Закладки Mdma Байконыр

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МДМА: действие, эффект, последствия приема. Рассказывает нарколог | Клиника доктора Шурова | Дзен

WARNING: Always start with lower doses due to differences between individual body weight, tolerance, metabolism, and personal sensitivity. See responsible use section. It is not a recommendation and should be verified with other sources for accuracy. It is the most well-known and widely-used member of the entactogens , a diverse group that includes MDA , methylone , mephedrone , and 6-APB. It produces its effects by promoting the release of serotonin , dopamine , and norepinephrine in the brain. MDMA was first developed in by the pharmaceutical company Merck. Today, recreational MDMA use is widely associated with dance parties, electronic dance music, and the clubbing and raving scenes. Subjective effects include stimulation , anxiety suppression , disinhibition , enhanced empathy and sociability , relaxation , and euphoria. A notable property of MDMA is that tolerance builds unusually quickly and many users report that it dramatically loses effectiveness if used on a frequent basis. It is usually recommended to wait for one to three months between each use to give the brain adequate time to restore serotonin levels and avoid toxicity. Additionally, using excessively high doses and multiple redosing is highly discouraged as this is thought to significantly increase the toxicity of MDMA. MDMA has moderate to high abuse potential and can produce psychological dependence in some users. Acute adverse effects are usually the result of high or multiple doses, although single dose toxicity can occur in susceptible individuals. It is highly advised to use harm reduction practices if using this substance. There are no indications of interest in MDMA as an active agent itself. It was not mentioned again until , when Dr. Max Oberlin conducted the first proven pharmacological tests at Merck while searching for compounds with a similar action spectrum to adrenaline or ephetonine. Despite promising results, research was halted due to rising substance prices. He was impressed with the effects of the substance and believed it could have therapeutic utility. He advertised it to therapists and psychiatrists which led it to gain some popularity as an adjunct treatment for various psychological disorders. During this period, psychotherapist Dr. Leo Zeff came out of retirement and subsequently introduced the then-legal MDMA to over 4, patients. In the United Kingdom, the Misuse of Drugs Act, which had already been altered in to include all ring-substituted amphetamines like MDMA, was further amended in to refer specifically to Ecstasy, placing it in the Class A category. MDMA, or 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine, is a synthetic molecule of the substituted amphetamine class. Critically, the MDMA molecule also contains substitutions at R 3 and R 4 of the phenyl ring with oxygen groups -- these oxygen groups are incorporated into a methylenedioxy ring through a methylene bridge. MDMA acts primarily as a releasing agent of the three principal monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin , norepinephrine , and dopamine through its action at trace amine-associated receptor 1 TAAR1 and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 VMAT2. Subsequently, these phosphorylated monoamine transporters either reverse transport direction — i. Additionally, MDMA is a ligand at both sigma receptor subtypes, though its efficacies at these receptors and the role that they play have yet to be elucidated. Disclaimer: The effects listed below cite the Subjective Effect Index SEI , an open research literature based on anecdotal user reports and the personal analyses of PsychonautWiki contributors. As a result, they should be viewed with a healthy degree of skepticism. It is also worth noting that these effects will not necessarily occur in a predictable or reliable manner, although higher doses are more liable to induce the full spectrum of effects. MDMA presents an array of visual enhancements which are mild in comparison to traditional psychedelics, but still distinctly present. These generally include:. It can be comprehensively described through its variations as primarily intricate in complexity, abstract in form, organic in style, structured in organization, dimly lit in lighting, mostly monotone in colour with blues and greys, glossy in shading, sharp in edges, small in size, fast in speed, smooth in motion, equal in round and angular corners, non-immersive in-depth and consistent in intensity. At higher doses, they are significantly more likely to give rise to states of level 8A visual geometry over level 8B. Many users report that MDMA geometry presents itself with dark and menacing emotional vibes with a synthetic and nerve-racking feel to them. MDMA is capable of producing a unique range of low and high-level hallucinatory states in a fashion that is significantly less consistent and reproducible than that of most other commonly used psychedelics. These effects are far more common during either the very peak or offset of the experience and commonly include:. The optimal single oral dose for an average user may be around 90 mg going by this diagram. Note that the percentages at the bottom are too outdated to guide in estimating substance content in current pills: The average concentration of MDMA in ecstasy pills, tested in a drug checking program in Zurich, doubled between and Anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our experience index include:. In , a pilot study on 20 patients demonstrated promising results in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder PTSD. The results sustained at two and twelve months after the treatment. The MDMA and placebo group both received non-drug psychotherapy before and after the sessions. In the study, a dose of mg MDMA plus a A study found that high doses of R-MDMA administered in mice increased prosocial behavior and facilitated fear-extinction learning but did not produce hyperthermia or signs of neurotoxicity. Exposing compounds to the reagents gives a colour change which is indicative of the compound under test. The short-term physical health risks of MDMA consumption include dehydration , bruxism, insomnia , hyperthermia , \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[53\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[54\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] and hyponatremia. Diuretics such as alcohol may exacerbate these risks further due to causing excessive amounts of dehydration. Users are advised to pay close attention to their water intake, drinking neither too much nor too little, and to take care not to overexert themselves to avoid heat-stroke, which can be fatal. The exact toxic dosage is unknown, but considered to be far greater than its effective dose. The neurotoxicity of MDMA use is the subject of considerable debate. Scientific study has resulted in the general agreement that, although it is physically safe to try in a responsible context, the administration of repeated or high dosages of MDMA is most certainly neurotoxic in some form. Administration of MDMA causes subsequent down-regulation of serotonin reuptake transporters in the brain. The rate at which the brain recovers from serotonergic changes is unclear. One study demonstrated lasting serotonergic changes in some animals exposed to MDMA. European Journal of Pharmacology. ISSN It is taken up into serotonin receptors by its transporters and metabolized by MAO-B into a reactive oxygen species which can cause neurological damage. Long-term heavy use of MDMA has been shown to be cardiotoxic and may lead to valvulopathy heart valve damage through its actions on the 5-HT 2B receptor. It is strongly recommended that one use harm reduction practices when using this substance. As with other stimulants , the chronic use of MDMA can be considered moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and withdrawal effects may occur if one suddenly stops their usage. Tolerance to many of the effects of MDMA develops with prolonged and repeated use. This results in users having to administer increasingly larger doses to achieve the same effects. Upon a single administration, it takes about 1 month for the tolerance to be reduced to half and 2. MDMA exhibits cross-tolerance with all dopaminergic and serotonergic stimulants , meaning that after the consumption of MDMA all stimulants will have a reduced effect. Warning: Many psychoactive substances that are reasonably safe to use on their own can suddenly become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with certain other substances. The following list provides some known dangerous interactions although it is not guaranteed to include all of them. Always conduct independent research e. Google , DuckDuckGo , PubMed to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe to consume. Some of the listed interactions have been sourced from TripSit. Combinations with the following substances can lead to dangerously high serotonin levels. Serotonin syndrome requires immediate medical attention and can be fatal if left untreated. From PsychonautWiki. Physical effects. Visual effects. Cognitive effects. Auditory effects. Transpersonal effects. After effects. Part 1. Transform Press. ISBN Neuroscience of psychoactive substance use and dependence. World Health Organization. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation. March Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. October Emergency medicine Australasia: EMA. Molecular neuropharmacology: a foundation for clinical neuroscience 2nd ed ed. McGraw-Hill Medical. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. The Open Forensic Science Journal. Muswell Hill Press. May 22, Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies. Retrieved November 14, Hazardous Substances Data Bank. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 22 August January Journal of Neurochemistry. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. November September Neurochemistry International. April August Neuroscience Letters. June Molecular Pharmacology. ISSN X. Foxe, J. European Journal of Neuroscience. July Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology. British Journal of Pharmacology. Temperature: Multidisciplinary Biomedical Journal. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences. BJU International. December Clinical Toxicology. Retrieved January 18, Pharmacological Reviews. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. Journal of Psychopharmacology. February The Lancet. May Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. Archives of General Psychiatry. British Journal of Psychiatry. Toxicologic Pathology. The American Journal of Cardiology. Journal of Medical Toxicology. OCLC PMC PMID British Journal of Anaesthesia. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatr. Commission on Narcotic Drugs. Retrieved November 11, Retrieved December 18, Bundesanzeiger Verlag. Bundeskanzlei \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[Federal Chancellery of Switzerland\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. Retrieved January 1, Hidden categories: CS1 German-language sources de All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements. Navigation menu Personal tools Create account Log in. Namespaces Page Discussion. Views Read View source View history. Yolo Donate. Donate Contact us Guidelines Recent changes Open source. Network Good vibes Bad vibes.

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