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Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. Substance use and its consequences place a considerable social and economic burden on society 1. While this number is almost similar to that of the previous year, a longer-term view indicates a sharp increase relative to 2. Based on the available evidence, drug use has several consequences, including increased mortality, high-risk sexual behavior, increased risk of sexually transmitted diseases, etc. Moreover, those with drug use tend to become more dependent chronic users, leading to physical, psychiatric, and medical comorbidities, apart from stigmatization and social marginalization. These people's feelings about the world e. According to national statistics, drug use has increased in Iran in recent years and reached about 2. So, in Iran, drug use is three times the global average 8. Several reasons are mentioned for this issue, including the shared border with Afghanistan, the largest producer of opium worldwide 9. Studies performed on drug use during the past decades have mainly focused on understanding this issue and the effectiveness of treatment 6. In other words, no one else can meaningfully express the real experience of the intended problem. Therefore, engaging those with lived or living experience in the planning, delivery, and evaluation of programs and policies can provide vital information to policymakers to make sure that an effective approach is followed that best meets the needs of those suffering from the target problem, as well as their families. In this line, there is extensive support for growing and developing the lived experience of those with substance use in both developed and developing countries 6 , 11 - The study of lived experiences describes the point of view of many people about a concept or phenomenon. The main goal of this method is to reduce people's experiences from a concept to a description of the true nature of that phenomenon. In this method, data is collected from people who have experienced the phenomenon in question. Usually, data collection in lived experience analysis studies includes deep and multiple interviews with participants When it comes to the causes of the spread of addiction in a society, it is very simple and possible for anyone who knows the alphabet of social issues to state reasons such as the lack of recreational facilities, limited employment, lack of faith and commitment, etc. However, to what extent is the contribution of each of the problems in creating the phenomenon of addiction and its social spread, where and how to start to fight it, the suitability of the morals and social standards of this society with the societies that benefit from specific methods have been successful in reducing the effects of addiction, how much and whether these methods can be effective. Dozens of other questions are issues that should be determined by research. To identify the problem and provide solutions to solve the problem, it is necessary to pay attention to the structure of the society, such as the historical, economic, social, political, cultural, demographic, and regional conditions and the state of social relations, the management system of society, family and political management. Therefore, simply conducting similar studies in other societies and using their results in other groups, especially regarding the problem of addiction, does not seem correct. In this research, the aim was to identify the experience of drug users regarding the psychological aspect of their lifestyle. Since the people treated with methadone will reach some mental stability with the passage of time, the research was conducted on these people. Based on what was mentioned above, using a community-based participatory research approach, this study investigated the lived experience of substance users under methadone maintenance therapy in Iran. Narrative inquiry a type of qualitative research was applied in this study, which is, according to previous studies, one of the most effective methods developed to understand the experiences of a particular group 15 , This approach is based on listening to other people's experiences to capture and understand their feelings, experiences, and the reasons behind their behaviors 6. The current study has been conducted based on data collected through in-depth interviews and field notes. A total of 26 in-depth interviews were conducted with people who suffered from substance use 7 females and 19 males in Participants were selected using purposive and convenient sampling techniques during the study period. The criterion for participating in the interview was a history of methadone treatment for more than three months and a willingness to participate in this study. To select the patients, a coordination meeting was first held with the officials of the three addiction treatment centers in Isfahan, Iran. After going through the administrative process and obtaining the necessary permits, the researchers arrived at the centers. In all patients who went to outpatient methadone maintenance treatment centers to receive methadone, the entry criteria were checked. If they met the necessary conditions, the objectives of the study were explained to them. If they wished to participate in the study, after obtaining written consent, they were given a turn for an interview. The participants' interviews were from August 21 to October 4. The interviews were conducted in a safe and quiet room, respecting the privacy of the patients and assuring them that their information would not be shared with anyone. The first author conducted all interviews. The interview guidance contained several open-ended questions designed to extract the interviewees' experiences. In-depth and semi-structured interviews were used to collect information. The interview protocol was implemented in four stages. In the first step, the interviews started with the opening text. In this part, information about the purpose of the research was given to the participants. In this section, the confidentiality of their answers was discussed to reduce the participants' concern. In the second step, questions were raised. These questions were about what challenges and experiences the patients had in psychological issues and what conditions affected these problems and experiences. Additional questions were asked when necessary for clarification. The third stage was the implementation of probes, which were used to encourage people to talk or not to go astray during the interview, such as: 'May you explain more? The interview was finished when the participants described their experience, and no further explanation was necessary. All interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. The interviews lasted from 70 to 90 minutes. In addition to audio recording, field notes were taken for the greater accuracy of data collection. The Interviews continued to the point where researchers felt that new information could no longer be obtained with the inclusion of new samples after 26 interviews. It is worth noting that all interviews were read repeatedly to achieve immersion and obtain a sense of the whole. Data analysis proceeded in parallel with interviews. Colaizzi's method was applied to analyze the collected data It includes seven steps: Initially, the researcher reads the transcripts to gain a sense of the participant s. Afterward, statements with significance to the research question should be identified and extracted, which must be direct quotations of the interviewee to reflect the research data accurately. Afterward, the researcher begins to articulate what the statements mean to extract themes, followed by categorizing similar themes. Eventually, the results should be integrated into a comprehensive topic description. Following an inductive approach, the codes were extracted by two independent reviewers, and arguments were referred to a more experienced and knowledgeable third party. An excel spreadsheet was created and used to collate and screen the relevant codes and themes. It is worth noting that since the present study aimed to evaluate the lived experiences of patients with substance use, coding and theme extraction were carried out within the framework of research questions. For this purpose, the researchers only relied on the data to extract the themes, and previous theoretical ideas and findings were not considered. All transcripts were read repeatedly to achieve immersion and obtain a sense of the whole. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before entering the study and after a comprehensive introduction to the study protocol. In addition, the participants were informed that they could withdraw from the study at any time. Confidentiality of the study participants' information was maintained throughout the study by making them anonymous and asking them to provide honest answers. Most of the participants were educated diploma and above. The participants' age ranged from 25 to 53 years old. At the time of the interview, participants were in the methadone treatment phase for more than three months. The characteristics of participants and their backgrounds are provided in Table 1. As mentioned before, all interviews were audio-taped and transcribed, and data analysis was performed simultaneously with the interviews. Data analysis was performed by two researchers independently; so that each of them read the transcript and open-coded the data The extracted codes were discussed between the researchers, and arguments were referred to a more experienced and knowledgeable third party. Four themes and 11 sub-themes emerged from the categorized data. The themes were as follows: 1 negative emotions feelings that cause you to be miserable and sad ; 2 poor psychological capital a set of resources a person can use to help improve their performance ; 3 poor Support contains two components of weak family support and social unacceptance; 4 psychological well-being contains four components of negative self-acceptance, reduced positive relations, not having a purposeful life, and inability to control environmental pressures Table 2. An outline of the thematic network is provided in Figure 1. Negative emotions are feelings that cause the person to be miserable and sad Its subthemes included: 1 weak emotion management; and 2 unpleasant emotional experiences. In addition, it contained eight components: Poor fury control, poor anger control, weakness in behavior control, anger, impatience, aggressiveness, guilt, and feeling of remorse. Or interviewees 3 and 7 mentioned aggressive behaviors when the substance was unavailable. It refers to a set of resources a person can use to help improve their performance Poor psychological capital contains three components: Skepticism, poor tolerance, and low self-efficacy. Skepticism is about the poor attitude of participants about themselves and their future. It includes two components: Getting rid of the addiction and having a bright future. In this study, poor tolerance refers to addicted persons' weakness in coping with negative events and trying to fix the problems. It contains two main components: Fear of temptations and how to relieve suffering. One day I was informed about his suicide, and I could not believe that. My grave continued for five months. Then, my sister's husband tempted me to use drugs. Low self-efficacy refers to not trusting the abilities to achieve success. It contains three components: Hard-to-resist temptations, the unsustainability of the treatment, and skepticism of personal abilities'. I didn't smoke drugs for three years; one day, I went somewhere, and a friend of mine gave me 50 grams of opium. He probably wanted to tempt me. I told myself it was just one time and nothing would happen. Concerning instability of the treatment, participants pointed out that the treatment process is unstable or think so, which means a high likelihood of recurrence. In addition, participants mentioned skepticism regarding their abilities to continue the treatment. Poor support contains two components of weak family support and social unacceptance. The former refers to benefiting the family support, which the participants have been deprived of, that contributed to their worsening status. It comprises four main themes: Fear of rejection, poor emotional support, non-intimate family relationships, and not being reliable in the eyes of others. In this study, fear of rejection refers to participants' concerns and fears of being rejected by those around them. My wife believes that an addicted person does not deserve married life. I fear being rejected by her. Emotional support refers to poor emotional relations with the family and not benefiting from their support. Interviewees 2 and 17 pointed out the importance of this factor. But I fear it as I'm aware of its negative consequences. According to the findings, non-intimate family relations were among the factors that increased the likelihood of addiction. Not being reliable in the eyes of others was a significant barrier to receiving support from the family. Participants explained that they had lost the support of their family since they noticed their addiction. The second component of poor support was social unacceptance, which contained two themes: Job-related problems and social stigma. The former includes a lack of job security problems in finding a job due to addiction history and job dismissal. The social stigma component contained fear of being stigmatized as a thief, a history of incarceration for drugs, fear of being accused of stealing, worrying about peoples' feelings about you and your habits, and being subjected to the destructive stigma. Interviewees noted that even after withdrawal, they are subject to stigma. It doesn't worth it. They make money from drugs in ways incompatible with my personality. For instance, selling their furniture. Is he using drugs? I'm always subject to stigma. The participants pointed out their psychological problems since the onset of addiction. It contains four components: Negative self-acceptance, reduced positive relations, not having a purposeful life, and inability to control environmental pressures. The negative self-acceptance and reduced positive relations contain low self-confidence, negative self-evaluations, and low self-esteem. The first theme refers to negative self-evaluations of the addicted person and contains three subthemes: Low self-confidence, negative self-evaluations, and low self-esteem. In other words, participants believed that the addiction declined their self-esteem, which is translated into low self-confidence. Most of the dissatisfactions were regarding personal performance and bad feelings about oneself. The component of reduced positive relationships comprised of reduced healthy relationships and gaining distance from family members. The former refers to enjoying a healthy relationship with friends and others. The other important component did not have a purposeful life. The participants pointed out not having a purpose and only caring about their addiction. This theme comprises two components: Not having a plan for the future and efforts enforcing the addiction. It was just day and night. Participants noted that their only aim was to find drugs. My life was just working, working, and working. The last extracted theme was the inability to control environmental pressures and comprised of temptations of addicted friends and a high-pressure working environment. You may not believe I had no option except to use drugs; it was not to enjoy. Soon I was addicted. Initially, we smoked drugs for fun once or twice a month. For me, it took five years to become addicted. When I found a new job, one of my collaborators was an addicted person who used to consume black drugs i. He told me that I have a simple code to stay away from those who consume white drugs. However, I told myself it was ok to use for one time, let's test it, and it was so good. The other main theme was incentives to withdraw, which comprised three themes: 1 understanding negative consequences; 2 long-term problems of addiction; and 3 maintaining family cohesion. The first theme contained six components of family disputes, maintaining social dignity, self-control problems, health status, financial loss, and losing job opportunities. We were on the edge of divorce, and I went to prison. Or I had problems going to a seminar. Another important subtheme was maintaining family cohesion. According to the findings, one of the most important concerns of addicted persons is disclosing their problems. The current study intended to extend our knowledge regarding the lived experience of those suffering from substance use in the Isfahan province of Iran. The participants shared their journey as they faced challenges and problems regarding their daily living or treatment. In general, the present findings are in line with previous studies. One of our significant findings was the link between negative emotions and a high inclination toward addiction. In this line, Schlauch et al. In the same vein, in a study on craving for alcohol, Kavanagh et al. In a study on how to prevent addiction, Raisjouyan et al. Furthermore, our literature review showed that those with poor psychological capital are at elevated likelihood of alcohol and substance use 23 - Those who didn't benefit from family support are more prone to use substances during stressful life events as a part of self-medication, which is consistent with the findings of the present study that revealed the importance of psychological well-being, benefiting from family support and the role of psychological capital in controlling inclinations towards substance use. So, one of their most important fears was disclosing the addiction to their loved ones, also reported by several studies. For instance, Goodyear et al. They also emphasized the fear of addicted people about disclosure of their addiction to their loved ones Or in a study on addiction stigma, Kulesza et al. Shafiei et al. They also reported that those with substance use are socially stigmatized and ostracized by their families, which methadone can have a positive effect on Aghakhani et al. We also showed that conflicts with others and family background are major contributors to initiating substance use. So that some interviewees pointed out the temptations of their friends and family members to use substances. In this line, Myers et al. This study also had limitations. For example, the participants in this study were mostly men, and women did not have much desire to participate in the interviews. On the other hand, this group of people was studied due to more mental stability in people treated with methadone. Also, this study was conducted in three addiction treatment centers in one of Iran's cities. Considering these limitations and the type of study, caution should be exercised in generalizing the results. In this study, four main themes were extracted from the experience of people treated with methadone regarding the psychological dimension of lifestyle. These dimensions include negative emotions, poor psychological capital, poor support, and psychological well-being. In addition to drug treatment and paying attention to the physical aspect of addiction, it is necessary to consider the psychological aspects of patients to develop an effective treatment plan. In this study, these cases were extracted to compile training packages. Contemp Drug Probl. American Psychological Association. Publication manual of the american psychological association, The consequences of drug misuse on post-marketing surveillance. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. The lived experience of drug misuse among Kurds' youth Case study: the Solaimanye province. Sociology of Culture and Art. Holmes MV. Human Genetics and Drug Development. N Engl J Med. What Is the Addiction World Like? Perspect Psychiatr Care. Compulsory maintenance treatment program amongst Iranian injection drug users and its side effects. Drug-induced prolonged corrected QT interval in patients with methadone and opium overdose. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. Prevalence of drug use, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and measure of socioeconomic-related inequalities of drug use among Iranian people: findings from a national survey. Australia: Flinders University; Public Health England. Service User Involvement. Peer recovery support for individuals with substance use disorders: assessing the evidence. Psychiatr Serv. Competencies for the mental health and addiction service user, consumer and peer workforce. Qualitative Research Designs. Couns Psychol. Clandinin D. J Res Music Educ. Engaging in narrative inquiry. London, UK: Routledge; Colaizzi PF. Psychological research as the phenomenologist views it. Existential-Phenomenological Alternatives for Psychology. Nezlek JB, Kuppens P. Regulating positive and negative emotions in daily life. J Pers. Emotions and Health. Affect and craving: positive and negative affect are differentially associated with approach and avoidance inclinations. Addict Behav. Measurement of alcohol craving. Investigating the effect of emotional intelligence on the addiction relapse after quitting. Asia Pac J Med Toxicol. J Leadersh Organ Stud. Park S, Kim Y. Prevalence, correlates, and associated psychological problems of substance use in Korean adolescents. BMC Public Health. Hawkins EH. A tale of two systems: co-occurring mental health and substance abuse disorders treatment for adolescents. Annu Rev Psychol. Opioid use and stigma: The role of gender, language and precipitating events. Drug Alcohol Depend. J Addict Recovery. Issues Ment Health Nurs. Cross-validation of the Temptation Coping Questionnaire: adolescent coping with temptations to use alcohol and illicit drugs. J Stud Alcohol. Caricati L, Ferrari D. Association between coping strategies and drug use in a large cohort of students from a northern Italian University. Acta Biomed. J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse. Mafa P, Makhubele JC. Pertanika J Soc Sci Humanit. We use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience. They also allow us to analyze user behavior in order to constantly improve the website for you. Abstract Background: Drug abuse and its consequences place a considerable social and economic burden on society. Drug abuse has increased in Iran and reached three times the global average, indicating the need to develop innovative strategies to cope with this phenomenon. Objectives: Following a community-based participatory research approach, the aim was to identify the lived experience of drug users regarding the psychological aspect of their lifestyle. Methods: Narrative inquiry and phenomenological design were applied as the research framework. The use of in-depth interviews and field notes guided the data collection and analysis. A total of 26 in-depth interviews were conducted with people who suffered from drug use 7 females and 19 males in Interviews ranging from 70 to 90 minutes and conducted in a quiet, private location chosen by the researcher. All interviews were audio-taped and transcribed, and analyzed using Colaizzi's method. Results: Most of the participants were educated Diploma and above. The analysis revealed four themes, and 11 sub-themes emerged. The themes were as follows: 1 negative emotions; 2 poor psychological capital; 3 poor support; and 4 psychological well-being. Conclusions: The most important problems of people with substance use, in the psychological dimension of lifestyle, include experiencing negative emotions, weak psychological capital, weak social support, unhealthy psychological well-being such as negative self-acceptance, reduced positive relations, not having a purposeful life, and inability to control environmental pressures. Hopefully, this study can help health policymakers develop more effective strategies against drug use. Background Substance use and its consequences place a considerable social and economic burden on society 1. Objectives In this research, the aim was to identify the experience of drug users regarding the psychological aspect of their lifestyle. Methods 3. Study Design Narrative inquiry a type of qualitative research was applied in this study, which is, according to previous studies, one of the most effective methods developed to understand the experiences of a particular group 15 , Participants A total of 26 in-depth interviews were conducted with people who suffered from substance use 7 females and 19 males in Data Analysis Colaizzi's method was applied to analyze the collected data Table 1. Participants' Characteristics and Background. Table 2. Emerged Themes and Sub-themes. Figure 1. Outline of the thematic network. References 1. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4. Leave a comment here:. Cookie Setting We use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience. Inability to control anger, inability to control anger in the face of stressful events, inability to control anger during arguments, loss, inability to control yourself when feeling angry, Inability to control anger when methadone-maintenance therapy dose is reduced, inability to control self-anger behaviors, grumpiness when lacking access to drugs, inability to control anger. Weak behavior control in cases of late access to drugs, inability to control behavior during delayed substance use. Anger in cases of delayed use, Direct association between feeling anger and time since the last use. Thinking about leaving the family due to feeling guilty, suicidal thoughts due to feeling guilty, feeling guilt from beating and burning children's hands, feeling of guilt towards the family, feeling guilty because of neglecting the wife, guilt mitigation by comparing the actions with other addicts, feeling of cruelty, feeling of abuse the family's trust. Pessimism about self-improvement, pessimism about the post-withdrawal period, pessimism about the future, pessimism about improving health in the future. Despair towards the future, frustration, fear of changing conditions hinders substance withdrawal, inability to withdraw the substance use due to fear of the future, the importance of emphasizing hope for the future, pessimism about the future due to the impact of addiction history, pessimism about the future, hopelessness towards life. Temptations caused by anger, fear of recursing, fear of inability to self-control after withdrawal, worrying about being tempted to use drugs again, the importance of self-control. Increasing the dose to forget the grief of mother's death, substance use to forget the grief of losing the brother, substance use to confront unpleasant events, to mitigate the grief of losing a loved one, to cope with personal problems. Poor self-control against the temptations of continuing substance use, lack of control over the temptation at the start of the addiction. Tendency to use drugs if available, occasional use of heroin even under MMT, friend's temptation after overcoming drugs, withdrawal due to family pressures. Skepticism of personal abilities to successfully withdraw the drug's use, lack of self-confidence to create positive conditions. Fear of exposing addiction and rejection from the family, fear of being rejected by the partner, using makeup and clothes to hide the addiction. The important role of the partner in quitting, the impact of the partners' affection and companionship, the need for emotional support of others, loss of family's affection, poor emotional relationship with the family, feeling of being abandoned by the family. Declined relationships with the family lead to the development of addiction, poor marital status, staying away from the family, being forgotten by the family, difficulties of substance withdrawal due to inadequate knowledge of the spouse. The inattention of the family members, being neglected by the family, the neglect of the family to the addicted person, being humiliated by the husband due to the addiction. Fear of being stigmatized as a thief, history of incarceration for drugs, fear of being accused of stealing, worrying about people's feelings, being subjected to the destructive stigma. Self-loathing, disliking yourself, having bad feelings about yourself, not feeling good about yourself, yourself, not imagining yourself as a good person. Deciding to substance use to avoid humiliation by the husband's friends, the feeling of becoming a worthless human being, the feeling of being inefficient, the feeling of being a worthless. Desire to stay at home, distance from old friends due to addiction, lack of relationship with friends, inability to travel due to addiction, not spending time with friends due to addiction. Distancing from children, feeling alienated from the girl as she grew up, being rejected by the family, children distance their addicted parents as they grow up, not having fun with the family, being annoyed while having fun with the family due to covert substance use,. Spending time without a plan, lack of plans for future life, lack of a plan for the future, ignoring the future, feeling aimless. Working to earn substance money, making money for drugs, switching to a lower-paid job for easier substance use, working just to earn substance money. Friends' temptation for the first use, substance use to avoid being humiliated by friends, having addicted friends, Having addicted friends as the main reason for substance use. Relations with addicted persons at the workplace, first use at the workplace, continuing to use due to friends' temptations at the workplace, substance use due to stimulations caused by the new workplace, having addicted colleagues.

The Effectiveness of Harm Reduction Programs in Seven Prisons of Iran

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Activities by an organized crime group involving the illegal entry, transit or residence of migrants for a financial or material benefit. The production, transport, storage and sale of goods that are fraudulently mislabeled or fraudulent imitations of registered brands. The illicit transport, handling and sale of excise consumer goods despite a ban or outside a legal market. Excludes oil and counterfeits. The illicit trade and possession of species covered by CITES convention, and other species protected under national law. The poaching, illicit trade in and possession of species covered by CITES and other species protected by national law. Includes IUU fishing. The illicit extraction, smuggling, mingling, bunkering or mining of natural resources and the illicit trade of such commodities. The production, distribution and sale of heroin. Consumption of the drug is considered in determining the reach of the criminal market. The production, distribution and sale of cocaine and its derivatives. Consumption is considered in determining the reach of the market. The illicit cultivation, distribution and sale of cannabis oil, resin, herb or leaves. Consumption is used to determine the market's reach. The production, distribution and sale of synthetic drugs. Organized crime that results in a monetary loss via financial fraud, embezzlement, misuse of funds, tax evasion and abusive tax avoidance. Clearly defined organized crime groups that usually have a known name, defined leadership, territorial control and identifiable membership. Loose networks of criminal associates engaging in criminal activities who fail to meet the defining characteristics of mafia-style groups. Includes foreign nationals and diaspora groups. The State's role in responding to organized crime and its effectiveness. The degree to which states have put oversight mechanisms in place to ensure against state collusion in illicit activities. A country's supranational structures and processes of interaction, policy making and concrete implementation to respond to organized crime. The degree to which states are able to control their physical and cyber territory and infrastructure against organized criminal activities. Assistance provided to victims of various forms of organized crime, including initiatives such as witness protection programs. Refers to the existence of strategies, measures, resource allocation, programmes and processes that are aimed to inhibit organized crime. Human trafficking is a widespread issue in Iran, primarily involving sex trafficking, forced labour and the recruitment of child soldiers. The country is situated along one of the main human trafficking routes in the region, with young women being trafficked from Asia into Europe and the Gulf. Iranians are also trafficked to countries in the Gulf and Caucasus, as well as to Iraqi Kurdistan. Domestic trafficking is mainly an issue in larger cities such as Tehran, Shiraz and Tabriz, where organ and blood trafficking contribute to the pervasiveness and profitability of this criminal market. Millions of child labourers are estimated to be working in Iran, but due to the country's lack of transparency on the issue, especially on trafficked women and girls, accurate statistics are hard to find. Since the onset of the pandemic, the Iranian population has significantly increased its use and reliance on technology and social media platforms, thereby providing criminal groups with more opportunities to exploit vulnerable people through online channels. The human smuggling market is also pervasive in Iran. The crisis in neighbouring Afghanistan has further driven the demand for irregular migration, increasing fees and boosting financial incentives for smuggling groups. Arms trafficking is a key element of Iran's regional geopolitical strategy. The country is a major supplier of conventional weapons to countries in Western Asia, as well as North Africa and Russia. Many non-state actors in the region also use Iranian arms, ammunition and drones, and Tehran's support contributes to military capacities in Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Sudan, Yemen, the Palestinian territories and Somalia. There have also been allegations that military equipment and drones are being transferred to Russia to be used in the war in Ukraine. While Iranian involvement in the arms trafficking market is propelling the proliferation of illicit arms sales across Western Asia, the country's domestic illicit arms market is relatively small, largely due to strict gun control laws and low firearms possession rates. A relatively minor market is found in the Baluchistan and Sistan provinces and western Iran. Iran has sizable markets for counterfeit and excisable goods. During the global pandemic, the country saw an increase in fake medicines and medical supplies and, as a result, Iran has become one of the primary transit points for counterfeit pharmaceutical products entering the EU. Most illicit trade into and out of the country occurs through official ports and border crossings, many of which are controlled by the IRGC, leading to accusations of its complicity in smuggling operations. While flora and fauna crimes are present in Iran, they are comparably smaller than other illicit markets in the country. Iran's natural geography includes a diverse range of ecosystems, making it vulnerable to a wide variety of flora crimes. Deforestation in the country is mainly caused by illegal logging and wood smuggling, encroachment on forests, exploitation of natural resources and coal mining. The critically endangered Iranian maple tree is only found in Iran's Hyrcanian forest and is threatened by illicit logging, agriculture and climate change. The pandemic has boosted the traditional medicine industry in Iran, leading to an increased demand for plant species used in alternative treatments. Orchid tubers are illegally collected and exported to neighbouring countries or to South Asia for use in traditional drinks and medicines. Home to several rare species, Iran also offers an attractive market for wildlife crime. In particular, sheep and ram subspecies are poached for meat or to be used as trophies, especially in the Masjed mountain range in Yazd province. Afghan-sourced species also transit Iran before onward travel to the Caucasus, Syria and Iraq. Iran has one of the world's largest oil reserves, and the country's oil exports have increased in recent years despite Western sanctions. Iranian oil supplies are reportedly shipped in large quantities through international waters using Dubai-based tankers, and are primarily destined for Oman, Yemen, Somalia and China. Illicit oil flows also occur on a small scale, leading to some socio-economic and environmental challenges in the country, including the destruction of wildlife and biodiversity, water pollution, degradation of critical farmland, public health concerns and the prolongation of armed conflicts. Fuel smuggling occurs largely in the border regions, especially in Baluchistan and Kurdistan, where smugglers transport Iranian oil and subsidized fuel to neighbouring countries and reap high profit margins. It is estimated that millions of litres of fuel are smuggled out of the country each day. This is allegedly facilitated by corruption among border personnel, including the IRGC. Iran accounts for a large share of heroin seizures worldwide, much of which is sourced from Afghanistan and destined for Turkey, the EU, the Gulf region and beyond. Iran is among the cheapest places in the world to buy heroin, contributing to the country having one the highest addiction rates worldwide. The heroin trade is associated with violence and has resulted in multiple clashes between Iranian border guards and traffickers over the past years. Sanctions have been placed on high ranking IRGC commanders for their alleged involvement in the heroin trade in Sistan-e-Baluchistan. As the second most consumed drug in the country, cannabis is widespread in Iran, and there is relative tolerance towards the drug compared to other narcotics. The cannabis trade has significantly grown over the past decade, resulting in large-scale domestic cultivation fields throughout the country, while small-scale production is believed take place in Tehran. Cannabis resin is also imported from Afghanistan. Iran continues to be a source, transit and destination country for methamphetamine. In recent years, increased methamphetamine production in neighbouring Afghanistan has affected Iran, with low-cost competition leading to an influx of cheaper Afghan methamphetamine into the country. These developments have contributed to the surge in methamphetamine use in Iran over the past few years. Moreover, while the synthetic drug Captagon is spreading across the region, the role of this drug within Iran remains unclear. Iran is known for its strong offensive cyber capabilities, with state-embedded criminal actors believed to be particularly active in conducting cyber-dependent crimes. The increasing reliance on digital platforms in Iran and other countries during the COVID pandemic has created a conducive environment for cybercriminals to exploit. These crimes target both national and foreign private and public sectors, including political dissent, activists, journalists, entities, critical infrastructure and organizations. In recent years, Iranian actors have been increasingly targeting government entities in countries like the US and Israel, as well as in the EU and the Gulf. Iranian actors reportedly collaborate with criminal groups in Russia and North Korea, learning new cyber-attack techniques from one another and constantly adapting their tactics. There has been a particular increase in ransomware attacks by Iranian-backed actors. Financial crime is a pervasive issue in Iran, with economic fraud, misuse of funds, embezzlement and large-scale tax evasion being the most common types of financial crimes in the country. The number of corruption and embezzlement cases in the country has tripled in recent years. The majority of these cases involve either government employees or people appointed to managerial positions at state-run economic entities, exemplified by the presence of bonyads - untaxable and opaque organizations. These bonyads have reportedly diverted trillions of dollars in public funds into the bank accounts of political elites, leading clerics and other prominent Iranians. In addition, phishing has emerged as a growing issue in Iran, with fake text messages impersonating government services and entities being used to scam unsuspecting victims. Tens of thousands of Iranians have fallen prey to these scams, costing them up to thousands of dollars each. The rise in phishing attacks has been linked to the increasing use of mobile phones and the internet, as well as a lack of awareness among the population about how to protect themselves from financial crime. Criminal activities in Iran are mainly carried out by state-embedded actors and criminal networks. In particular, the IRGC allegedly has enduring ties with criminal and terrorist organizations both within and outside the country. State-embedded actors in Iran are believed to be involved in the trafficking of people and drugs, including cocaine, heroin and synthetic drugs, as well as oil smuggling and other non-renewable resource crimes. It is unclear whether state actors are involved in human smuggling or cannabis trafficking, and there is little evidence to suggest that they control flora or fauna crimes. The line between the sale of arms by the state and arms trafficking has also been blurred in recent years. The criminal networks that operate within the country are primarily based in Tehran, as well as in the eastern and western provinces. These networks usually specialize in one or two illicit markets. Some small criminal networks collaborate with similar networks outside Iran to smuggle and traffic people and goods. Loose criminal networks involved in areas such as human trafficking or drugs may have connections to foreign networks. The level of violence perpetrated by these networks varies depending on the illegal activity they are involved in, with heroin trafficking being the most violent. Even though there is less evidence of significant-sized mafia-style groups operating in the country, mafia-like syndicates do exist in Iran and are mostly engaged in money laundering and financial crimes, among others. Iran's lack of a strong private sector and the dominance of state institutions, including the IRGC, is a major factor in driving the private sector towards illicit means of competition. These practices include tax evasion, involvement in the black market and bribery, among others. Ongoing Western sanctions against the country have further strengthened the private sector's illicit activities. The influence of foreign actors in Iran is generally kept to a minimum due to the country's opposition to foreign intervention. However, there are some examples of cross-border cooperation in the drug trade, with joint ventures between Iranian and Afghan partners, as well as smuggling activities in the Kurdish region. Iran has a governance system that is a mix of democratic and religious elements. However, the religious supreme leader has minimal checks and balances, and elected officials struggle to exercise leadership, which makes it difficult for the government to tackle issues such as corruption and organized crime. Anti-corruption efforts tend to be politicized and target opponents rather than addressing the root causes. The IRGC is thought to actively obstruct Tehran's attempts to combat organized crime, as it is reportedly complicit in certain criminal activities. In recent years, there has been growing support for moderate and reformist candidates, and uprisings and protests have emerged from traditionally pro-government communities, underscoring the regime's vulnerability. In , the government violently cracked down on protests, blocking internet access, pressuring media not to cover the protests, and arresting protesters and activists. Iran's cybercrime laws give the government full control over the internet, enabling it to enforce widespread censorship and surveillance, and systematically violating the Iranian people's rights to freely access information and freedom of expression. The government's ongoing efforts to implement strict online surveillance undermine transparency and accountability. Moreover, there have been increasing reports of nepotism, cronyism, corruption and embezzlement among members of parliament and councils throughout Iran. Iran's track record of engaging in international cooperation is limited, with few exceptions. While the country expressed its intention to increase international cooperation on extradition matters, concerns about persecution in the country have hampered such agreements. Furthermore, the government introduced a controversial so-called cyber protection bill in recent years, which is considered draconian and oppressive by human rights organizations. Additionally, Iran has strict drug laws that include the death penalty and prison sentences for people who use drugs in public. The country's laws to combat human trafficking have been widely criticized for being inadequate. The Iranian judicial system is characterized by duality, comprising the ordinary criminal courts and the Revolutionary Courts. However, there is a significant disparity between these two entities. While ordinary criminal court defendants have access to a lawyer and can appeal their cases, Revolutionary Court defendants do not have due process, are not entitled to legal counsel and are often executed without public notice. Most people become involved in the Iranian criminal justice system due to drug trafficking; over a third of all prisoners are incarcerated for drug-related offences. Prison standards in Iran are typically poor, with overcrowding a common issue. Prison officials have denied food and medical care to prisoners, and both physical and psychological torture is prevalent. Thousands of people convicted of drug-related crimes are on death row, and over the past year, Iran has had the highest execution rate in the world, including of children. Recent trials and subsequent sentences, including executions, handed down by the Iranian courts against protestors, demonstrate a concerning disregard for due process. These incidents further highlight the politicized nature of the judicial system in the country. While these entities engage in law enforcement activities, their focus tends to be on counterinsurgency. The country's law enforcement forces were leading players in the suppression of the widespread protests, and their ineffectiveness has been criticized. Corruption is widespread within law enforcement, and security services are often poorly equipped and trained. The lack of functioning equipment in law enforcement agencies has contributed to considerable setbacks in stemming the flow of drugs and tracking criminals throughout the country. Iran's borders are difficult to monitor due to their length and varied terrain. They are also home to armed opposition groups. Heroin and methamphetamine are smuggled into Afghanistan, Azerbaijan and Iraq by drug traffickers. The recent Taliban takeover of Afghanistan has raised concerns about the influx of irregular migrants, as well as fears of a potential resurgence of the Islamic State or a civil war in Afghanistan. Despite these challenges, Iran's territorial integrity remains relatively strong, and it is unlikely to change soon absent significant conflict. The country's deficiencies in fighting money laundering and terrorist financing have landed it on the FATF blacklist. Even though the country made efforts to address strategic deficiencies in its money laundering and terrorist financing systems by introducing new legislation, major strategic deficiencies persist. Iran's economy is heavily dependent on the Basij and the IRGC, which have significant control over the national economy. This can make it challenging for independent businesses to operate. The situation is compounded by corruption and criminal activity at the state level, as well as Western sanctions, which contribute to Iran's ongoing economic decline. The impact of the global pandemic has only worsened this situation, with the country being hit harder than any other country on the continent. As a result, over one-third of the population now lives below the poverty line. Although the government typically releases five-year economic planning documents, it has not made these public since the imposition of sanctions. The Iranian government does not have a cohesive or strategic approach to crime prevention. However, in recent years, the government has shifted its approach to treating drug addiction from punitive measures to a more pragmatic, health-based approach. Drop-in centres and clinics now offer harm reduction services and medical treatment to drug users, including women. The country also has a witness protection programme, but it lacks a policy and practice to protect victims and crime witnesses; international NGOs are not allowed to provide assistance in such instances. Arbitrary arrests of tribunal witnesses and their families based on undefined national security threats have occurred, leading to witnesses concealing their identities during public hearings by wearing masks, sunglasses and headscarves. There are a number of social activities aimed at reducing the incidence of crime, though their effectiveness is questionable. The main form of crime prevention in Iran remains deterrence through rather harsh punishments. The state heavily censors Iran's media, bans social media and undertakes efforts to curb the flow of information from outside the country. Although the space for civil society and media is heavily restricted, civil society organizations have been very active, particularly in drug policy and carrying out prevention programmes. There is no meaningful freedom of assembly in Iran, and authorities have been heavy-handed in their crackdown on protests criticizing the government or other sensitive subjects. Non-state actors also played a role in the protests that began in September The criminal markets score is represented by the pyramid base size and the criminal actors score is represented by the pyramid height, on a scale ranging from 1 to The resilience score is represented by the panel height, which can be identified by the side of the panel. A series of 13 discussion papers, one for each illicit market considered during the development of the Index. We're constantly working to improve the Index. By participating in this survey, you will be providing us with insights and suggestions that will help us make the Index an even better resource. This report was funded in part by a grant from the United States Department of State. The opinions, findings and conclusions stated herein are those of the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime and do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Department of State. Capital Tehran. Income group Lower middle income. Population 87,, Geography type Coastal. GINI Index Criminal markets 7. An assessment of the value, prevalence and non-monetary impacts of a specific crime type. Human trafficking 8. Human smuggling 8. Extortion and protection racketeering 4. Arms trafficking 9. Trade in counterfeit goods 7. Illicit trade in excisable goods 8. Flora crimes 4. Fauna crimes 4. Non-renewable resource crimes 9. Heroin trade 9. Cocaine trade 5. Cannabis trade 6. Synthetic drug trade 9. Cyber-dependent crimes 8. Financial crimes 9. Criminal actors 6. An assessment of the impact and influence of a specific criminal actor type on society. Mafia-style groups 5. Criminal networks 7. State-embedded actors 9. Foreign actors 6. Private sector actors 5. Political leadership and governance 2. Government transparency and accountability 2. International cooperation 4. National policies and laws 4. A state's legal action and structures put in place to respond to organized crime. Judicial system and detention 3. Law enforcement 3. Territorial integrity 5. Anti-money laundering 2. Economic regulatory capacity 2. Victim and witness support 3. Prevention 3. Non-state actors 2. Analysis Download full profile english. People Human trafficking is a widespread issue in Iran, primarily involving sex trafficking, forced labour and the recruitment of child soldiers. Trade Arms trafficking is a key element of Iran's regional geopolitical strategy. Environment While flora and fauna crimes are present in Iran, they are comparably smaller than other illicit markets in the country. Cyber Crimes Iran is known for its strong offensive cyber capabilities, with state-embedded criminal actors believed to be particularly active in conducting cyber-dependent crimes. Financial Crimes Financial crime is a pervasive issue in Iran, with economic fraud, misuse of funds, embezzlement and large-scale tax evasion being the most common types of financial crimes in the country. Criminal Actors Criminal activities in Iran are mainly carried out by state-embedded actors and criminal networks. Leadership and governance Iran has a governance system that is a mix of democratic and religious elements. Criminal justice and security The Iranian judicial system is characterized by duality, comprising the ordinary criminal courts and the Revolutionary Courts. Economic and financial environment The country's deficiencies in fighting money laundering and terrorist financing have landed it on the FATF blacklist. Civil society and social protection The Iranian government does not have a cohesive or strategic approach to crime prevention. Read the analysis Listen the podcasts View all events. Next Skip. How to measure organized crime? Read more on globalinitiative. Give us feedback We're constantly working to improve the Index.

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