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Canine reproduction is the process of sexual reproduction in domestic dogs , wolves , coyotes and other canine species.
As with all mammals, a dog's penis is made up of three pieces of erectile tissue . These are the two corpora cavernosa and the singular corpus spongiosum which continues in the glans . A notable difference from the human penis is that the visible part during an erection consists entirely of the glans.
The Retractor muscle is attached at the shaft of the penis. It is a paired smooth muscle that is used to retract the penis back into the sheath .
A dog's glans consists of two sections: Behind the lower, long part ( pars longa glandis ) lies the "knot" ( Bulbus glandis ) which expands only after penetrating the vagina and causes the male dog to remain inside the bitch ("Tie") for some time after ejaculation (typically between 15 and 30 min). This increases the chance of fertilisation and prevents, albeit for a short time, other suites from mating with a particular female.
Behind the knot the penis is very flexible in the horizontal direction allowing the male to unmount while remaining tied.
The shaft of a dogs penis is not visible, even during an erection; however its pathway can be felt starting at the knot passing between the hind legs and carrying on up to the anus.
Inside the corpus spongiosum lies the baculum . This allows the male dog to enter into the vagina before the erectile tissue is swollen. The urethra is located inside of a downward facing groove on the baculum and ends at the tip of the penis ( urethral process ).
During an erection a small dip just above the urethral process can be seen. This is because the skin at the tip of the penis is connected via cartilage to the baculum. When the erectile tissue swells, the size of the baculum and connective tissue remains constant, pulling back the skin at the tip.
The penile sheath entirely surrounds the glans while not erect. The back part is intergrown with the abdominal skin. The front part, almost reaching to the navel , is free. The inner sheath, just like the glans, is covered with a mucous membrane and the outer sheath is covered with normal, hairy epidermis .
In domestic dogs, sexual maturity ( puberty ) occurs between the ages of 6 to 12 months for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years of age for some large breeds. [1] Pregnancy is possible as soon as the first estrus cycle , but breeding is not recommended prior to the second cycle. [2] As with other domesticated species, domestication has selectively bred for higher libido , and earlier and more frequent breeding cycles in dogs than in their ancestors. [3]
The average length of the reproductive cycle for females is 2–4 weeks. Females reach sexual maturity (puberty) between 8 and 18 months of age. There is a tremendous variability in the maturation age between breeds, and even within a breed of dog. [4]
1. Proestrus , in which eggs in the ovaries begin to mature and estrogen levels begin to rise, is the first stage of the reproductive cycle. During this stage females, though non-receptive, attract males. Initial changes include swelling of the vulva lips, which become pliable, small amounts of bloody vaginal discharge, frequent urination, and signs of restlessness. Proestrus generally lasts nine days. [4]
2. Estrus follows, in which estrogen levels are high, mature eggs are released from both ovaries, and females become receptive both physically and mentally to copulation . Only during estrus will copulation result in pregnancy.
During proestrus and estrus, females may have a clear, blood tinged, or bloody discharge. Dogs during these stages are often informally referred to as being in heat. The length of these cycles varies greatly among breeds and even between individuals of the same breed. Proestrus and estrus can last anywhere from 5 days to 21 days. [4]
3. Diestrus is the period following mating. Diestrus lasts approximately 56 to 60 days in a pregnant female, and 60 to 100 days in a non-pregnant female. During both of these periods, progesterone levels are high. Because the hormonal profile of a pregnant female and a female in diestrus are the same, sometimes a non-pregnant female will go through a period of pseudo-pregnancy . At that time she may gain weight, have mammary gland development , produce milk, and exhibit nesting behaviours.
4. Anestrus is the remaining period, the time of reproductive quiescence. The female has no attraction to mating. Anestrus generally lasts four to five months. [4]
As with most tetrapods , canine copulation involves the male mounting the female from behind, a position that is colloquially referred to as " doggy style " but does not have a specifically known origin. When a male canine is interested in mounting a female, he will sniff the female's vulva . [5] If the female is unreceptive, she may sit, lie down, snap, retreat, or otherwise be uncooperative. If the female is receptive, she will stand still and hold her tail to the side, a stance referred to as "flagging". [6] The male will often continue examining the female's rear, before mounting her from behind while attempting penetration with his penis . [6]
Unlike human sexual intercourse, where the male penis commonly becomes erect before entering the female, canine copulation involves the male first penetrating the female, after which swelling of the penis to erection occurs, which usually happens rapidly. [6] At the time of penetration, the canine penis is not erect , and only able to penetrate the female because it includes a narrow bone called the " baculum ", a feature of most placental mammals . [7] When the male achieves penetration, he will usually hold the female tighter and thrust deeply. [8] It is during this time that the male's penis expands and it is important that the bulbus gland is sufficiently far inside for the female to be able to trap it.
Male canines are the only animals that have a locking bulbus glandis or "bulb", a spherical area of erectile tissue at the base of the penis . [9] During copulation, and only after the male's penis is fully inside the female's vagina, the bulbus glandis becomes engorged with blood. [10] In coyotes, when the female's vagina subsequently contracts, the penis becomes locked inside the female. [11] This is known as "tying" or "knotting". While characteristic of mating in most canids, the copulatory tie has been reported to be absent [12] or very brief (less than one minute) [13] in the African wild dog , possibly due to the abundance of large predators in its environment. [14]
When the penis is locked into the vagina by the bulbus glandis (when the stud is "tied"), thrusting behavior stops and the male will usually lift a leg and swing it over the female's back while turning around. The two stand with their hind ends touching and the penis locked inside the vagina while ejaculation occurs, decreasing leakage of semen from the vagina. [15] [16] [17] After some time, typically between 5 and 20 minutes [18] (but sometimes longer), the bulbus glandis disengorges, allowing the mates to separate. Virgin dogs can become quite distressed at finding themselves unable to separate during their first copulation, and may try to pull away or run. Dog breeders often suggest it is appropriate for handlers to attempt to calm the mating dogs if they show anxiety once this stage is reached. After mating, the male usually licks his penis and prepuce. [19]
Gestation in a dog is 63 days in length, if measured from the day of ovulation. Since it is difficult to determine the exact date of ovulation, errors are often made in calculating gestation period. [20] Canine sperm can live for 10 to 11 days [21] in the uterine tubes (fallopian tubes) so if a female is bred 10 days before the oocytes (eggs) can be fertilized, she will appear to have a gestation length of 70 days. If she is bred on the day the oocytes can be fertilized, her gestation length will appear to be 60 days long.
A rule of thumb is that a mammal will produce half as many offspring as the number of teats on the mother. [22] This rule is altered in domesticated animals since larger litters are often favoured for economic reasons and in dogs, particularly, the great range of sizes and shapes plays a role in how many healthy puppies a female can carry. [ citation needed ] A female dog usually has 10 teats, though this does not mean she can necessarily provide sufficient nutrition for 10 puppies in one litter. [ citation needed ]
An average litter consists of about five to six puppies , though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog. Size of the breed is correlated with litter size. Miniature and small breeds average three to four puppies in each litter, with a m
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