Zakuta w kajdany

🛑 KLIKNIJ TUTAJ, ABY UZYSKAĆ WIĘCEJ INFORMACJI 👈🏻👈🏻👈🏻

Zakuta w kajdany
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

^ While the date of 24 June is most commonly given, some recent biographers of Matejko note that there are reliable documents for two other dates: 28 and 30 July. [1]




^ Maria Szypowska (2016). Jan Matejko wszystkim znany (in Polish). Fundacja Artibus-Wurlitzer oraz Wydawn. Domu Słowa Polskiego. pp. 7–8. ISBN 9788377858448 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Jan Matejko: The Painter and Patriot Fostering Polish Nationalism" . Info-poland.buffalo.edu. Archived from the original on 26 May 2007 . Retrieved 12 September 2011 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d "History's Impact on Polish Art" . Info-poland.buffalo.edu. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011 . Retrieved 12 September 2011 .

^ "Conversations with God: Jan Matejko's Copernicus, Exhibition, 21 May-22 August 2021" . National Gallery London . 2021.

^ Jump up to: a b William Fiddian Reddaway (1971). The Cambridge History of Poland . CUP Archive. p. 547. GGKEY:2G7C1LPZ3RN.

^ Matejko Adressat des Briefes Den erlauchten Polen vom 4. Januar 1889 (in German)

^ Nietzsches Briefe, Ausgewählte Korrespondenz, Wahnzettel 1889

^ Jump up to: a b Griffin, Julia (2021). "Matejko, Father of 'Young Poland', a talk by Julia Griffin" . National Gallery London . Archived from the original on 7 May 2021 . Retrieved 7 May 2021 .

^ Jump up to: a b Maria Szypowska (2016). Jan Matejko wszystkim znany (in Polish). Fundacja Artibus-Wurlitzer oraz Wydawn. Domu Słowa Polskiego. p. 12. ISBN 9788377858448 .

^ Maria Szypowska (2016). Jan Matejko wszystkim znany (in Polish). Fundacja Artibus-Wurlitzer oraz Wydawn. Domu Słowa Polskiego. p. 11. ISBN 9788377858448 .

^ Jump up to: a b Maria Szypowska (2016). Jan Matejko wszystkim znany (in Polish). Fundacja Artibus-Wurlitzer oraz Wydawn. Domu Słowa Polskiego. pp. 18, 22–23. ISBN 9788377858448 .

^ Maria Szypowska (2016). Jan Matejko wszystkim znany (in Polish). Fundacja Artibus-Wurlitzer oraz Wydawn. Domu Słowa Polskiego. p. 18. ISBN 9788377858448 .

^ Jump up to: a b Maria Szypowska (2016). Jan Matejko wszystkim znany (in Polish). Fundacja Artibus-Wurlitzer oraz Wydawn. Domu Słowa Polskiego. p. 25. ISBN 9788377858448 .

^ Jan Matejko; Jerzy Malinowski; Krystyna Sroczyńska; Jurij Birjułow (1993). Matejko: Album (in Polish). Arkady. ISBN 9788321336527 . Matejko malował nadto dwukrotnie sceny hołdu carów Szujskich przed Zygmuntem III w 1853 i 1892 roku." [Google Books does not display page number for this book]

^ Jump up to: a b c d e Bochnak (1975), p. 185

^ Jump up to: a b Maria Szypowska (2016). Jan Matejko wszystkim znany (in Polish). Fundacja Artibus-Wurlitzer oraz Wydawn. Domu Słowa Polskiego. p. 39. ISBN 9788377858448 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Bochnak (1975), p. 186

^ Maria Szypowska (2016). Jan Matejko wszystkim znany (in Polish). Fundacja Artibus-Wurlitzer oraz Wydawn. Domu Słowa Polskiego. p. 78. ISBN 9788377858448 .

^ Maria Szypowska (2016). Jan Matejko wszystkim znany (in Polish). Fundacja Artibus-Wurlitzer oraz Wydawn. Domu Słowa Polskiego. p. 85. ISBN 9788377858448 .

^ Henryk Marek Słoczyński (2000). Matejko (in Polish). Wydawn. Dolnośląskie. p. 81. ISBN 978-83-7023-820-9 .

^ AB (5 December 2002). "Helena z Matejków Unierzyska" . Miasta.gazeta.pl. Archived from the original on 10 September 2012 . Retrieved 19 September 2009 .

^ Projekt . Prasa-Książka-Ruch. 1992. p. cxliii.

^ Jan Matejko (1993). Matejko: obrazy olejne : katalog . Arkady. p. 1963. ISBN 978-83-213-3652-7 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Bochnak (1975), p. 187

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Bochnak (1975), p. 188

^ Stanisław Wyspiański; Maria Rydlowa (1994). Listy Stanisława Wyspiańskiego do Józefa Mehoffera, Henryka Opieńskiego i Tadeusza Stryjeńskiego (in Polish). Wydawnictwo Literackie. p. 75. ISBN 978-83-08-02562-8 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Wanda Małaszewska. "Matejko, Jan." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press, accessed 28 May 2014, http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T055919

^ Stowarzyszenie Historyków Sztuki (1979). Sztuka XIX wieku w Polsce (in Polish). Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe. pp. 31–32. ISBN 9788301010485 .

^ Mieczysław Treter (1939). Matejko: osobowosc artysty, tworczosc, forma i styl (in Polish). Książnica-Atlas. p. 611.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Bochnak (1975), p. 189

^ "The Immaculate Conception and Sobieski Rooms" . www.vaticanstate.va . Archived from the original on 7 June 2019 . Retrieved 2 April 2018 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e Bochnak (1975), p. 190

^ Roxana Radvan; John F. Asmus; Marta Castillejo; Paraskevi Pouli; Austin Nevin (1 December 2010). Lasers in the Conservation of Artworks VIII . CRC Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-415-58073-1 .

^ Barbara Ciciora-Czwórnóg (2005). Jan Matejko (in Polish). Bosz. p. 14. ISBN 978-83-89747-16-7 .

^ Jan Matejko 1838-1893 : Gemälde, Aquarelle, Zeichnungen : Ausstellung [ Jan Matejko 1838-1893: Paintings, Watercolours, Drawings: An Exhibition ] (in German). Kunsthalle Nürnberg , 26.3.-25.4.1982, Herzog Anton Ulrich-Museum, Braunschweig , 16.5.-27.6.1982, Städt. Wessenberg-Gemäldegalerie, Konstanz , 11.7.-15.8.1982. 1982. {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: location ( link )

^ Stanisława Serafińska (1958). Jan Matejko: wspomnienia rodzinne (in Polish). Wydawnictwo Literackie. p. 575.

^ Maria Szypowska (2016). Jan Matejko wszystkim znany (in Polish). Fundacja Artibus-Wurlitzer oraz Wydawn. Domu Słowa Polskiego. p. 428. ISBN 9788377858448 .

^ Ciciora, Barbara (2006). "Jan Matejko in München" (PDF) (in German). zeitenblicke . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . (PDF; 261 kB)

^ "WYSTAWA: Wielka rekwizytornia artysty. Stroje i kostiumy z kolekcji Jana Matejki" [EXHIBITION: Great artistic repository. Clothing and costumes in the collection of Jan Matejko.]. Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie. 2012. Archived from the original on 9 March 2014 . Retrieved 15 March 2014 .

^ Jerzy Jan Lerski (1996). Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945 . Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 343. ISBN 978-0-313-26007-0 .

^ Batorska, Danuta (1992). "The Political Censorship of Jan Matejko". Art Journal . 51 (1): 57–63. doi : 10.2307/777255 . JSTOR 777255 .

^ Ciciora-Czwórnóg, Barbara. Jan Matejko . p. 56.

^ Krzysztofowicz-Kozakowska, Stefania. Malarstwo polskie w zbiorach za granicą . publisher, Kluszczyński. 2001, p. 12.

^ "Telegramy biura koresp" . Czas . 190 : 3. 21 August 1887.

^ "Doktorzy honoris causa" . Jagiellonian University (in Polish).

^ "Kronika" . Kurjer Lwowski . 335 : 4. 2 December 1888.

^ Ian Chilvers (10 June 2004). The Oxford Dictionary of Art . Oxford University Press. p. 452. ISBN 978-0-19-860476-1 .

^ Geraldine Norman (1 January 1977). Nineteenth-century Painters and Painting: A Dictionary . University of California Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-520-03328-3 .

^ "O oddziale" . Muzeum.krakow.pl. Archived from the original on 24 May 2014 . Retrieved 29 May 2014 .

^ Bochnak (1975), p. 191

^ Jarmuł, Katarzyna (2004). Nagengast, Weronika (ed.). Artyści ze Szkoły Jana Matejki (in Polish). Katowice: Muzeum Śląskie. ISBN 978-83874-5563-7 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h " "Artists from the School of Jan Matejko" | Event" . Culture.pl. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014 . Retrieved 29 May 2014 .

^ Griffin, Julia (2021). "Matejko, Father of 'Young Poland' " . National Gallery London . Archived from the original on 7 May 2021 . Retrieved 7 May 2021 .

^ Glenda Abramson (1 March 2004). Encyclopedia of Modern Jewish Culture . Routledge. p. 523. ISBN 978-1-134-42865-6 .

^ "Considered Poland's greatest panorama painter, Jan Styka died 95 years ago today" . Retrieved 29 April 2020 .


Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jan Matejko .
Jan Alojzy Matejko ( Polish pronunciation: [ˈjan aˈlɔjzɨ maˈtɛjkɔ] ( listen ) ; also known as Jan Mateyko ; 24 June 1838 [nb 1] – 1 November 1893) was a Polish painter , a leading 19th-century exponent of history painting , known for depicting nodal events from Polish history. [2] [3] His works include large scale oil paintings such as Rejtan (1866), the Union of Lublin (1869), the Astronomer Copernicus, or Conversations with God (1873), [4] or the Battle of Grunwald (1878). He was the author of numerous portraits, a gallery of Polish monarchs in book form, and murals in St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków . He is considered by many as the most celebrated Polish painter , and sometimes as the "national painter" of Poland. [2] [3] [5] Matejko was among the notable people to receive an unsolicited letter from the German philosopher, Friedrich Nietzsche , as the latter tipped, in January 1889, into his psychotic breakdown while in Turin . [6] [7]

Matejko spent most of his life in Kraków . His teachers at the Kraków Academy of Fine Arts included Wojciech Korneli Stattler and Władysław Łuszczkiewicz . Later, he became director of the institution, which in time was renamed the Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts . A number of his students became prominent artists in their own right, including Maurycy Gottlieb , Jacek Malczewski , Józef Mehoffer and Stanisław Wyspiański . He is regarded as "the Father of the Młoda Polska " Arts and Crafts movement in Poland. [8]

Matejko was born on 24 June 1838, in the Free City of Kraków . [2] His father, Franciszek Ksawery Matejko ( Czech : František Xaver Matějka ) (born 1789 or 13 January 1793, died 26 October 1860), a Czech from the village of Roudnice , was a graduate of the Hradec Králové school who later became a tutor and music teacher . [2] He first worked for the Wodzicki family in Kościelniki, Poland, then moved to Kraków , where he married the half-German, half-Polish Joanna Karolina Rossberg (Rozberg). [2] Jan was the ninth of eleven children. His mother died when he was very young and his older brother, Franciszek had a hand in the manner of his upbringing. [9] He grew up in a kamienica building on Floriańska Street . [10] After the death of his mother in 1845, Jan and his siblings were cared for by his maternal aunt, Anna Zamojska. [9]

At a young age he witnessed the Kraków revolution of 1846 and the 1848 siege of Kraków by the Austrians, two events which put an end to the Free City of Kraków . [2] Two of his older brothers served in both armed conflicts, under General Józef Bem . One died and the other was forced into exile. [2] Matejko attended St. Anne's High School , but he dropped out in 1851 because of poor grades. [11] Matejko showed an early artistic talent, but had great difficulty with other academic subjects. [11] He never fully mastered a foreign language. [12] Despite that, and because of his exceptional skill, at the age of fourteen he entered the School of Fine Arts in Kraków , where he was a contemporary of Artur Grottger from 1852 to 1858. [2] His teachers included Wojciech Korneli Stattler and Władysław Łuszczkiewicz . [13] He opted for historical painting as his specialism, and finished his first major work, The Shuyski Tsars before Zygmunt III ( Carowie Szujscy przed Zygmuntem III ), in 1853 (he would return to this theme a year before his death, in 1892. [14] [13] [15] During this time, he began exhibiting historical paintings at the Kraków Society of Friends of Fine Arts from 1855. [15] His graduation project in 1858 was Sigismund I the Old ennobles professors of the Jagiellonian University ( Zygmunt I nadaje szlachectwo profesorom Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego ) and proved to be seminal. [16]

After graduation in 1859, [16] Matejko received a scholarship to study with Hermann Anschütz at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich . [15] The following year he received a further scholarship to study at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna , but after only a few days and a major quarrel with Christian Ruben , Matejko returned to Kraków. [17] He set up a studio at his family home in Floriańska Street . [17] It took years before he met with commercial success. He struggled as the proverbial "starving artist", who finally celebrated when he managed to sell the Shuyski Tsars... canvas for five florins . [2]

In 1860, against a background of cultural erosion in partitioned Poland Matejko published an illustrated album, Clothing in Poland ( Ubiory w Polsce ), a project reflecting his intense interest in the historical record of his nation and his desire to promote it among Polish people and incidentally stir their patriotism. [17] His financial situation improved when he sold two paintings, The assassination of Wapowski during the coronation of Henri de Valois ( Zabicie Wapowskiego w czasie koronacji Henryka Walezego , 1861) and Jan Kochanowski over the body of his daughter Urszulka ( Jan Kochanowski nad zwłokami Urszulki , 1862), which settled his debts. [18]
1862 saw the completion of his Stańczyk , initially received without much acclaim, but in due course becoming one of Matejko's best known works. [19] It marks a manifest departure in Matejko's art, from mere illustrator of history to commentator upon its moral content. [17]

During the January Uprising of 1863, in which he did not directly take part on account of his poor health, Matejko supported it financially, donating most of his savings to the cause, and personally transporting arms to an insurgents' camp. [17] Subsequently, his Skarga's Sermon ( Kazanie Skargi ), May 1864, was exhibited in the gallery of the Kraków Society of Friends of Fine Arts , which gained him much publicity. [17] On 5 November that same year, he was elected member of the Kraków Scientific Society ( Towarzystwo Naukowe Krakowskie ) in recognition for his contributions to depicting great national historical themes. [20] On 21 November he married Teodora Giebułtowska , with whom he went on to have five children: Beata, Helena , Tadeusz, Jerzy and Regina. [17] His daughter, Helena, also an artist, later helped World War I victims and was awarded the Cross of Independence by president Stanisław Wojciechowski . [21]

After 1865 Matejko's international recognition grew. His Skarga's Sermon was awarded a gold medal at the 1865 Paris Salon, prompting Count Maurycy Potocki [ pl ] to buy it for 10,000 florins. [2] In 1867, his painting Rejtan was awarded a gold medal at the World Exhibition in Paris and was acquired by Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria for 50,000 franks. [22] [23] His next major painting was the Union of Lublin ( Unia Lubelska ), created during 1867-1869. Acclaimed in Paris, it won Matejko the Cross of the Légion d'honneur . [24] and was purchased by the Sejm of Galicia . [25] It was followed by Stefan Batory at Pskov ( Stefan Batory pod Pskowem ), finished in 1871. [24] In 1872, he visited Istanbul and upon his return to Kraków finished The Astronomer Copernicus, or Conversations with God ( Astronom Kopernik, czyli rozmowa z Bogiem ), which was acquired by the Jagiellonian University . [24] From the 1870s onwards he was aided by a secretary, Marian Gorzkowski, who became his personal assistant, his closest friend, a model for a number of his paintings, and the author of a memoir about Matejko. [25] [26]

In 1872, during an exhibition in Prague he was offered the directorship of the Prague Academy of Fine Arts , quickly followed by a similar offer from the Kraków School of Fine Arts. [24] He accepted the Kraków position, and was for many years its principal ( rector ). [24] In 1874, he finished Zawieszenie dzwonu Zygmunta ( The Hanging of the Sigismund bell ). [27] In 1878, he produced another masterpiece, The Battle of Grunwald . [25] That year he received an "honorary grand gold" medal in Paris, while Kraków city council presented him with a ceremonial scepter , as a symbol of his "royal status in fine art". [25] In 1879 came his Rok 1863 - Polonia ( The Year 1863 - Polonia ), his depiction of the January Uprising . Begun in 1864 as the Uprising was waning, he abandoned the canvas for a number of years, perhaps due to the loss of several close friends and family members in the conflict. It languished unfinished until prince Władysław Czartoryski became interested in acquiring it. To this day it is considered unfinished. [17] [28] [29]

1880-1882 were taken up with another large work, The Prussian Tribute ( Hołd Pruski ) which Matejko gifted to "the Polish nation". It earned him the honorary citizenship of Kraków. [25] One of the city's squares was renamed Matejko Square. [25] In 1883 he finished Jan Sobieski at Vienna ( Jan Sobieski pod Wiedniem ) which came to be presented to Pope Leo XIII as a "gift of the Polish nation". [15] [25] Being a member of the delegation delivering the canvas to Rome, Matejko was awarded the Knight Commander with Star of the Order of Pius IX . [30] The painting is on permanent exhibition in the Sobieski Room at the Vatican Museums . [31] Around that time he also became vocal on a number of political issues, publishing letters on topics such as Polish-Russian relations . [30] He was also very engaged in efforts to protect and reconstruct historical monuments in Kraków. [32] In 1886, he finished a painting relating to French rather than Polish history, The Virgin of Orléans , a portrayal of Joan of Arc . [30] [33]

In 1887 Matejko received an Honorary Doctorate from the Jagiellonian University , and recognition from the Austrian Society, Litteris et Artibus . [30] In 1888 he completed The Battle of Racławice ( Bitwa pod Racławicami ). [30] In 1888-1899, to justify his new academic title, he published a group of twelve drawings with accompanying commentary, The History of civilization in Poland ( Dzieje Cywilizacji w Polsce ). [27] [30] Between 1890 and 1892, he published a series of works on paper, portraying all the monarchs of Poland ( Poczet królów i książąt polskich - The kings and princes of Poland , including queens), whose popularity turned them into the canon portrayals of their subjects. [30] [34] 1891 marked his Constitution of the 3 May ( Konstytucja 3 Maja ). [30] He went on to compose another large scale work, The Oaths of Jan Kazimierz ( Śluby Jana Kazimierza ), but death intervened. [30] In 1892, a year before his death, he completed his Self-portrait ( Autoportret ). [30]

In addition to the history paintings Matejko was a prolific portraitist. [30] His subjects included Jagiellonian University rectors Józef Szujski and Stanisław Tarnowski , and numerous portraits of family and friends, including Wife in her wedding dress ("Żona w sukni ślubnej") (1865, destroyed by his wife during a quarrel and recreated in 1879) and a self-portrait (1892). [30] Altogether Matejko authored 320 oil paintings and several thousand drawings and watercolours . [35] He also designed the monumental polychrome murals for the Brick Gothic St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków (1889–1891), which in 1978 became a UNESCO World Heritage Site alongside the Historic Centre of Kraków . [36] [8]

Matejko suffered from a peptic ulcer , and died in Kraków on 1 November of internal bleeding. [32] His funeral on 5 November drew large crowds, an
Czarnuch poczęstował ją swoim dużym cygarem
Ich łoże jest pełne dzikiego seksu
Jest tak duży, że nie mieści się w jej buzi