Yield Spread

Yield Spread



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Yield Spread

^ Macro Musings Blog. 26 November 2008. What Corporate Bond Yield Spreads Tell Us




This page was last edited on 9 August 2020, at 23:01

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In fi­nance , the yield spread or credit spread is the dif­fer­ence be­tween the quoted rates of re­turn on two dif­fer­ent in­vest­ments , usu­ally of dif­fer­ent credit qual­i­ties but sim­i­lar ma­tu­ri­ties. It is often an in­di­ca­tion of the risk pre­mium for one in­vest­ment prod­uct over an­other. The phrase is a com­pound of yield and spread .

The "yield spread of X over Y" is gen­er­ally the an­nu­al­ized per­cent­age yield to ma­tu­rity (YTM) of fi­nan­cial in­stru­ment X minus the YTM of fi­nan­cial in­stru­ment Y.

There are sev­eral mea­sures of yield spread rel­a­tive to a bench­mark yield curve , in­clud­ing in­ter­po­lated spread ( I-spread ), zero-volatil­ity spread ( Z-spread ), and op­tion-ad­justed spread (OAS).

It is also pos­si­ble to de­fine a yield spread be­tween two dif­fer­ent ma­tu­ri­ties of oth­er­wise com­pa­ra­ble bonds. For ex­am­ple, if a cer­tain bond with a 10-year ma­tu­rity yields 8% and a com­pa­ra­ble bond from the same is­suer with a 5-year ma­tu­rity yields 5%, then the term pre­mium be­tween them may be quoted as 8% – 5% = 3%.

Yield spread analy­sis in­volves com­par­ing the yield, ma­tu­rity, liq­uid­ity and cred­it­wor­thi­ness of two in­stru­ments, or of one se­cu­rity rel­a­tive to a bench­mark, and track­ing how par­tic­u­lar pat­terns vary over time.

When yield spreads widen be­tween bond cat­e­gories with dif­fer­ent credit rat­ings, all else equal, it im­plies that the mar­ket is fac­tor­ing more risk of de­fault on the lower-grade bonds. For ex­am­ple, if a risk-free 10-year Trea­sury note is cur­rently yield­ing 5% while junk bonds with the same du­ra­tion are av­er­ag­ing 7%, then the spread be­tween Trea­suries and junk bonds is 2%. If that spread widens to 4% (in­creas­ing the junk bond yield to 9%), then the mar­ket is fore­cast­ing a greater risk of de­fault, prob­a­bly be­cause of weaker eco­nomic prospects for the bor­row­ers. A nar­row­ing of yield spreads (be­tween bonds of dif­fer­ent risk rat­ings) im­plies that the mar­ket is fac­tor­ing in less risk, prob­a­bly due to an im­prov­ing eco­nomic out­look.

The TED spread is one com­monly-quoted credit spread. The dif­fer­ence be­tween Baa-rated ten-year cor­po­rate bonds and ten-year Trea­suries is an­other com­monly-quoted credit spread. [1]

Yield spread can also be an in­di­ca­tor of prof­itabil­ity for a lender pro­vid­ing a loan to an in­di­vid­ual bor­rower. For con­sumer loans, par­tic­u­larly home mort­gages , an im­por­tant yield spread is the dif­fer­ence be­tween the in­ter­est rate ac­tu­ally paid by the bor­rower on a par­tic­u­lar loan and the (lower) in­ter­est rate that the bor­rower's credit would allow that bor­rower to pay. For ex­am­ple, if a bor­rower's credit is good enough to qual­ify for a loan at 5% in­ter­est rate but ac­cepts a loan at 6%, then the extra 1% yield spread (with the same credit risk) trans­lates into ad­di­tional profit for the lender. As a busi­ness strat­egy, lenders typ­i­cally offer yield spread pre­mi­ums to bro­kers who iden­tify bor­row­ers will­ing to pay higher yield spreads.


Yield spread — Wikipedia Republished // WIKI 2
Yield Spread - Why Is It Important To Know? (In Detail)
Yield spread | Trader Wiki | Fandom
What Every Investor Should Know About Yield Spread
Yield Spread Definition

Yield Spread- Why Is It Important To Know? (In Detail)

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The terminology Yield Spread is found to be used quite normally. Yield spread is basically the difference of rates of returns of two varied investments which are quoted, mostly of different credit quality. It is used by the bond investors in order to measure how much expensive or cheap a specific bond can be or a group of bond can be. Yield spread is known as credit spread and it is simply the difference in yields between two bonds. The yield spread is a technique of comparing any two financial products. In simple terms, it is a sign of the risk premium for investing in one investment product over another. When spreads expand between bonds with dissimilar quality ratings it denotes that the market is factoring more risk  of default on lower grade bonds. For example if one bond is yielding 7% and another bond is yielding 8% then the “spread” is 1% point. If that spread expands to 4%, the market is predicting a greater risk of default which indicates a slowing economy. Spreads are basically stated in “basis points”, which means 1% point spread is usually said to be “100 basis points”. Non – treasury bonds are also estimated on the difference between their yields.
Normally saying, the greater risk a bond or asset class is, the greater its yield spread. Basically, the reason for this variance is that investors need to be paid to take risk. Investors generally don’t need a huge yield to tie up their cash, if an outlay or an investment is seen as being low-risk. But market participants/contributors will claim sufficient reimbursement i.e. a higher yield spread in order to take the chance that their principal could decline and this is only possible if an investment is seen as being higher-risk.
For an example: A bond issued by a huge well established & financially healthy corporates will usually trade at a moderately low spread in relation to Government Treasuries. On the other hand, a bond issued by a small company with a weak financial strength will trade at higher spread comparative to government securities. This states that the yield benefit/advantage of non-investment grade bonds comparative to high-rated investment-grade bonds. It also shows the gap between higher-risk  emerging markets  and the usually lower risk-risk bonds of the developed markets. Yield spread is used in order to calculate the yield benefit of two or more similar securities with different maturities. Spread is extensively used between the two & ten years treasuries which displays how much additional yield an investor can get by taking on the added risk of investing in long-term bonds.
Naturally yield spreads are not fixed or immovable because bond yield are always in motion, so too are spreads. If the yield difference between the two bonds or sectors is increasing or decreasing than the direction of the yield spread will increase/decrease or widen/narrow.
Generally, knowing that bonds yields will rise as their prices fall and will decline if the prices rises than a rising or growing spread shows that one sector is performing better than another. For an instance: let’s assume that the yield on a high yield bond index moves from 6.0% to 6.5% while the yield on government treasury stays even at 3.0%. Therefore, the spread has moved from 3.0 percentage points i.e. 300 basis points to 3.5 percentage points i.e. 350 basis points which shows that high-yield bonds underperformed government treasuries during this time. Therefore, if a bond or bond fund is paying an extraordinarily high yield this means anyone who hold that investment is also taking on more risk. As a result, investors should be conscious that merely selecting fixed-income investments with the highest yield will result in their taking on more principal risk than they negotiated for.
Yield spread analysis is prepared by associating the maturity, liquidity and creditworthiness of two instruments, or of one security to a standard. While mentioning to the “yield spread of A over B” this states the return on investment percentage from one financial security categorized as A less than the return on investment percentage from another security categorized as B. Therefore simply this means that the yield spread analysis is a procedure to relate or compare any two financial securities for an investor to regulate his options by evaluating risk & return on investment.
When it comes to making investment in several securities, analysis of yield spread helps the investors and interested people to understand the market’s movement. The investor can determine that the market is issuing more risk of default on the lower grade bonds if the spread is huge between bonds of diverse quality ratings. This shows that the economy is slowing down and therefore the market is foreseeing a larger risk of default. Conversely if the market is measured to have predicted a slighter default risk thus the spread is narrowing between dissimilar bonds of bonds of diverse risk ratings and this shows that the economy is expanding. For an instance: the market is normally considered to be issuing/factoring lesser risk of default if the spread between treasury notes & junk bond is four percent historically. Also, the yield spread analysis is advantageous when you are a lender because it can help you regulate your profitability when you provide a loan to a borrower.
For example: when a borrower is adequately proficient to take benefit of a loan at 4% interest rate but will essentially take a loan at 5%, the variance of 1% is the yield spread which is the extra interest that aids as added profit for the lender. As a tactic, several lenders propose premiums to loan brokers who propose loans with yield spreads and this is done to boost the brokers to hunt for borrowers who are willing to pay for the yield spreads.
According to yield spread analysis there exists a normal relationship between the yields for bonds in substitute sectors. In the period of depression and expansion, spreads is seen to be increasing & decreasing. Spreads will be affected by 3 ways:
“Yield-spread premiums” is what creditors call them. Customer groups call them authorized kickbacks. Yield spread premiums are the money that mortgage dealers or lenders get for directing a debtor into a home loan with a higher interest rate. Yield spread premium is the commission (fee) paid to the dealer by the mortgage lender in exchange for a higher interest rate or a beyond market mortgage rate. In industry’s, yield spread premium is known as ‘YSP’. Yet the debtor may be suitable for a mortgage at a definite interest rate, the dealer or loan officer can charge this payment and give the debtor a marginally higher rate to mark more commission. This exercise was formerly proposed as a way to evade charging the debtor any out-of-pocket payments, as dealers could receive their commission and shield final prices with yield spread premium. It is also known as negative points; yield-spread premiums are repayments creditors pay to mortgage dealers or debtors. Yield-spread premiums are a percentage of the principal.
For example: Mortgage creditors often pay up to 2% as a yield spread premium to mortgage dealers, so debtors should request about the yield spread premium way before final price.
For an instance, let’s assume that Mathew needs to derive $200,000 towards purchasing a house. He obtains an estimate for a yield-spread premium credit with a 6% interest rate and -2.136 points, means that he will obtain a $2,136 refund that he can apply to the loan’s final prices.
The substitute and other old-fashioned credit structure for the similar volume might be a 4.5% credit and one point, means that the credit has a minor interest rate but the debtor needs to pay a $2,000 down payment for the loan.
It is significant to remember that mortgage dealers don’t always advise customers about accessible yield-spread premium credits. A mortgage agent might, for an instance, obtain a quotation from a comprehensive financier for a finance that has a 6% interest rate and -2.136 points. On a $200,000 credit, these yield-spread premiums decipher to a $2,136 acclaim that can be functional toward final prices. Anyhow, in order to make money on the deal, the mortgage agent marks up the finance to the customer and estimates a charge of, say, 6% and 0 points, thus recollecting the $2,136 for themselves as reimbursement for brokering the loan.
Yield-spread premium advances commonly have higher interest rates. Hence, debtors who plan to be in their houses for only a short span of time are basically the best applicants for these advances. The additional interest over a moderately short span of time tends total not as much of than the final prices the debtor would have had to pay otherwise.
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