. Blue passion flower P. On the other hand, some species are endangered due to unsustainable logging and other forms of habitat destruction. For example, the Chilean passion flower P. Notable and sometimes economically significant pathogens of Passiflora are several sac fungi of the genus Septoria including S. The passion in passion flower refers to the passion of Jesus in Christian theology; the word passion comes from the Latin , meaning 'suffering'. In the 15th and 16th centuries, Spanish Christian missionaries adopted the unique physical structures of this plant, particularly the numbers of its various flower parts, as symbols of the last days of Jesus and especially his crucifixion: Blue passion flower P. The tendrils represent the whips used in the flagellation of Christ. The ten petals and sepals represent the ten faithful apostles excluding St. Peter, who denied Jesus three times, and Judas Iscariot, who betrayed him. The flower's radial filaments, which can number more than a hundred and vary from flower to flower, represent the crown of thorns. The chalice-shaped ovary with its receptacle represents the Holy Grail. The three stigmas represent three nails and the five anthers below them five hammers or five wounds four by the nails and one by the lance. The blue and white colors of many species' flowers represent Heaven and Purity. In addition, the flower is open for three days, symbolising the three years of Jesus' ministry. The flower has been given names related to this symbolism throughout Europe since the 15th century. In Spain, it is known as 'thorn of Christ'. Older Germanic namesMarzell include 'Christ's crown' , 'Christ's bouquet' ,'Christ's flower' is a mistranslation of Marzell 'crown of thorns' , 'Jesus' passion' , 'passion' 'Martyr' is a mistranslation of Marzell or 'Mother of God's star'. Muttergottes-Schuzchen or -Schurzchen is a nonsensical misreading of Marzell Outside the Roman Catholic heartland, the regularly shaped flowers have reminded people of the face of a clock. In Israel they are known as 'clock-flower' and in Greece as 'clock plant' ; in Japan too, they are known as. In Hawaiian, they are called ; is a string used for tying fabric together, such as a shoelace, and means 'to spring forth leaves'. Pukui et al. The five anthers are interpreted as the five Pandavas, the divine Krishna is at the centre, and the radial filaments are opposing hundred. The colour blue is moreover associated with Krishna as the colour of his aura. This is one possible source of the name of the Tumbes region of Peru. In Turkey, the shape of the flowers have reminded people of Rota Fortunae, thus it is called. In South Africa the passionfruit is known as a granadilla. Passiflora is the most species rich genus of both the family Passifloraceae and the tribe Passifloreae. With over species, an extensive hierarchy of infrageneric ranks is required to represent the relationships of the species. The infrageneric classification of Passiflora not only uses the widely used ranks of subgenus, section and series, but also the rank of supersection. The New World species of Passiflora were first divided among 22 subgenera by Killip in the first monograph of the genus. Other studies support the current four subgenus classification. Relationships below the subgenus level are not known with certainty and are an active area of research. The Old World species form two clades — supersection Disemma part of subgenus Decaloba and subgenus Tetrapathaea. The former is composed of 21 species divided into sections Disemma three Australian species , Holrungiella one New Guinean species and Octandranthus seventeen south and east Asian species. Shawn Elizabeth Krosnick, PhD thesis, Phylogenetic relationships and patterns of morphological evolution in the Old Word species of Passiflora subgenus Decaloba: supersection Disemma and subgenus Tetrapathaea The remaining New World species of subgenus Decaloba are divided into seven supersections. Supersection Pterosperma includes four species from Central America and southern Mexico. Supersection Cicea includes nineteen species, with apetalous flowers. Supersection Bryonioides includes twenty-one species, with a distribution centered on Mexico. Supersection Auriculata includes eight species from South America, one of which is also found in Central America. Supersection Multiflora includes nineteen species. Supersection Decaloba includes species. Ornamental Passiflora incarnata, one of the most common passion flowers Passiflora entwine this Baxter process illustration by Joseph Martin Kronheim A number of species of Passiflora are cultivated outside their natural range for both their flowers and fruit. Hundreds of hybrids have been named; hybridizing is currently being done extensively for flowers, foliage and fruit. Many cool-growing Passiflora from the Andes Mountains can be grown successfully for their beautiful flowers and fruit in cooler Mediterranean climates, such as the Monterey Bay and San Francisco in California and along the western coast of the U. Petersen Passion flowers have been a subject of studies investigating extranuclear inheritance; paternal inheritance of chloroplast DNA has been documented in this genus. Hansen et al. Fruit Ripe fruits of Passiflora edulis Most species have round or elongated edible fruit from 2 to long and across, depending upon the species or cultivar. The passion fruit or P. A small pink fruit that wrinkles easily and a larger shiny yellow to orange fruit are traded under this name. The latter is usually considered just a variety of flavicarpa, but seems to be more distinct. Sweet granadilla P. In large parts of Africa and Australia it is the plant called 'passionfruit': confusingly, in South African English the latter species is more often called granadilla without an adjective. Its fruit is somewhat intermediate between the two sold as P. Maypop P. This is a subtropical representative of this mostly tropical family. However, unlike the more tropical cousins, this particular species is hardy enough to withstand the cold down to C before its roots die it is native as far north as Pennsylvania and has been cultivated as far north as Boston and Chicago. The fruit is sweet, yellowish, and roughly the size of a chicken's egg; it enjoys some popularity as a native plant with edible fruit and few pests. Giant granadilla giant tumbo or badea, P. Wild maracuja are the fruit of P. Banana passionfruits are the very elongated fruits of P. These are locally eaten, but their invasive properties make them a poor choice to grow outside of their native range. Ayahuasca analog A native source of beta-Carbolines e. Traditional medicine and dietary supplement P. The fresh or dried leaves of maypop are used to make a tea that is used as a sedative. Passionflower as dried powder or an extract is used as a dietary supplement. There is insufficient clinical evidence for using passionflower to treat any medical condition. Adverse effects Passion flower is not recommended during pregnancy because it may induce contractions. Consuming passion flower products may cause drowsiness, nausea, dizziness, abnormal heart rhythms, asthma, or rhinitis.

Passiflora L.

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