Word Taboo
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Synonyms & Antonyms of taboo
(Entry 2 of 2)
“Taboo.” Merriam-Webster.com Thesaurus , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/taboo. Accessed 15 Oct. 2022.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Taboo (disambiguation) .
Anathema – Something or someone that is detested or shunned
Deviance – Action or behavior that violates social norms
Desecration of graves – Act of vandalism to dishonour the dead
Etiquette – Customary code of polite behaviour
Geas – Mythological taboo or vow
Morality – Differentiation between right and wrong
Naming taboo – Cultural taboo in the Chinese cultural sphere
Obscenity – Act or statement that offends the morality of the period
Profanity – Socially offensive form of language
Public morality – Differentiating wrong and right as applied to the people
Sexual ethics – Study of ethical conduct in sexual behavior
Social norms
Social stigma – Type of discrimination or disapproval
Taboo on rulers
Taboo on the dead – Cultural practice regarding the dead
Vulgarity
Word taboo – Taboo involving restrictions on language
^ Jump up to: a b Encyclopædia Britannica Online . " Taboo ". Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Retrieved 21 Mar. 2012
^ " taboo ". Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary , 11th Edition.
^ Jump up to: a b Meyer-Rochow, Victor Benno (2009). "Food taboos: their origins and purposes" . Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine . 5–18 : 18. doi : 10.1186/1746-4269-5-18 . PMC 2711054 . PMID 19563636 . This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC by 2.0) license.
^ Dixon, Robert M. W. (1988). A Grammar of Boumaa Fijian . p. 368. ISBN 978-0-226-15429-9 .
^ Cook & King 1821 , p. 462
^ Cook & King 1821 , p. 348
^ Cook & King 1821 .
^ " taboo ". Online Etymology Dictionary .
^
"Online dictionary" . Lexico Publishing Group, LLC . Retrieved 2007-06-05 .
^ Biggs, Bruce. "Entries for TAPU [OC] Prohibited, under ritual restriction, taboo" . Polynesian Lexicon Project Online . University of Auckland . Retrieved 9 September 2012 .
^ Freud, Sigmund. Totem and Taboo .
^
Strong, Anise (2006). "Incest Laws and Absent Taboos in Roman Egypt" . Ancient History Bulletin . 20 .
Lewis, N. (1983). Life in Egypt under Roman Rule . Clarendon Press . ISBN 978-0-19-814848-7 .
Frier, Bruce W.; Bagnall, Roger S. (1994). The Demography of Roman Egypt . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978-0-521-46123-8 .
^
Shaw, B. D. (1992). "Explaining Incest: Brother-Sister Marriage in Graeco-Roman Egypt". Man . New Series. 27 (2): 267–299. doi : 10.2307/2804054 . JSTOR 2804054 .
Hopkins, Keith (1980). "Brother-Sister Marriage in Roman Egypt" (PDF) . Comparative Studies in Society and History . 22 (3): 303–354. doi : 10.1017/S0010417500009385 . S2CID 143698328 .
remijsen, sofie. "Incest or Adoption? Brother-Sister Marriage in Roman Egypt Revisited" (PDF) .
Scheidel, W (1997). "Brother-sister marriage in Roman Egypt" (PDF) . Journal of Biosocial Science . 29 (3): 361–71. doi : 10.1017/s0021932097003611 . PMID 9881142 . S2CID 23732024 .
^ Roffee, James A. (2014). "The Synthetic Necessary Truth Behind New Labour's Criminalisation of Incest". Social & Legal Studies . 23 : 113–130. doi : 10.1177/0964663913502068 . S2CID 145292798 .
^ Roffee, James A. (2015). "When Yes Actually Means Yes". When Yes Actually Means Yes in Rape Justice . pp. 72–91. doi : 10.1057/9781137476159.0009 . ISBN 9781137476159 .
^ Roffee, J. A. (2014). "No Consensus on Incest? Criminalisation and Compatibility with the European Convention on Human Rights". Human Rights Law Review . 14 (3): 541–572. doi : 10.1093/hrlr/ngu023 .
^ Schweitzer, Albert. African Notebook 1958. Indiana University Press
^ Jump up to: a b Hyman, Stanley Edgar (1949). "Myth, Ritual, and Nonsense". The Kenyon Review . Kenyon College. 11 (3): 456. JSTOR 4333071 .
^ Sandbank, Shimon (2004-09-28). "The Look Back: Lot's Wife, Kafka, Blanchot" . In Mark H. Gelber (ed.). Kafka, Zionism, and Beyond . Conditio Judaica. Vol. 50 (reprint 2014 ed.). De Gruyter. p. 299. ISBN 3110934191 .
^ Homeric Hymn to Demeter , 4–20 , 414–434 .
^ "Theoi Project – Persephone" . Theoi.com . Retrieved 6 July 2012 .
^ The Homeric Hymn to Demeter , 411–412 , has Persephone tell Demeter: "he secretly put in my mouth sweet food, a pomegranate seed, and forced me to taste against my will." Gantz, p. 65 describes this as a "trick".
^ Gantz, p. 65.
^ Gantz, p. 67.
^ Roman, L., & Roman, M. (2010). Encyclopedia of Greek and Roman mythology. , p. 59, at Google Books
^ Virgil (1910). "Book II". Aeneid . Perseus Digital Library . Translated by Williams, Theodore C. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. Lines 714-715.
^ Callimachus, Hymn v .
^ Callimachus gives no site: a glen in the foothills of Mount Cithaeron near Boeotian Orchomenus , is the site according to Euripides , Bacchae 1290-92, a spring sanctuary near Plataea is specified elsewhere.
^ Jump up to: a b Coulter-Harris, Deborah M. (2016-07-29). "Ancient Greece: Defining Immortality in an Age of Gods and Mortals". Chasing Immortality in World Religions . McFarland Inc. p. 60. ISBN 978-0786497928 .
^ Jump up to: a b Conner, Nancy (2010-02-10). "Artemis: The Thrill of the Hunt". The Everything Classical Mythology Book: Greek and Roman Gods, Goddesses, Heroes, and Monsters from Ares to Zeus . Adams Media. p. 140. ISBN 978-1440502408 .
^ Collins 2014 , p. unpaginated.
^ ما هي الجنة التي أنزل الله منها سيدنا آدم عليه السلام - الشيخ الشعراوي on YouTube
^ [ Quran 2:3035 ]
^ [ Quran 2:35 ]
^ [ Quran 20:118 ]
^ [ Quran 20:119 ]
^ [ Quran 20:115 ]
^ Quran 7:19 ( Translated by Pickthall )
^ [ Quran 2:208 ]
^ [ Quran 20:117 ]
^ [ Quran 7:20–21 ]
^ [ Quran 20:120 ]
^ [ Quran 7:22–24 ]
^ [ Quran 20:123 ]
^ Rossbach, Stefan (August 7, 2019) [1999]. Gnostic Wars . Edinburgh University Press . p. 51. ISBN 9781474472180 .
^ Jump up to: a b Schwartz, Howard (2004). Tree of Souls: The Mythology of Judaism . ISBN 9780195358704 .
^ Marta Dyczok; Oxana Gaman-Golutvina (2009). Media, Democracy and Freedom: The Post-Communist Experience . Peter Lang. p. 209 . ISBN 978-3-0343-0311-8 .
^ Marvin Harris, India's Sacred Cow (PDF) , archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-06-10 , retrieved 2015-07-20
^ Putnam, Robert D. (June 2007). " E Pluribus Unum : Diversity and community in the twenty-first century". Scandinavian Political Studies . 30 (2): 137–174. doi : 10.1111/j.1467-9477.2007.00176.x . S2CID 14234366 . The 2006 Johan Skytte Prize Lecture .
^ S. Berlin, Frederick. "Interview with Frederick S. Berlin, M.D., Ph.D." Office of Media Relations. Archived from the original on June 23, 2011 . Retrieved 2008-06-27 .
^ Johann Hari (2002-01-09). "Forbidden love" . The Guardian . Retrieved 2008-04-11 .
^ Hipp, Dietmar (2008-03-11). "German High Court Takes a Look at Incest" . Der Spiegel . Retrieved 2008-04-12 .
^ Donaldson James, Susan. "Professor Accused of Incest With Daughter" . ABC Nightline . Retrieved 29 November 2011 .
^ Joanna Grossman, Should the law be kinder to kissin' cousins?
^ Ladygina-Kots, Nadezhda Nikolaevna. "Infant Ape and Human Child: (Instincts, Emotions, Play, Habits)." Journal of Russian & East European Psychology 38.1 (2000): 5-78.
^ Harris, Lisa (2008). "Second Trimester Abortion Provision: Breaking the Silence and Changing the Discourse" (PDF) . Reproductive Health Matters . 16 (31): 74–81. doi : 10.1016/S0968-8080(08)31396-2 . PMID 18772087 . S2CID 24915723 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 .
^ O'Donnell, Jenny; Weitz, Tracy; Freedman, Lori (November 2011). "Resistance and vulnerability to stigmatization in abortion work". Social Science and Medicine . 73 (9): 1357–1364. doi : 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.08.019 . PMID 21940082 .
Look up taboo in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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A taboo or tabu is a ban on something (usually against an utterance or behavior) based in a cultural sensibility that perceives it as excessively repulsive, sacred, or allowed only by certain persons. [1] [2] Such prohibitions are present in virtually all societies. [1] Taboos are explicitly prohibited by custom and/or religion .
Taboos are often meant to protect the individual, but there are other reasons for their development. An ecological or medical background is apparent in many, including some that are seen as religious or spiritual in origin. Taboos can help use a resource more efficiently, but when applied to only a subsection of the community they can also serve to suppress said subsection of the community. A taboo acknowledged by a particular group or tribe as part of their ways aids in the cohesion of the group, helps that particular group to stand out and maintain its identity in the face of others and therefore creates a feeling of "belonging". [3]
The meaning of the word "taboo" has been somewhat expanded in the social sciences to strong prohibitions relating to any area of human activity or custom that is sacred or forbidden based on moral judgment , religious beliefs, or cultural norms . [3] "Breaking a taboo" is usually considered objectionable by society in general, not merely a subset of a culture. [ citation needed ]
The term "taboo" comes from the Tongan tapu or Fijian tabu ("prohibited", "disallowed", "forbidden"), [4] related among others to the Māori tapu and Hawaiian kapu . Its English use dates to 1777 when the British explorer James Cook visited Tonga , and referred to the Tongans ' use of the term "taboo" for "any thing that is forbidden to be eaten, or made use of". [5] Having invited some of the Tongan aristocracy to dinner aboard his ship, Cook wrote:
Not one of them would sit down, or eat a bit of any thing. . . . On expressing my surprise at this, they were all taboo, as they said; which word has a very comprehensive meaning; but, in general, signifies that a thing is forbidden. [6]
The term was translated to him as "consecrated, inviolable, forbidden, unclean or cursed". [7] Tabu itself has been derived from alleged Tongan morphemes ta ("mark") and bu ("especially"), but this may be a folk etymology (Tongan does not actually have a phoneme /b/), and tapu is usually treated as a unitary, non- compound word inherited from Proto-Polynesian * tapu , in turn inherited from Proto-Oceanic * tabu , with the reconstructed meaning "sacred, forbidden". [8] [9] [10] In its current use on Tonga, the word tapu means "sacred" or "holy", often in the sense of being restricted or protected by custom or law. On the main island, the word is often appended to the end of "Tonga" as Tongatapu , here meaning "Sacred South" rather than "Forbidden South".
Sigmund Freud speculated that incest and patricide were the only two universal taboos and formed the basis of civilization. [11] However, although cannibalism , in-group murder , and incest are taboo in the majority of societies, exceptions can be found, such as marriages between brothers and sisters in Roman Egypt . [12] [13] Modern Western societies, however, do not condone such relationships. These familial sexual activities are criminalised, even if all parties are consenting adults. Through an analysis of the language surrounding these laws , it can be seen how the policy makers, and society as a whole, find these acts to be immoral. [14] [15] [16]
Common taboos involve restrictions or ritual regulation of killing and hunting; sex and sexual relationships; reproduction; the dead and their graves; as well as food and dining (primarily cannibalism and dietary laws such as vegetarianism , kashrut , and halal ) or religious ( treif and haram ). In Madagascar , a strong code of taboos, known as fady , constantly change and are formed from new experiences. Each region, village or tribe may have its own fady .
The word "taboo" gained popularity at times, with some scholars looking for ways to apply it where other English words had previously been applied. For example, J. M. Powis Smith , in his book The American Bible (editor's preface 1927), used "taboo" occasionally in relation to Israel's Tabernacle and ceremonial laws, including Exodus 30:36 , Exodus 29:37 ; Numbers 16:37–38 ; Deuteronomy 22:9 , Isaiah 65:5 , Ezekiel 44:19 and Ezekiel 46:20 .
Albert Schweitzer wrote a chapter about taboos of the people of Gabon. As an example, it was considered a misfortune for twins to be born, and they would be subject to many rules not incumbent on other people. [17]
According to Joseph Campbell , taboos are used in religion and mythology to test a person's ability to withhold from violating a prohibition given to them. [18] [19] Should one fail the test and violate a taboo, they would be subsequently punished or will face the consequences of their actions. [18] It is important to note, however, that taboos are not societal prohibitions (such as incest); rather, the use of "taboo" in these stories relates to its original meaning of "prohibition": for example, a character could be prohibited from looking, eating, and speaking or uttering a certain word .
An example of an eating taboo in Greek mythology could be found in the tale of the rape of Persephone . Hades , who had fallen in love with Persephone and wished to make her his queen, burst through a cleft in the earth and abducted Persephone as she was gathering flowers in a field. [20] When Demeter , Persephone's mother, finds out of her daughter's abduction, she forbids the earth to produce (or she neglects the earth) and, in the depth of her despair, causes nothing to grow. Zeus , pressed by the cries of the hungry people and by the other deities who also heard their anguish, forced Hades to return Persephone. [21] However, it was explained to Demeter that Persephone would be released, so long as she did not taste the food of the dead. Hades complies with the request to return Persephone to Demeter, but first, he tricks Persephone, forcing her to break the eating taboo by giving her some pomegranate seeds to eat. [22] In other interpretations, Persephone is seen eating the pomegranate seeds as a result of temptation or hunger. In the end, Hermes is sent to retrieve her but, because she had tasted the food of the underworld, she was obliged to spend a third of each year (the winter months) there, and the remaining part of the year with the gods above. [23] With the later writers Ovid and Hyginus, Persephone's time in the underworld becomes half the year. [24]
The most notable looking taboo in Greek myth can be found in the story of Orpheus and Eurydice . Orpheus , the son of Apollo , was well-renowned as a legendary musician whose music could move anything and everything, living or not, in the world. While walking among her people in tall grass at her wedding, Eurydice was set upon by a satyr . In her efforts to escape the satyr, Eurydice fell into a nest of vipers and suffered a fatal bite on her heel. Her body was discovered by Orpheus who, overcome with grief, played such sad and mournful songs that all the humans, nymphs , and gods learnt about his sorrow and grief and wept with him. On the gods' advice, Orpheus traveled to the Underworld wherein his music softened the hearts of Hades and Persephone, who agreed to allow Eurydice to return with him to earth on one condition: he should guide her out and not look back until they both had reached the upper world. As he reached the upper world, Orpheus looked back toward Eurydice in his eagerness to reunite with her, tragically forgetting about the looking taboo given to him by Hades, and since Eurydice had not crossed into the upper world, she vanishes back into the Underworld, this time forever.
A speaking taboo in Greek myth can be found in the story of the Anchises , the father of the Trojan prince and warrior Aeneas . Anchises was a mortal lover of the goddess Aphrodite , who had fallen in love with Anchises after Zeus persuaded Eros to shoot her with an arrow to cause these emergent feelings. [25] One interpretation recounts that Aphrodite pretended to be a Phrygian princess and seduced him, only to later reveal herself as a goddess and inform Anchises that she will bear him a son named Aeneas; however, Aphrodite warns Anchises not to tell anyone that he had lain with a goddess. Anchises does not heed this speaking taboo and later brags about his encounter with Aphrodite, and as a result, he is struck in the foot with a thunderbolt by Zeus. Thereafter, he is lame in that foot so that Aeneas has to carry him from the flames of Troy. [26]
Another, albeit lesser-known, speaking taboo in Greek myth can be found in the story of Actaeon . Actaeon, whilst on a hunting trip in the woods, mistakenly and haplessly happened upon the bathing Artemis . [27] [28] When Artemis realized that Actaeon had seen her undressed, thus desecrating her chastity , she punished him for his luckless profanation of her virginity's mystery by forbidding him from speech. [29] [30] Whether it be due to forgetfulness or outright resistance, Actaeon defied his speaking taboo and called for his hunting dogs . [29] [30] Due to his failure in abiding by his speaking taboo, Artemis turned Actaeon into a stag and turned his dogs upon him. Actaeon was torn apart and ra
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