Wikidictionary Latin
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Wiktionary is a multilingual, web-based project to create a free content dictionary of terms (including words, phrases, proverbs, linguistic reconstructions, etc.) in all natural languages and in a number of artificial languages. These entries may contain definitions, images for illustrations, pronunciations, etymologies, inflections, usage examples, quotations, related terms, and translations of words into other languages, among other features. It is collaboratively edited via a wiki. Its name is a portmanteau of the words wiki and dictionary. It is available in 171 languages and in Simple English. Like its sister project Wikipedia, Wiktionary is run by the Wikimedia Foundation, and is written collaboratively by volunteers, dubbed "Wiktionarians". Its wiki software, MediaWiki, allows almost anyone with access to the website to create and edit entries.
Main Page of the English Wiktionary on January 14, 2019
Because Wiktionary is not limited by print space considerations, most of Wiktionary's language editions provide definitions and translations of words from many languages, and some editions offer additional informations typically found in thesauri.
Wiktionary data is frequently used in various natural language processing tasks.
Wiktionary was brought online on December 12, 2002,[2] following a proposal by Daniel Alston and an idea by Larry Sanger, co-founder of Wikipedia.[3] On March 28, 2004, the first non-English Wiktionaries were initiated in French and Polish. Wiktionaries in numerous other languages have since been started. Wiktionary was hosted on a temporary domain name (wiktionary.wikipedia.org) until May 1, 2004, when it switched to the current domain name.[a] As of November 2016, Wiktionary features over 25.9 million entries across its editions.[4] The largest of the language editions is the English Wiktionary, with over 6.6 million entries, followed by the French Wiktionary with over 4.1 million and the Malagasy Wiktionary with over 1.6 million entries. Forty-four Wiktionary language editions now contain over 100,000 entries each.[b]
Most of the entries and many of the definitions at the project's largest language editions were created by bots that found creative ways to generate entries or (rarely) automatically imported thousands of entries from previously published dictionaries. Seven of the 18 bots registered at the English Wiktionary[c] created 163,000 of the entries there.[5]
Another of these bots, "ThirdPersBot," was responsible for the addition of a number of third-person conjugations that would not have received their own entries in standard dictionaries; for instance, it defined "smoulders" as the "third-person singular simple present form of smoulder." Of the 648,970 definitions the English Wiktionary provides for 501,171 English words, 217,850 are "form of" definitions of this kind.[6] This means its coverage of English is slightly smaller than that of major monolingual print dictionaries. The Oxford English Dictionary, for instance, has 615,000 headwords, while Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged has 475,000 entries (with many additional embedded headwords). Detailed statistics exist to show how many entries of various kinds exist.
The English Wiktionary does not rely on bots to the extent that some other editions do. The French and Vietnamese Wiktionaries, for example, imported large sections of the Free Vietnamese Dictionary Project (FVDP), which provides free content bilingual dictionaries to and from Vietnamese.[d] These imported entries make up virtually all of the Vietnamese edition's contents. Almost all non-Malagasy-language entries of the Malagasy Wiktionary were copied by bot from other Wiktionaries. Like the English edition, the French Wiktionary has imported approximately 20,000 entries from the Unihan database of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean characters. The French Wiktionary grew rapidly in 2006 thanks in a large part to bots copying many entries from old, freely licensed dictionaries, such as the eighth edition of the Dictionnaire de l'Académie française (1935, around 35,000 words), and using bots to add words from other Wiktionary editions with French translations. The Russian edition grew by nearly 80,000 entries as "LXbot" added boilerplate entries (with headings, but without definitions) for words in English and German.[7]
As of December 2019, en.wiktionary has over 700,000 gloss definitions and over 1,100,000 total definitions (including different forms) for English entries alone, with a total of over 6,100,000 entries across all languages.[8]
Wiktionary has historically lacked a uniform logo across its numerous language editions. Some editions use logos that depict a dictionary entry about the term "Wiktionary", based on the previous English Wiktionary logo, which was designed by Brion Vibber, a MediaWiki developer.[9] Because a purely textual logo must vary considerably from language to language, a four-phase contest to adopt a uniform logo was held at the Wikimedia Meta-Wiki from September to October 2006.[e] Some communities adopted the winning entry by "Smurrayinchester", a 3×3 grid of wooden tiles, each bearing a character from a different writing system. However, the poll did not see as much participation from the Wiktionary community as some community members had hoped, and a number of the larger wikis ultimately kept their textual logos.[e]
In April 2009, the issue was resurrected with a new contest. This time, a depiction by "AAEngelman" of an open hardbound dictionary won a head-to-head vote against the 2006 logo, but the process to refine and adopt the new logo then stalled.[10] In the following years, some wikis replaced their textual logos with one of the two newer logos. In 2012, 55 wikis that had been using the English Wiktionary logo received localized versions of the 2006 design by "Smurrayinchester".[f] In July 2016, the English Wiktionary adopted a variant of this logo.[11] As of 4 July 2016, 135 wikis, representing 61% of Wiktionary's entries, use a logo based on the 2006 design by "Smurrayinchester", 33 wikis (36%) use a textual logo, and three wikis (3%) use the 2009 design by "AAEngelman".[12]
To ensure accuracy, the English Wiktionary has a policy requiring that terms be attested.[13] Terms in major languages such as English and Chinese must be verified by:
For less-documented languages such as Creek and extinct languages such as Latin, one use in a permanently recorded medium or one mention in a reference work is sufficient verification.
As of May 2021, there are Wiktionary sites for 182 languages of which 158 are active and 24 are closed.[1] The active sites have 29,972,400 articles, and the closed sites have 339 articles.[14] There are 6,277,252 registered users of which 5,395 are recently active.[14]
The top ten wiktionary language projects by mainspace article count:[14]
For a complete list with totals see Wikimedia Statistics: [15]
This section's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. (May 2013)
Critical reception of Wiktionary has been mixed. In 2006, Jill Lepore wrote in the article "Noah's Ark" for The New Yorker,[g]
There's no show of hands at Wiktionary. There's not even an editorial staff. "Be your own lexicographer!", might be Wiktionary's motto. Who needs experts? Why pay good money for a dictionary written by lexicographers when we could cobble one together ourselves?
Wiktionary isn't so much republican or democratic as Maoist. And it's only as good as the copyright-expired books from which it pilfers.
Keir Graff's review for Booklist was less critical:
Is there a place for Wiktionary? Undoubtedly. The industry and enthusiasm of its many creators are proof that there's a market. And it's wonderful to have another strong source to use when searching the odd terms that pop up in today's fast-changing world and the online environment. But as with so many Web sources (including this column), it's best used by sophisticated users in conjunction with more reputable sources.[citation needed]
References in other publications are fleeting and part of larger discussions of Wikipedia, not progressing beyond a definition, although David Brooks in The Nashua Telegraph described it as "wild and woolly".[17] One of the impediments to independent coverage of Wiktionary is the continuing confusion that it is merely an extension of Wikipedia.[h] In 2005, PC Magazine rated Wiktionary as one of the Internet's "Top 101 Web Sites",[18] although little information was given about the site.
The measure of correctness of the inflections for a subset of the Polish words in the English Wiktionary showed that this grammatical data is very stable. Only 131 out of 4,748 Polish words have had their inflection data corrected.[19]
Wiktionary has semi-structured data.[20] Wiktionary lexicographic data can be converted to machine-readable format in order to be used in natural language processing tasks.[21][22][23]
Wiktionary data mining is a complex task. There are the following difficulties:[24]
There are several parsers for different Wiktionary language editions:[25]
Examples of natural language processing tasks which have been solved with the help of Wiktionary data include:
^ Wiktionary's current URL is www.wiktionary.org.
^ Wiktionary total article counts are here. Detailed statistics by word type are available here [1].
^ The user list at the English Wiktionary identifies accounts that have been given "bot status".
^ Hồ Ngọc Đức, Free Vietnamese Dictionary Project. Details at the Vietnamese Wiktionary.
^ a b "Wiktionary/logo", Meta-Wiki, Wikimedia Foundation.
^ [Translators-l] 56 Wiktionaries got a localised logo
^ The full article is not available on-line.[16]
^ In this citation, the author refers to Wiktionary as part of the Wikipedia site: Adapted from an article by Naomi DeTullio (2006). "Wikis for Librarians" (PDF). NETLS News #142. Northeast Texas Library System. p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF newsletter) on June 5, 2007. Retrieved April 21, 2007.
^ E.g. compare the entry structure and formatting rules in English Wiktionary and Russian Wiktionary.
^ Quotations are extracted only from Russian Wiktionary.[34]
^ If there are several IPA notations on a Wiktionary page – either for different languages or for pronunciation variants, then the first pronunciation was extracted.[40]
^ The source code and the results of POS-tagging are available at https://code.google.com/p/wikily-supervised-pos-tagger
Chesley, Paula; Vincent, Bruce; Xu, Li; Srihari, Rohini K. (2006). "Using verbs and adjectives to automatically classify blog sentiment" (PDF). Training. 580: 233–235. Retrieved May 9, 2013.
Hellmann, Sebastian; Brekle, Jonas; Auer, Sören (2012). "Leveraging the Crowdsourcing of Lexical Resources for Bootstrapping a Linguistic Data Cloud" (PDF). Proc. Joint Int. Semantic Technology Conference (JIST). Nara, Japan.
Hellmann, S.; Auer, S. (2013). "Towards Web-Scale Collaborative Knowledge Extraction" (PDF). In Gurevych, Iryna; Kim, Jungi (eds.). The People's Web Meets NLP. Theory and Applications of Natural Language Processing. Springer-Verlag. pp. 287–313. ISBN 978-3-642-35084-9.
Krizhanovsky, Andrew (2010). "Transformation of Wiktionary entry structure into tables and relations in a relational database schema". arXiv:1011.1368 [cs].
Krizhanovsky, Andrew (2010). "The comparison of Wiktionary thesauri transformed into the machine-readable format". arXiv:1006.5040 [cs].
Kurmas, Zachary (July 2010). Zawilinski: a library for studying grammar in Wiktionary. Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration. Gdansk, Poland. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
Li, Shen; Graça, Joao V.; Taskar, Ben (2012). "Wiki-ly supervised part-of-speech tagging" (PDF). Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning. Jeju Island, Korea: Association for Computational Linguistics. pp. 1389–1398.
Lepore, Jill (November 6, 2006). "Noah's Ark". The New Yorker (Abstract). Retrieved April 21, 2007.
Lin, Feiyu; Krizhanovsky, Andrew (2011). "Multilingual ontology matching based on Wiktionary data accessible via SPARQL endpoint". Proc. of the 13th Russian Conference on Digital Libraries RCDL'2011. Voronezh, Russia. pp. 19–26. arXiv:1109.0732. Bibcode:2011arXiv1109.0732L.
McFate, Clifton J.; Forbus, Kenneth D. (2011). "NULEX: an open-license broad coverage lexicon" (PDF). The 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Proceedings of the Conference. Portland, Oregon, USA: The Association for Computer Linguistics. pp. 363–367. ISBN 978-1-932432-88-6.
Medero, Julie; Ostendorf, Mari (2009). "Analysis of vocabulary difficulty using wiktionary" (PDF). Proc. SLaTE Workshop.
Meyer, C. M.; Gurevych, I. (2010). "Worth its Weight in Gold or Yet Another Resource - A Comparative Study of Wiktionary, OpenThesaurus and GermaNet" (PDF). Proc. 11th International Conference on Intelligent Text Processing and Computational Linguistics, Iasi, Romania. pp. 38–49. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 1, 2017. Retrieved May 10, 2013.
Meyer, C. M.; Gurevych, I. (2012). "OntoWiktionary – Constructing an Ontology from the Collaborative Online Dictionary Wiktionary" (PDF). In Pazienza, M. T.; Stellato, A. (eds.). Semi-Automatic Ontology Development: Processes and Resources. IGI Global. pp. 131–161. ISBN 978-1-4666-0188-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 9, 2013.
Otte, Pim; Tyers, F. M. (2011). "Rapid rule-based machine translation between Dutch and Afrikaans" (PDF). In Forcada, Mikel L.; Depraetere, Heidi; Vandeghinste, Vincent (eds.). 16th Annual Conference of the European Association of Machine Translation, EAMT11. Leuven, Belgium. pp. 153–160.
Schlippe, Tim; Ochs, Sebastian; Schultz, Tanja (2012). "Grapheme-to-phoneme model generation for Indo-European languages" (PDF). Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). Kyoto, Japan. pp. 4801–4804.
Smirnov A, Levashova T, Karpov A, Kipyatkova I, Ronzhin A, Krizhanovsky A, Krizhanovsky N (2012). "Analysis of the quotation corpus of the Russian Wiktionary". Research in Computing Science. 56: 101–112. arXiv:2002.00734. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.694.9627. doi:10.13053/rcs-56-1-11. S2CID 10726045.
Zesch, Torsten; Müller, Christof; Gurevych, Iryna (2008). "Extracting Lexical Semantic Knowledge from Wikipedia and Wiktionary" (PDF). Proceedings of the Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC). Marrakech, Morocco.
"Wiktionary". Top 101 Web Sites. PC Magazine. Ziff Davis. April 6, 2005. Archived from the original on December 21, 2005. Retrieved December 16, 2005.
Look up Wiktionary in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Content is available under CC BY-SA 3.0 unless otherwise noted.
WX HR COLD ES RAINY
The weather here is cold & rainy.
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Alemannic German personal pronouns
From Proto-Yeniseian *ʔes (“God, sky”). Compare Kott ēš, eš (“God, sky”), Assan aš-parán (“sky”); ös, eš (“God”); öš, eč (“God, sky”) and Pumpokol eč (“sky”).
es (third-person singular present indicative easi or ease, past participle ishitã)
From Proto-Yeniseian *ʔes (“God, sky”). Compare Kott ēš, eš (“God, sky”), Arin eš (“God, sky”) and Pumpokol eč (“sky”).
es (proclitic, contracted s', enclitic se, contracted enclitic 's)
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Catalan personal pronouns and clitics
es m sg (feminine sa, masculine plural es, masculine plural sos, feminine plural ses)
es n (singular definite esset, plural indefinite esser)
Kom es hier ― Come over here (for a second).
From Middle Dutch esche. Compare German Esch. This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.
From German Es (German key notation).
Capitalized for the great octave or any octave below that, or in names of major keys; not capitalized for the small octave or any octave above that, or in names of minor keys.
Wo ist das Buch? Es liegt auf dem Tisch.
Where's the book? It’s on the table.
Wo ist das Baby? Ich habe es.
Where is the baby? I have him/her.
Wie farbig ist das Pferd? Es ist weiß.
What color is the horse? He/she is white.
Sie begann zu laufen, und ich tat es auch.
She started to run, and so did I.
Es war einmal eine schöne Prinzessin.
There was once a beautiful princess.
Es ist gut zu leben!
It's good to be alive!
Es ist sicher, dass morgen die Sonne scheinen wird.
It's certain that the sun will shine tomorrow.
Ich bin es, Michael.
It's me, Michael.
Soll ich es Fenster zumachen?
Should I close the window?
es n (genitive singular ess, nominative plural es)
Me es hike pro ke lu volis lo. ― I am here because he wanted me here.
ès (plural, first-person possessive esku, second-person possessive esmu, third-person possessive esnya)
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
(ambiguous) what country do you come from: cuias es
(ambiguous) how old are you: quot annos natus es?
(ambiguous) how old are you: qua aetate es?
(ambiguous) are you in your right mind: satin (= satisne) sanus es?
Viņš mani sastapa ceļā. ― He met me on the road.
Atnāc pie manis! ― Come to me (to my place)!
Nāc ar mani dejot! ― Come dance with me!
Man nav laiks. ― I don't have time. (lit. There is no time to me.)
The form mans is a possessive pronoun ('my'), while manis is a true genitive form ('of me'). The dative form manim is used only optionally, with prepositions.
Runātājs izcēla savu es. ― The speaker highlighted his I, his ego.
Briesmīgi nezināt nekā un just tikai sevi, savu es. ― It is terrible to know and feel nothing except oneself, one's I.
Cilvēks var pierādīt savu vērtību, apliecināt savu “es” tikai darbā. ― A person can prove their worth, testify their “I”, only in (their) work.
A cross-linguistically frequent way of naming this sound, and the respective letter.
^ Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) , “es”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every
possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
See the etymology of the main entry.
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every
possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.
From Latin esse, present active infinitive of sum.
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