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Melanoma in adolescents and young adults (ages 15-39 years): United States, 1999-2006
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Hannah K. Weir, PhD, Loraine D. Marrett, PhD, [...], and Donatus U. Ekwueme, PhD
Invasive melanoma of the skin is the third most common cancer diagnosed among adolescents and young adults (aged 15-39 years) in the United States. Understanding the burden of melanoma in this age group is important to identifying areas for etiologic research and in developing effective prevention approaches aimed at reducing melanoma risk.
Melanoma incidence data reported from 38 National Program of Cancer Registries and/or Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results statewide cancer registries covering nearly 67.2% of the US population were used to estimate age-adjusted incidence rates for persons 15-39 years of age. Incidence rate ratios were calculated to compare rates between demographic groups.
Melanoma incidence was higher among females (age-adjusted incidence rates = 9.74; 95% confidence interval 9.62-9.86) compared with males (age-adjusted incidence rates = 5.77; 95% confidence interval 5.68-5.86), increased with age, and was higher in non-Hispanic white compared with Hispanic white and black, American Indians/Alaskan Natives, and Asian and Pacific Islanders populations. Melanoma incidence rates increased with year of diagnosis in females but not males. The majority of melanomas were diagnosed on the trunk in all racial and ethnic groups among males but only in non-Hispanic whites among females. Most melanomas were diagnosed at localized stage, and among those melanomas with known histology, the majority were superficial spreading.
Accuracy of melanoma cases reporting was limited because of some incompleteness (delayed reporting) or nonspecific reporting including large proportion of unspecified histology.
Differences in incidence rates by anatomic site, histology, and stage among adolescents and young adults by race, ethnicity, and sex suggest that both host characteristics and behaviors influence risk. These data suggest areas for etiologic research around gene-environment interactions and the need for targeted cancer control activities specific to adolescents and young adult populations.
Keywords: adolescents, cancer, incidence, melanoma, National Program of Cancer Registries, surveillance, Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results, young adults
Cutaneous melanoma (hereafter called melanoma) is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer (after lymphomas) and the most lethal form of skin cancer among adolescents and young adults under the age of 30 years in the United States.1 Melanoma is characterized by the uncontrolled growth of pigment-producing cells, can spread to lymph nodes and, by extension to internal organs, and may result in death.2 However, if detected and treated early, melanoma has a favorable prognosis.3,4
Incidence of melanoma among adolescents and young adults is increasing in the United States,5,6 Canada,7 and in parts of the world in predominantly light-skinned populations.8,9
Primary melanoma evolves from melanocyte transformation directly or in precursor lesions. Melanoma tumori-genesis likely represents a multistep process involving accumulation of sequential genetic alterations.10 The major modifiable risk factor for melanoma is overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation (UVR), particularly intermittent exposure, whether from sunlight or artificial sources.11 Adolescents and young adults appear to be at particular risk for developing melanoma because of these exposures early in life.12,13
Other factors consistently shown to confer an increased risk of developing melanoma include a family history of melanoma, tendency to develop freckles, light hair color, immunosuppression, and a higher number of nevi.14,15 Perhaps the most distinct risk factor for pediatric melanoma is its relationship with pre-existing melanocytic nevi.16,17 Melanoma is rare among darkly pigmented ethnic groups relative to whites. This presumably relates to the higher sensitivity of white skin to UVR exposure. Of all racial groups in the United States, whites have the highest incidence rates of melanoma regardless of age.18
Understanding the burden and risk of melanoma among adolescents and young adults is important to identify areas for etiologic research and to develop effective cancer control activities aimed at reducing melanoma incidence and deaths in this age group. However, incidence patterns by racial and ethnic subgroups within this population have not been well described in the United States because of incomplete surveillance coverage. Through the combined efforts of the two federal cancer surveillance programs, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR) and the National Cancer Institute’s (NCI) Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program, there are now population-based cancer registries operating in all states and the District of Columbia.19,20 The combined coverage of the two federal programs allows us to better monitor the burden of cancer in racially, ethnically, and geographically diverse populations throughout the United States.18
In this analysis we examined the burden of melanoma in adolescents and young adults between the ages of 15 to 39 years diagnosed between 1999 and 2006 by demographic and tumor characteristics.
Detailed descriptions of the data sources and methods used for evaluation and analysis of these data are found in another article in this supplement.21 A brief description of the data sources and methods is included herein.
Cancer incidence data for the period 1999 through 2006 for individuals aged 15 to 39 years at diagnosis and covering 67.2% of the US population were obtained from 38 statewide cancer registries that participate in either or both NPCR and SEER. Data were collected and reported by use of standards established by the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries.22
Primary site and histology were coded according to the International Classification of Diseases–Oncology (ICD-O) edition in use at the time of diagnosis and converted to the third edition (ICD-O-3).23 Incident cases of invasive melanoma of the skin (defined as ICD-O-3 site codes C440-449 and histology codes 8720-8790) were selected and categorized according to anatomic body sites: face, head, and neck, including skin of lips, eyelids, ears, scalp, and neck (C44.0-C44.4); trunk, including back, abdomen, and chest (C44.5); upper extremities, including shoulders (C44.6); lower extremities, including hips (C44.7); and overlapping sites and not otherwise specified (NOS) (C44.8-C44.9). Among microscopically confirmed melanoma cases, histopathologic types were categorized as follows: superficial spreading (ICD-O-3 code 8743); nodular (ICD-O-3 code 8721); lentigo maligna (ICD-O-3 code 8742); acral lentiginous (ICD-O-3 code 8744); melanoma NOS (Histology NOS) (ICD-O-3 code 8720); and all other specified histologies (other specified) between ICD-O-3 8722 to 8780 and not previously listed. Beginning in 2004, cancer registries throughout the United States began collecting stage data according to the online Collaborative Staging coding instructions.24 For cases diagnosed between 2004 and 2006, the Collaborative Staging data were recoded into Derived SEER Summary Stage 2000: localized, regional, distant, unknown, and NOS.25 Because of the change in staging scheme, stage analyses were limited to diagnosis years 2004 through 2006 to ensure consistency.
County level population estimates produced by the US Census Bureau and bridged to single-race estimates were used as denominators in the rate calculations. The NCI made further refinements regarding race and county geographic codes and provided public access to these population estimates.26
Hispanic ethnicity is not mutually exclusive from race (Table I). Using race and ethnicity data, the following categories were created: non-Hispanic white (NHW); Hispanic white (HW); black, including non-Hispanic and Hispanic; American Indians/Alaskan Natives (AI/AN) including non-Hispanic and Hispanic; and Asian Pacific Islanders (API) including non-Hispanic and Hispanic. A combined category of black, AI/AN, and API (non-white) was constructed for analyses examining race and ethnicity by site and histology because case counts for populations other than NHW and HW were small. Other unspecified and unknown race categories were combined.
Invasive melanoma incident cases among adolescents and young adults (age 15-39 years) by race and ethnicity: United States 1999 through 2006
Frequencies, percent distributions and averaged annual age-adjusted incidence rates per 100,000 population were calculated by use of SEER*Stat software (V6.6.2, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland).27 Rates were adjusted to the 2000 US standard population by use of 5-year age groups (15-19, 20-24, 25-29, 30-34, and 35-39 years). Standard errors (SE) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were constructed by use of the modified gamma method to ensure proper coverage for small case counts, low incidence rates, and populations with age distributions that differ from the standard age distribution.28 Rates based on counts of less than 16 cases for the entire diagnosis period (1999-2006) were suppressed. P values and 95% CI for incidence rate ratios (IRR) were calculated for the purpose of comparing incidence rates between populations.29 Reported IRR are based on findings where the IRR was statistically significantly different from 1 (2-sided P<.05).
Rates were not constructed for other unspecified and unknown racial groups because corresponding population data were not available. Case counts greater than 1 but less than 16 were suppressed for the distribution of incident cases in the tables but were included in the graphical representation of the distribution of incident cases.
A total of 361,394 invasive cancers were diagnosed among adolescents and young adults aged 15 to 39 years during 1999 through 2006. Melanoma was the third most common cancer diagnosed behind lymphoma and breast cancer. Of the 41,715 invasive melanomas reported (Table I); 15,677 were diagnosed in males (37.6%) and 26,036 in females (62.4%). Greater than 92% of cases were diagnosed among NHW and HW males and females. Less than 1% of cases were diagnosed among blacks, AI/AN, or API. Between 5 and 6% of cases were reported with unknown race.
The risk of being given a diagnosis of melanoma was greater in females compared with males (IRR = 1.69; 95% CI 1.65-1.72) (Table II). Age-adjusted incidence rates were higher in females compared with males in every age, diagnosis year, race, and ethnicity group examined. The relative risk of being given a diagnosis of melanoma increased at least 7-fold between the ages of 15 to 19 years and 35 to 39 years among males and females (RR = 7.97; 95% CI 7.40-8.60 and IRR = 7.06; 95% CI 6.65-7.51, respectively). Among females, the incidence rate increased in each subsequent calendar period from 8.85 per 100,000 in 1999 through 2000 to 10.31 per 100,000 in 2004 through 2006. Risk did not increase with calendar period among males. Melanoma incidence was significantly higher among NHW males (7.94/100,000) and females (13.23/100,000) followed in order of magnitude by AI/AN, HW, API, and blacks.
Invasive melanoma incidence among adolescents and young adults (age 15-39 years) by demographic characteristics: United States 1999 through 2006
The most common site of diagnosis was trunk of body for both males and females (46.7% and 36.8%, respectively) followed by upper extremities in males (18.2%) and lower extremities in females (31.4%) (Table III). For melanomas of the face, head, and neck, males had higher incidence rates compared with females (0.92/100,000 vs 0.78/100,000, respectively) with proportionately twice as many cases diagnosed at this site in males (16.0%) compared with females (8.0%).
Invasive melanoma incidence among adolescents and young adults (age 15-39 years) by tumor characteristics and sex: United States 1999-2006
Greater than 99% of all melanoma incident cases (n = 41,549) were microscopically confirmed. Among these cases, more than 53% of all cases were reported as melanoma NOS (Histology NOS) among males and females (53.5% and 53.2%, respectively). Among those cases with a specific histologic type reported, superficial spreading melanoma was the most common type reported among males and females (35.0% and 38.2%, respectively) followed by nodular melanoma (6.1% and 4.2%, respectively). Lentigo maligna and acral lentiginous melanoma each accounted for less than 1% of cases among either males or females of all races and ethnicities combined. Other specific histologic types combined accounted for between 3% to 4% all cases combined.
For patients given a diagnosis between 2004 and 2006, the majority of cases were diagnosed at a local stage of disease (78.3% of males and 84.4% of females) with proportionately more males than females given a diagnosis of regional (11.2% vs 6.6%) and distant (3.4% and 1.3%) staged disease.
Among adolescents and young adults, incidence rates were highest among NHW compared with HW and non-whites regardless of site, histology, and stage (Table IV). Among males, the most common site of diagnosis was trunk among all racial and ethnic groups, followed by upper extremities in NHW and HW and lower extremities among non-whites (Fig 1, A). Face, head, and neck was the third most common site among NHW males. Among females, trunk of body was the most common site of diagnosis among NHW whereas lower extremities was the most common site among HW and non-whites (Fig 1, D). Conversely, the lower extremities were the second most common site among NHW and the trunk of the body was the second most common site among non-white females. Upper extremities were the third most common site among females of all racial and ethnic groups.
Distribution of invasive melanoma incident cases among adolescents and young adults (age 15-39 years) by site (A and D), histology (B and E), stage (C and F), race and ethnicity (A to F): United States 1999-2006. Data are from population-based cancer ...
Invasive melanoma incidence among adolescents and young adults (age 15-39 years) by tumor characteristics, race and ethnicity, and sex: United States, 1999 through 2006
Histology NOS was the most common histology reporting among males and females of all racial and ethnic groups, accounting for between 52% and 56% of all cases combined (Table IV). Among males and females of all racial and ethnic groups with a specific histologic type reported, superficial spreading was the most common followed by nodular melanoma (Fig 1, B and E ). Lentigo maligna was rare among all racial and ethnic groups accounting for less than 1% of cases among NHW males and females. Acral lentiginous melanomas were rare (0.5%) among NHW males and females, and proportionately more common among HW males and females (3.3% and 1.3%, respectively). Other specified histologic types were reported to occur proportionately more frequently among non-whites followed by HW and NHW.
The majority of melanomas were diagnosed at a localized stage among males and females of all racial and ethnic groups (Fig 1, C and F ). There were proportionately more regional and distant staged cancers diagnosed in HW males and females (25.0% and 13.8%, respectively) and non-white males and females (32.4% and 21.6%, respectively) compared with NHW males and females (14.8% and 8.0%, respectively).
There were sufficient numbers of incident cases to examine incidence patterns by histologic type and site of diagnosis among NHW males and females (Table V). Histology NOS was the most commonly reported histologic type reported at all sites combined in males and females, respectively (data not shown), and occurred at site NOS in 90.3% and 87.3% of cases among males and females, respectively (data not shown). Among cases with a specific histology reported, superficial spreading and nodular melanomas occurred at all body sites: trunk; upper extremities; lower extremities; and face, head, and neck (Fig 2). Lentigo maligna melanoma and other specified histologic types were reported to occur proportionately more often on the face, head, and neck. Acral lentiginous melanoma was reported to occur on the lower extremities of the body.
Distribution of histologically confirmed invasive melanoma incident cases among non-Hispanic white adolescents and young adults (age 15-39 years) by site and histology (other than not otherwise specified [NOS]): United States 1999-2006. A, Males. B, Females. ...
Invasive melanoma incidence among non-Hispanic white adolescents and young adults (age 15-39 years) by site, histology, and sex: United States, 1999 through 2006
Melanoma is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer among adolescents and young adults in the United States,1 although mortality continues to decline as survival improves, particularly among adolescents and young adults.4 The early age at onset of these cancers suggests that early life factors are important. In NHW in particular, melanomas occurring in this age group may represent gene-environment interactions involving excessive, intermittent UVR exposure among susceptible individuals, whereas late-onset melanomas may more often reflect accumulated, lifelong sun exposures in comparatively less susceptible individuals.30,31
The incidence of melanoma was higher in adolescent and young adult females compared with males in all age subgroups and in all racial and ethnic groups examined. This pattern is consistent with other published reports that have looked primarily at melanoma within the NHW adolescent and young adult populations,1 but differs from the pattern of male excess seen at older ages.32 This reversal in the gender RR between younger and older age groups suggests that there may be differences between etiologic pathways in younger versus older age groups that are mediated by gender.
One factor that may be related to this observed age-specific incidence pattern is female sex hormones. Some studies have found that the use of oral contraceptive or hormonal replacement therapy was associated with an increased risk of melanoma,33,34 whereas other studies have not found an association.35,36 Such inconsistent findings may be related to variations in mea
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