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In the Philippines, sex trafficking of young girls moves online
Mar 23, 2016 7:42 PM EDT

https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/in-the-philippines-sex-trafficking-of-young-girls-moves-online





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Sex tourism has long been a scourge in the Philippines. But now there's a disturbing new trend in the trafficking of mostly young women and children: vulnerable victims are being lured online and tricked into the trade. Special correspondent Fred de Sam Lazaro reports.
Next: a disturbing new trend in the trafficking of mostly young women and children into the sex trade.
Special correspondent Fred de Sam Lazaro reports from the Philippines on what police call cyber-trafficking.
It's part of his ongoing series Agents for Change.
Sex tourism has long been a scourge in the Philippines, an industry that thrives on trafficked human beings and deep poverty in this nation of 100 million.
Recent studies have shown that anywhere from 100 to more than 300 thousand Filipinos are trafficked each year; 80 percent, four out of five, are under the age of 18.
The government, under international pressure, has stepped up enforcement. Stings like this one to rescue young women are more common, as are arrests and convictions. But the sex trafficking industry, as always, seems a step ahead in the game.
IVY CASTILLO, Officer, Manila Police Cybercrime Center:
That's only one but there are a lot.
At the police cyber-crime center, officer Ivy Castillo explained one of the many ways that vulnerable young women are tricked into the trade.
So, they're pretending that this is a real modeling agency to entrap the young girls?
It has all the trappings of a glamorous fashion model agency, especially to a young rural Filipina girl.
At first, they are requested to send this image.
They're asked to submit pictures that seem innocuous, facial shots, ostensibly part of the selection process.
The next requirement is with a two-piece.
The next steps call for more revealing images, just the torso, not the face, they're assured, giving the false impression that it's unidentifiable. The young woman won't make the connection that computer software will, until it's too late.
They have got her face from her previous, more innocent images, and have Photoshopped them with the nude ones.
In no time, they are shamed and blackmailed into working for the opaque criminal networks behind the trade.
Lila Shahani is on a government task force on human trafficking.
LILA SHAHANI, Human Trafficking Task Force:
Cyber-pornography is easily one of our biggest problems. It's proliferated very quickly. and it's an expensive thing to police, and we're a Third World country.
But it's an industry fueled by First World demand, from pedophiles mostly in Europe, North America, and Australia, says officer Castillo.
These foreign perpetrators, they have contacts here in the Philippines, wherein these contacts are looking for children.
And perhaps the most frustrating challenge with this cyber-sex industry is a social one. Cecilia Oebanda, who founded the Philippines' largest anti-trafficking group, says many people don't believe or don't want to believe it's that harmful.
CECILIA FLORES-OEBANDA, Director, Visayan Forum Foundation:
Because they think that they're — the girls are just actually performing in the computer, and there's no contact, there is no touch. For them, it's OK. There's no harm actually put to the child.
At a shelter her agency runs is living proof that it's not just emotionally abusive, but also frequently escalates. The children are invariably inducted into traditional prostitution and its daily physical abuse.
These two 15-year-olds were rescued in a police sting from a cyber-porn racket. Their alleged pimp, a man named Jerrie Arraz began as a good samaritan neighbor.
There was a time when my mother need money because my stepfather was in jail. So she asked Jerrie for help.
He was really kind. When we didn't have food, he gave us food. Jerrie offered to send Gina to school.
This young woman is the 11th of 12 children in a family from one of the many rural Philippine islands beset by poverty and often natural disasters.
Opportunities are scarce, so, at 12, the offer of a scholarship from a kindly stranger, a man visiting to her village, was hard to resist.
He said that he's from Manila. So, I would say my dream is to study in Manila and to know the people, to — like, to wear nice clothes.
She accompanied the man to Manila, and was placed with Arraz, with whom he was apparently associated. She was in fact placed in school, but, gradually, there were demands, and they escalated, to display herself before strangers online, then to perform sexually and with Arraz in front of the camera.
He would wake me up to say there was a customer online and he wanted us to perform while the customer was watching. Each time, it happened, I just cried.
In time, the cyber-sex had escalated to plain old prostitution.
In a month, about four to five times, we met with foreign customers in a hotel, plus daily online.
It was when both girls were in a hotel one day that Arraz was nabbed as he negotiated with two undercover detectives posing as customers.
There were Caucasian — Caucasian undercover agents.
Prosecutor Jonathan Lledo was on the sting team, one of whose members hid in waiting.
He was inside the closet for four hours.
And the phone call rung that signaled that money exchanged hands. And we opened the door and announced. There was bewilderment. There was: What is happening here?
The young women, in terror, ran to their trafficker and to his defense.
We always felt like Jerrie was our father, so that's what we told rescuers. He is our father. We were really scared.
It's been called the Stockholm syndrome, Lledo says, one more complication in rescuing hostages who become sympathetic to their captor, and any change to what has become normal in their lives is unsettling.
The trafficker is providing them with food, clothing, shelter and a place to stay, and law enforcement will disrupt all this.
As it turns out, six children were removed from the home of Jerrie Arraz and placed with Oebanda's agency, including a 1-year-old infant abandoned by its mother.
The more immediate task is to try to restore childhoods through counseling and eventually adoption into homes, education and skills training for those older.
Most of our cases are referred from our foreign counterparts.
Philippine police officials say most of the enforcement comes from the consumer end. Tracking down providers is fraught with difficulty. They can be anywhere, evidence against them, if it exists, hidden in the cloud instead of a hard drive.
A lot of bad guys are not being caught, right?
Another big challenge is that police must rely on tips from the public, says task force member Shahani.
There is a real fear of — among informants of retaliation from big syndicates.
But Oebanda, who has long campaigned against trafficking, sees progress.
Our conviction rate has more than double. So, for me, that progress is indications of the political will.
Attention is now on Jerrie Arraz's trial, now under way in Manila. These images are from his Facebook page. It's the first so-called cyber-trafficking case to be brought, in hopes that it will mark a turning point.
For the "PBS NewsHour," this is Fred de Sam Lazaro in Manila.
Fred's reporting is a partnership with the Under-Told Stories Project at the University of St. Thomas in Minnesota.
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She had already endured years of beating and physical violence from her mother and stepfather, she said -- but then he took it a step further.
He would put a long knife near her face during the abuse, and threaten to kill her mother and brother if she reported him, she said. Terrified and ashamed, she didn't tell anyone for a year and a half -- until a school teacher saw her with a black eye and notified the police.
"I felt hopeless," said Acupinpin, now 23. "It felt like I had nowhere to go because it's my family who was hurting me. I didn't know anyone who could really help me."
She's not alone. Child sexual abuse is rampant in the Philippines, which activists say is partly driven by the country's ​law regarding the age at which ​girls can legally consent to sex. ​
At just 12 years old, it's the youngest age of consent in Asia -- and one of the youngest in the world. Opponents ​of the law say children that age are incapable of giving consent, and less likely to know how to call for help.
The law protects predators, critics say, because they can claim victims consented -- and children as young as 12 can often be coerced or threatened into silence.
Victims' advocates also argue the low age of consent contributes to ​what international rights organizations have described as high levels of sex trafficking and teenage pregnancy in the Philippines, compounded by gaps in the enforcement of existing laws.
"In the Philippines, we have about one woman or child raped every 53 minutes," said Rep. Arlene Brosas of the Gabriela Women's Party, citing 2016 data from non-profit organization Center for Women's Resources. "We believe it is much worse -- especially that child victims of sexual abuse are very prevalent."
Brosas and a number of lawmakers are now fighting to raise the age of consent to 16, which is standard in many other countries, including the majority of the United States. The movement took a significant step forward last December when their proposed bill was overwhelmingly approved by the Philippines House of Representatives.
Raising the age is just one step -- the bill includes a raft of other provisions to strengthen enforcement, improve the investigation and legal process, and provide more support and confidentiality for victims ​of sexual exploitation and abuse.
But the bill still has a long way to go before it becomes law, and time is running out. Elections are less than a year away -- at which point lawmakers will have to start over from scratch. If it doesn't pass before then, the bill's ​supporters say millions of children will remain vulnerable to exploitation -- and with reports of ​images depicting child sex abuse skyrocketing during the pandemic , the threat has never been more urgent.
Activists in the Philippines have been pushing to change the law since the 1980s.
The age of consent is enshrined in the country's Revised Penal Code, passed in 1930. Under the penal code, rape is defined as "having carnal knowledge of a woman" through the use of force, when the woman is unconscious​, "deprived of reason" -- or "when the woman is under 12 years of age."
The age seems shockingly low by modern standards, but it reflects historical attitudes. In many places across Europe -- including Spain, which ruled the Philippines as a colony for more than 300 years until 1898 -- early laws placed the age of consent between 10 and 12 years old.
During the 19th century, some countries began raising it to between 13 and 16, according to Stephen Robertson, historian and professor at George Mason University. By the early 1900s, legislators in the US and Britain were pushing to raise the age to between 16 and 18, with other parts of the world following suit throughout the century.
But as other countries amended their laws to reflect their evolving understanding of sex and adulthood, the Philippines' age of consent stayed the same.
A billboard showing a campaign against street harassment and sexual violence toward women, in Manila, the Philippines, on June 30, 2019.
The penal code is "one of the oldest laws in the Philippines," said Selena B. Fortich, Philippines country program manager for child protection at the NGO Plan International. "It has many archaic provisions -- many do not apply and should not exist in contemporary society."
Some clauses have been amended over the years, but not the age of consent -- meaning there are now "inconsistent" legal ages, she added. "The minimum age for getting married is 18, to enter into contracts and to vote is also 18. Yet, the minimal age for sexual consent is 12."
The Philippine Commission on Women, a government agency, told CNN in a statement that it has pushed to raise the age of consent to 16 years old, and has included the recommendation in its policy briefs.
There are a few reasons the age of consent hasn't changed in the past 91 years. A major one is the lack of education and understanding among lawmakers and the general public of concepts like children's cognitive development and the ability to give informed consent, said Patrizia Benvenuti, child protection chief at UNICEF Philippines.
And though public awareness about the issue has expanded in recent years, the child rights sector is relatively new in the country and less established than other social movements, such as the campaign for women's rights.
Why some lawmakers don't want change
Some lawmakers argue there is no need to change the age of consent because the country already has laws against child abuse.
An anti-child abuse law passed in 1992 criminalized sex with children under 18 "for money, profit, or any other consideration or due to the coercion or influence of any adult, syndicate or group." Another anti-trafficking law, enacted in 2003 and expanded in 2012, prohibited the sexual exploitation and prostitution of children, as well as the creation of images depicting child sexual abuse.
However, the existing laws require young, traumatized victims and their lawyers to prove they were coerced into sexual exploitation. It's an easier task if a child is trafficked to multiple abusers -- but much more difficult when a child is abused by just one person, which is typically the case with abusive family members, said Benvenuti from UNICEF.
An amended statutory rape law ​would automatically criminalize sex with children under 16.
"Why can't we increase this age? The answer (from Congress) has always been, 'Well, because we already have laws about this,'" said Bernadette J. Madrid, executive director of the Child Protection Network Foundation and head of the Child Protection Unit at the University of the Philippines Manila's Philippine General Hospital.
All four advocates CNN interviewed agreed the failure to act suggests a lack of concern or urgency in Congress.
The age of consent "was never prioritized as much as other issues," said Fortich, from Plan International. "That's a big challenge in terms of enforcement of the law. There's a gap in terms of implementation."
The Philippines is the world's largest source of livestreamed child sex abuse, according to UNICEF -- but children are also being abused offline at home.
In a 2015 study involving 3,866 Filipino ​respondents aged 13 to 24, about 3.2% said they had been raped during childhood. And more than 17% ​of those aged 13 to 17 experienced sexual violence, which includes "unwanted touch" or having explicit photos or videos taken, said the study, conducted by UNICEF and the Philippine government's Council for the Welfare of Children.
The study found the abuse often took place in the home​, where perpetrators were frequently family members -- making it harder to detect and for victims to pursue justice.
Acupinpin said she had been reluctant to come forward as a child because she feared people would blame her for the abuse. "I was scared that they might say, he's my stepfather, I gave him my consent," she said.
After Acupinpin's teacher notified the police about her injuries, she was removed from her parents' care and placed in a care center for abuse survivors -- but she didn't ​initially tell anyone about the sexual abuse. "I kept it to myself because I was so scared, because his threats still lingered in my mind," she said.
It was only after she spoke with other children at the orphanage who had also been abused, that she finally disclosed the full extent of her stepfather's abuse to her social worker.
Activists and international human rights organizations say ​online abuse ​of children has proliferated during the coronavirus pandemic, which has caused people -- perpetrators and consumers of explicit materials -- to stay home and spend more time online.
A higher age of consent enshrined in law could help young children better identify and report abuse -- and curb the country's flourishing sex trafficking industry, said Brosas, the lawmaker.
The country's poorest children are particularly vulnerable to grooming and exploitation. There have been cases of children who are lured by traffickers' promises to fund their education, or to provide food and shelter, she said.
Though poverty in the Philippines is a long-standing issue that its leader
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