Women Sex Son
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Today, around 140 million women are believed to be "missing" around the world – the result of son preference, including gender-biased sex selection, a form of discrimination.
Since the 1990s, some areas have seen up to 25 per cent more male births than female births. The rise in sex selection is alarming as it reflects the persistent low status of women and girls. The resulting gender imbalance also has a damaging effect on societies. Instances of increased sexual violence and trafficking have already been linked to the phenomenon.
UNFPA is calling for renewed attention to the issue at a global level, and is accelerating efforts to develop programmes and policies that end all forms of discrimination, including son preference and gender-biased sex selection.
Gender-biased sex selection can be measured using sex ratio at birth, a comparison of the number of boys born versus the number of girls born in a given period. The biologically normal sex ratio at birth can range from 102 to 106 males per 100 females. When many more boys are born than girls, it is a sign that sex selection is taking place. Ratios as high as 130 boys per 100 girls have been observed.
The 2020 State of World Population Report indicates that more than 140 million females are considered missing today as a consequence not only of gender-biased sex selection but also of postnatal sex selection.
Sex selection is not new. Census data from India, for example, show an imbalance in sex ratios among children in the early 20th century. Such disparities almost always reflect a preference for sons.
In the past, son preference may have resulted in the neglect or killing of female infants. However, since the early 1980s, ultrasounds and other technologies have enabled parents to detect the sex of a foetus during prenatal screenings; those who prefer sons may arrange to abort female foetuses. This has accelerated sex-ratio imbalances at birth in parts of the world.
Today, gender-biased sex selection can take place before a pregnancy is established (for example, preimplantation sex determination and selection, or “sperm sorting” for in-vitro fertilization) or during pregnancy (sex-selective abortion). It is important to note that while technology has enabled an additional method for sex selection, it is not the root cause of the problem. In places where son preference is not observed, the availability of these technologies does not lead to trends in gender-biased sex selection.
Postnatal sex selection also continues to occur; this is measured by excess deaths among female infants and young girls, reflecting the continued discrimination against and neglect of female children.
Son preference is an expression of the low value that girls are afforded in some communities. It often reflects discriminatory socio-economic practices and traditions. For example, in some places, sons alone inherit property, and they alone are expected to care for ageing parents, conduct funeral rites and carry on the family name. Meanwhile, daughters may be considered a burden, particularly if an expensive dowry is required for them to get married.
Such traditions place huge pressure on women to produce sons. Some women may even face abandonment or violence if they have daughters instead of sons. Studies have shown that unwanted girls may endure neglect or be deprived of opportunities – creating a further disincentive for mothers to have daughters, since they do not want to see their children suffer. Son preference ultimately affects women’s sexual and reproductive lives, with implications for their health and survival.
The consequences of son preference, the low value of girls and gender-biased sex selection are far-reaching.
In China and India, men who would like to get married may not be able to, and there are signs that the upcoming “marriage squeeze” could have serious social consequences. Instances of increased sexual violence and human trafficking have been linked to this situation. And there has already been an increase in “cross-border brides” – women and girls migrating, or being trafficked, into areas where there are fewer women than men. These women may be unable to speak the local language, and may fall under intense pressure to produce male children.
Some countries have outlawed or restricted the use of modern technologies for sex-selection purposes. However, such prohibitions are often difficult to enforce, and they could drive demand for these technologies underground.
Tackling the root cause of son preference and gender-biased sex selection – gender inequality – may be more effective, and it yields benefits for all of society. Empowered women and girls contribute to the health and productivity of families and communities and improve prospects for future generations. Awareness of their value and contributions is essential to changing behaviours.
Strong political commitment and community-level action are also needed. Access to education and reproductive health services helps to empower women and improves their health, productivity and status. Other policies can also play a key role. Laws permitting daughters to inherit property, for example, can signal that men and women have equal rights.
Such efforts have been effective in several countries and communities. In the Republic of Korea, for example, a strong women’s movement, coupled with economic development and legal reforms to gender-unequal laws, helped return imbalanced sex ratios to a natural level.
For more than 20 years, UNFPA has campaigned against the phenomenon, sounding the alarm over son preference and helping communities advocate against gender-biased sex selection. UNFPA co-led efforts with the World Health Organization to develop and release the first-ever UN-wide policy statement on the issue in 2011.
And in March 2017, UNFPA, with funding from the European Union, launched the Global Programme to Prevent Son Preference and Gender-Biased Sex Selection, the first global effort of its kind. The programme will work with governments and local partners to gather data about unequal sex ratios at birth in Asia and the Caucasus, and will design human rights-based and gender-equality focused interventions.
Many governments are already working closely with UNFPA to address son preference. In India, for example, collaborations with the judiciary, health sector, law enforcement, media, researchers and community members – including religious organizations – have resulted in many good practices worthy of sharing.
And in Viet Nam, UNFPA supported the collection and analysis of data on sex ratio at birth, revealing skewed sex ratios, and then helped ensure the issue was put on the policy agenda. In Armenia, Albania and Azerbaijan, UNFPA is working with governments to support country-wide research on the issue. Public advocacy campaigns are also being rolled out to combat traditional attitudes towards girls.
In Afghanistan, years of inequality and violence give way to a fragile hope
In Afghanistan, years of inequality and violence give way to a fragile hope
“My husband told me frequently, ‘You’re not able to give me a son’,” Khadija described.
Five things you didn’t know about practices that harm girls
Five things you didn’t know about practices that harm girls
Every day, hundreds of thousands of girls around the world are harmed physically or psychologically, with the full knowledge and consent of their families, friends and communities.
In China, women work to raise the status of girls
In China, women work to raise the status of girls
“Must a girl be of lesser value than a boy?" Wen Xiujuan asked, after having two daughters.
How Changing Social Norms is Crucial in Achieving Gender Equality
This compendium provides a framework for programmatic approaches to norms change at scale.
Every year, millions of girls are subjected to practices that harm them physically and emotionally, with the full knowledge and consent of their families, friends and communities.
Costing the Three Transformative Results
Costing the Three Transformative Results focuses on new research to estimate the costs associated the global effort led by UNFPA to: (a) end preventable maternal deaths, (b) end the unmet need for family planning, and (c) end gender-based violence and all harmful practices, including child marriage and female genital mutilation.
This report offers an updated review of the various facets and the latest trends and differentials in sex selection in Asia.
This joint interagency statement reaffirms the commitment of United Nations agencies to encourage and support efforts by States, international and national organizations, civil society and communities to uphold the rights of girls and women and to address the multiple manifestations of gender discrimination including the problem of imbalanced sex ratios caused by sex selection.
Today, around 126 million women are believed to be "missing" around the world – the result of son preference and gender-biased sex selection, a form of discrimination. What does gender-biased sex selection mean? Why and where does it take place? What can we do to address it? This infographic provides a brief overview on this harmful practice highlighting the myths around it, what has been done, and where we are seeing change
These infographics provide a brief on gender-biases sex selection in countries where UNFPA is implementing interventions to address this harmful practice including, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Georgia, Nepal, and Viet Nam. It covers the latest data, policies and frameworks, advocacy, and challenges and opportunities.
These infographics provide a brief on gender-biases sex selection in countries where UNFPA is implementing interventions to address this harmful practice including, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Georgia, Nepal, and Viet Nam. It covers the latest data, policies and frameworks, advocacy, and challenges and opportunities.
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Woman sentenced for having sex with foster son
Published: Jan. 14, 2020 at 11:51 PM GMT+3
A Reno woman has been sentenced to three months in jail for having sex with her 16-year-old foster son.
Lori Wilson, 48, was sentenced Monday, January 13, 2020 after pleading guilty to Statutory Sexual Seduction.
According to court documents, Wilson's husband contacted a social services foster care licensing worker in May of 2019 and admitted to lying during an initial investigation about the relationship between his wife and his foster son, and told the worker that the two did have a sexual relationship.
After interviewing the victim, investigators learned of several sexual encounters between Wilson and the victim between April and May of 2018.
The victim told investigators that he had been removed from the home and taken to his biological mother's home after Wilson's husband walked in on him touching Wilson in a sexual manner.
Wilson's husband told investigators they gave the victim $200 dollars and told him to lie about the sexual relationship. He also says they gave the victim a cell phone to communicate about keeping their stories straight.
Wilson turned herself into authorities in June of 2019 and was booked into the Washoe County Jail.
In addition to jail time, Wilson will be placed on probation, and faces two to five years in prison if she violates it. She must also register as a sex offender.
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