Wife House
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Wife House
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Married woman whose occupation is running or managing the family's home
This article may lack focus or may be about more than one topic . In particular, the article covers both housewives and working wives, and should be split. Please help improve this article, possibly by splitting the article and/or by introducing a disambiguation page , or discuss this issue on the talk page . ( April 2019 )
It has been suggested that this article should be split into a new article titled two-income family . ( discuss ) ( April 2019 )
This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Swedish . (June 2016) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
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^ "Housewife" . Macmillan Dictionary .
^ Davidson, Thomas, ed. (1903). Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language . London: W. & R. Chambers. p. 443 .
^ Weissman, Judith Reiter. (1994). Labors of love : America's textiles and needlework, 1650-1930 . Lavitt, Wendy. New York: Wings Books. ISBN 0-517-10136-X . OCLC 29315818 .
^ "housewife" . Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press . (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
^ Luxton, Meg; Rosenberg, Harriet (1986), Through the Kitchen Window: The Politics of Home and Family , Garamond Press, ISBN 978-0-920059-30-2
^ Luxton, Meg (1980), More Than a Labour of Love: Three Generations of Women's Work in the Home , Women's Press, ISBN 978-0-88961-062-0
^ Wilkerson, Jessica (14 August 2019). "A Lifetime Of Labor: Maybelle Carter At Work" . Unless a woman earned wages on somebody else's farm or in another woman's home, her employment would be listed by the census taker as "none." It didn't matter how much her labor propped up the family farm or that it sustained a family. Women were listed as dependents of men, and men were identified by their type of employment. {{ cite news }} : CS1 maint: url-status ( link )
^ Chant, Sylvia (1991). Women and Survival in Mexican Cities: perspectives on gender, labour markets, and low-income households . Manchester, UK; New York, NY, USA: Manchester University Press Distributed in the USA and Canada by St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-3443-5 . Page 128
^ Treas, Judith; Tai, Tsuio (May 2016). "Gender Inequality in Housework Across 20 European Nations: Lessons from Gender Stratification Theories". Sex Roles . 74 (11–12): 495–511. doi : 10.1007/s11199-015-0575-9 . ISSN 0360-0025 . S2CID 146253376 .
^ "What's a Wife Worth?" . 17 March 1988 . Retrieved 17 Oct 2015 .
^ Dement, Alice L. (1960). "Higher Education of the Housewife: Wanted or Wasted?". The Journal of Higher Education . Ohio State University Press. 31 (1 (January)): 28–32. doi : 10.2307/1977571 . JSTOR 1977571 .
^ "Mummy, I want to be a housewife" . Times Higher Education . 26 April 1996 . Retrieved 8 May 2016 .
^ "Crafting an Educated Housewife in Iran" (PDF) . {{ cite journal }} : Cite journal requires |journal= ( help )
^ "Highly educated housewives: what an economic waste" . The Times . 25 July 2012 . Retrieved 8 May 2016 .
^ "Life & Times of Indian Men" . Business Today. July 29, 2009 . Retrieved 2009-07-30 .
^ Dias, Raul (June 26, 2006). "Now papas do what mamas did best!" . Times of India . Retrieved 2009-07-30 .
^ "Asia's women in agriculture, environment and rural production" . Archived from the original on 2014-06-30 . Retrieved 2009-07-30 .
^ Official Website
^ "MAHILA SHAKTI SAMAJEEK SAMMITTEE (REGD)" . Archived from the original on 30 October 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2014 .
^ a Chinese-English translation web (译言网）:Will Chinese women rule the world?
^ Andrei Lankov (a professor in South Korea National University). "Pyongyang's Women Wear the Pants" . cuyoo.com (Chinese-English Translate Web . Archived from the original on 2014-04-23 . Retrieved 2014-05-30 .
^ Jump up to: a b Clayhills, Harriet (1991). Kvinnohistorisk uppslagsbok (in Swedish). Stockholm: Raben & Sjögren . p. 177. ISBN 91-29-61587-9 . OCLC 28699935 .
^ "hemmafru - Uppslagsverk - NE.se" . www.ne.se (in Swedish) . Retrieved 2022-01-28 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Qvarsebo, Jonas (2006). "Hemmafruns sista suck" . Popular historia (in Swedish). No. 3. pp. 34–39. ISSN 1102-0822 .
^ Eva, Moberg (2003). "Kvinnans villkorliga frigivning". Prima materia: texter i urval (in Swedish). pp. 11–26.
^ Boëthius, Monica (1967). Har vi råd med fruar?: en ofullständig handbok i misshushållningens alla grenar (in Swedish). Proprius förlag . OCLC 478026871 .
^ Jump up to: a b c Qvarsebo, Jonas (2002). "En ny människa för en ny familj: med 1970-talets nya syn på familjen blev hemmafrun den samlande symbolen för en omodern, reaktionär och patriarkalisk människosyn". Tvärsnitt (in Swedish). 24 (3): 26–41. ISSN 0348-7997 .
^ Kynne eller kön? Om könsrollerna i det moderna samhället. En debattskrift under medverkan av bl. a. Per Holmberg, etc (in Swedish). Stockholm: Rabén & Sjögren . 1966. OCLC 561154242 . {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: date and year ( link )
^ Axelsson, Christina (1992). Hemmafrun som försvann: Övergången till lönearbete bland gifta kvinnor i Sverige 1968-1981 (in Swedish). Stockholm: Stockholms Universitet . ISBN 91-7604-047-X . OCLC 1132580597 .
^ Nordström, Brita (1973). Skall familjen krossas?: vad blir följden om förslagen i Familjelagssakkunniga, Familjepolitiska kommitténs och Barnstugeutredningens betänkande blir lag? (in Swedish). Uppsala: Pro veritate . ISBN 99-1853280-7 . OCLC 185785651 .
^ Wieselgren, Jon Peter (1972). Rädda familjen (in Swedish). Uppsala: Pro Veritate . ISBN 99-1853280-7 . OCLC 1153940242 .
^ Jump up to: a b Lindbom, Tage, ed. (1975). Rätt till familjeliv (in Swedish). Uppsala: Pro Veritate . ISBN 99-1853280-7 .
^ Plea Rolls of the Court of Common Pleas, held at the National Archives;, year: 1452, reign of King Henry VI; image: http://aalt.law.uh.edu/AALT3/H6/CP40no764/bCP40no764dorses/IMG_1577.htm , 4th entry, as a defendant in a plea of debt
^ Whittle, Jane (December 2005). "HOUSEWIVES AND SERVANTS IN RURAL ENGLAND, 1440–1650: EVIDENCE OF WOMEN's WORK FROM PROBATE DOCUMENTS". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society . 15 : 51–74. doi : 10.1017/S0080440105000332 . hdl : 10871/8424 . ISSN 0080-4401 . S2CID 155056103 .
^ Jump up to: a b Bourke, Joanna (1994). "Housewifery in Working-Class England 1860-1914". Past & Present . 143 (143): 167–197. doi : 10.1093/past/143.1.167 . ISSN 0031-2746 . JSTOR 651165 .
^ Jump up to: a b Lieffers, C. (2012-06-01). " "The Present Time is Eminently Scientific": The Science of Cookery in Nineteenth-Century Britain". Journal of Social History . 45 (4): 936–959. doi : 10.1093/jsh/shr106 . ISSN 0022-4529 . S2CID 145735940 .
^ Bourke, Joanna (1994). "Housewifery in Working-Class England 1860–1914". Past and Present . 143 (1): 167–197. doi : 10.1093/past/143.1.167 . ISSN 0031-2746 .
^ Hilton, Matthew (March 2002). "The Female Consumer and the Politics of Consumption in Twentieth-Century Britain". The Historical Journal . 45 (1): 103–128. doi : 10.1017/S0018246X01002266 . ISSN 1469-5103 . S2CID 154379558 .
^ Peachey, Kevin (2016-04-07). "The value of unpaid chores at home" . Retrieved 2019-03-05 .
^ Held by various libraries in the UK; Copac
^ The Penguin Book of Comic and Curious Verse , ed. J. M. Cohen. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1952; p. 31
^ "Employment Characteristics of Families Summary" . U.S. Department of Labor .
^ a Chinese-English translation web (译言网: Will Chinese women rule the world?
^ Jump up to: a b Gershon, Livia (2018-03-21). "Seeking a Roadmap for the New American Middle Class" . Longreads . Retrieved 2018-04-25 .
^ Hewlett, S. A., Luce, C. B., Shiller, P. & Southwell, S. (2005, March). The hidden brain drain: Off-ramps and on-ramps in women’s careers. Center for WorkLife. Policy/Harvard Business Review Research. Report, Product no. 9491. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Publishing Corporation.
^ Rubin, Stacey E., and H. Ray Wooten. "Highly educated stay-at-home mothers: A study of commitment and conflict." The Family Journal 15.4 (2007): 336-345.
^ Wilkinson, Amanda (13 April 2014). "So wives didn't work in the 'good old days'? Wrong" . The Guardian . Retrieved 2018-04-23 .
^ Maurer, Elizabeth (2017), How Highly Processed Foods Liberated 1950s Housewives , National Women's History Museum
^ In the kitchen debate in 1959: Nixon said American housewives are happier than the Soviet Union working women
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^ Betty Friedan, Who Ignited Cause in 'Feminine Mystique,' Dies at 85 - The New York Times, February 5, 2006.
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^ "Arago: Homemakers Issue" .
^ Livingston, Gretchen (5 June 2014). "Growing Number of Dads Home with the Kids" . Pew Research Center’s Social & Demographic Trends Project . Retrieved 2016-03-22 .
^ Andrea Doucet , 2006. Do Men Mother? Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.
^ Recorded on: The Female Frolic , Argo ZDA 82 & Seeger, P. Penelope isn't Waiting any More Blackthorne BR 1050
^ Recorded on Staverton Bridge SADISC SDL 266
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Look up Housewife in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Housewives .
A housewife (also known as a homemaker or a stay-at-home mother/mum ) is a woman whose work is running or managing her family's home —
housekeeping , which includes caring for her children ; cleaning and maintaining the home; making , buying and/or mending clothes for the family; buying , cooking , and storing food for the family; buying goods that the family needs for everyday life; partially or solely managing the family budget ; — and who is not employed outside the home (a career woman ). [1]
Webster's Dictionary defines a housewife as a married woman who is in charge of her household . The British Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary (1901) defines a housewife as "the mistress of a household; a female domestic manager; a pocket sewing kit". [2] (A small sewing kit is sometimes called a huswif, [3] : 115 housewife or hussif .) [4]
Some feminists [5] [6] and non-feminist economists (particularly proponents of historical materialism , the methodological approach of Marxist historiography ) note that the value of housewives' work is ignored in standard formulations of economic output , such as GDP or employment figures. A housewife typically works many unpaid hours a week and often depends on income from her husband's work for financial support.
In societies of hunters and gatherers , like the traditional society of the Australian aboriginal people , the men often hunted animals for meat while the women gather other foods such as grain , fruit and vegetables . One of the reasons for this division of labor is that it is much easier to look after a baby while gathering food than while hunting a fast-moving animal. Even when homes were very simple, and there were few possessions to maintain, men and women did different jobs. [ citation needed ]
In rural societies where the main source of work is farming , women have also taken care of gardens and animals around the house, generally helping men with heavy work when a job needed to be done quickly, usually because of the season.
Examples of the heavy work involving farming that a traditional housewife in a rural society would do are:
In rural studies, the word housewife is occasionally used as a term for "a woman who does the majority of the chores within a farm's compound ", as opposed to field and livestock work. [ citation needed ] .
Whether the productive contributions of women were considered "work" varied by time and culture. Throughout much of the 20th century, the women working on a family farm , no matter how much work they did, would be counted in the US census as being unemployed , whereas the men doing the same or (even less) work were counted as being employed as farmers . [7]
Regarding family size , a study of three Mexican cities done in 1991 came to the conclusion that there was no significant difference in the number of children in "housewife families" compared to those families with women who worked outside the home. [8]
A research based on 7733 respondents who were aged 18–65 and legally married women in 20 European countries showed men and women share less housework in countries that publicly support gender equality. On the contrary, women did more housework than men. [9]
Full-time homemakers in modern times usually share income produced by members of the household who are employed; wage-earners working full-time benefit from the unpaid work provided by the homemaker; otherwise, the performance of such work (childcare, cooking, housecleaning, teaching, transporting, etc.) could be a household expense. [10] US states with community property recognize joint ownership of marital property and income, and, unless a prenuptial or postnuptial agreement is followed, most marital households in the US operate as a joint financial team and file taxes jointly.
The method, necessity, and extent of educating housewives has been debated since at least the 20th century. [11] [12] [13] [14]
In imperial China (excluding periods of the Tang dynasty ), women were bound to homemaking by the doctrines of Confucianism and cultural norms. Generally, girls did not attend school and, therefore, spent the day doing household chores with their mothers and female relatives (for example, cooking and cleaning ). In most cases, the husband was alive and able to work, so the wife was almost always forbidden to take a job and mainly spent her days at home or doing other domestic tasks. As Confucianism spread across East Asia , this social norm was also observed in Korea , Japan and Vietnam . As foot binding became common after the Song Dynasty , many women lost the ability to work outside. [ citation needed ]
After the founding of the Republic of China in 1911, these norms were gradually loosened and many women were able to enter the workforce. Shortly thereafter, a growing number of females began to be permitted to attend schools. Starting with the rule of the People's Republic of China in 1949, all women were freed from compulsory family roles. During the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution , some women even worked in fields that were traditionally reserved for males.
In modern China, housewives are no longer as common, especially in the largest cities and other urban areas. Many modern women work simply because one person's income is insufficient to support the family, a decision made easier by the fact that it is common for Chinese grandparents to watch after their grandchildren until they are old enough to go to school. Nonetheless, the number of Chinese housewives has been steadily rising in recent years as China's economy expands. [ dubious – discuss ]
In a traditional Hindu family, the head of the family is the Griha Swami (Lord of the House) and his wife is the Griha Swamini (Lady of the House). The Sanskrit words Grihast and Grihasta perhaps come closest to describing the entire gamut of activities and roles undertaken by the homemaker. Grih is the Sanskrit root for house or home; Grihasta and Grihast are derivatives of this root, as is Grihastya . The couple lives in the state called Grihastashram or family system and together they nurture the family and help its members (both young and old) through the travails of life. The woman who increments the family tree (bears children) and protects those children is described as the Grihalakshmi (the wealth of the house) and Grihashoba (the glory of the house). The elders of the family are known as Grihshreshta . The husband or wife may engage in countless other activities which may be social, religious, political or economic in nature for the ultimate welfare of the family and society. However, their unified status as joint householders is the nucleus from within which they operate in society. The traditional status of a woman as a homemaker anchors them in society and provides meaning to their activities within the social, religious, political and economic framework of their world. However, as India undergoes modernisation, many women are in employment, particularly in the larger cities such as Mumbai , Delhi , Kolkata , Chennai , Hyderabad and Bangalore , where most women will work. The role of the male homemaker is not traditional in India , but it is socially accepted in urban areas. According to one sociologist's study in 2006, twelve percent of unmarried Indian men would consider being a homemaker according to a survey conducted by Business Today . [15] One sociologist, Sushma Tulzhapurkar, called this a shift in Indian society, saying that a decade ago, "it was an unheard concept and not to mention socially unacceptable for men to give up their jobs and remain at home." [16] However, only 22.7 percent of Indian women are part of the labor force , compared to 51.6 percent of men; thus, women are more likely to be caregivers because most do not work outside the home. [17]
Mahila Shakti Samajik Samiti is a women's society composed mainly of housewives. [18]
Sadhna Sinha is current president of the samiti. [19]
Until around 1990, the North Korean government required every able-bodied male to be employed by some state enterprise . However, some 30% of married women of working age were allowed to stay at home as full-time housewives (fewer than in some countries in the same region like South Korea , Japan and Taiwan ; more than in the former Soviet Union , Mainland China and Nordic countries like Sweden, and about the same as in the United States [20] ). In the earl
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