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  – Percentages for Race and Wife
  – Percentages for Race and Husband

^ Jump up to: a b c "Loving v. Virginia" . Oyez . Retrieved September 29, 2019 .

^ Jump up to: a b "Loving v. Virginia" . LII / Legal Information Institute . Retrieved September 29, 2019 .

^ Pew Research Center, “In Vice President Kamala Harris, we can see how America has changed”, February 5, 2021. By Kim Parker and Amanda Barrasso.

^ Gallup, Social and Policy Issues, September 10, 2021. “U.S. Approval of Interracial Marriage at New High of 94%”. By Justin McCarthy.

^ Jump up to: a b Viñas-Nelson, Jessica (September 2017). "Interracial Marriage in 'Post-Racial' America" . Origins . 10 (12).

^ Jump up to: a b "Eugenics, Race, and Marriage" . Facing History.org . Retrieved February 23, 2021 .

^ Douglas, Stephen A. (1991). The Complete Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858 . University of Chicago Press. p. 235.

^ Jump up to: a b Lanzendorfer, Joy (August 9, 2017) "Hollywood Loved Sammy Davis Jr. Until He Dated a White Movie Star" , Smithsonian Retrieved February 23, 2021.

^ "What is Loving Day? | Loving Day" . www.lovingday.org . Retrieved September 29, 2019 .

^ Dunleavy, V.O. (1999) Examining interracial marriage attitudes as value expressive. The Howard Journal of Communications, 15 [1]

^ Knox, D., Zusman, M., Buffington, C., & Hemphill, G. (2000). Interracial dating attitudes among college students. College Student Journal, 34

^ Firmin, M., & Firebaugh, S. (2008). Historical analysis of college campus interracial dating. College Student Journal, 42. [2]

^ Gurung, R., & Duong, T. (1999). Mixing and matching: Assessing the concomitants of mixed ethnic relationships. Journal of Social & Personal Relationships, 16. [3]

^ Jump up to: a b c Tucker, M. Belinda; Mitchell-Kernan, Claudia (Winter 1990). "New Trends in Black American Interracial Marriage: The Social Structural Context". Journal of Marriage and Family . 52 (1): 209–218. doi : 10.2307/352851 . JSTOR 352851 .

^ Jump up to: a b c Fishman, Ray (November 7, 2007). "An economist solves the mysteries of dating" . Slate magazine . Retrieved January 18, 2009 .

^ "Driving a Hard Bargain: Sex Ratio and Male Marriage Success in a Historical US Population" (PDF) . Newcastle University Press . Retrieved October 25, 2009 .

^ Hwang, Sean-Shong; Saenz, Rogelio and Aguirre, Benigno E. Structural and Individual Determinants of Outmarriage among Chinese-, Filipino-, and Japanese-Americans in California [ permanent dead link ] , Sociological Inquiry, Vol.64, No.2, Nov. 1994, pp. 396-414, and Structural and Assimilationist Explanations of Asian American Intermarriage , Journal of Marriage and the Family, Vol. 59, No. 3, Aug. 1997, pp. 758-772.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Bratter, Jenifer L. (2008). " "But Will It Last?": Marital Instability among Interracial and Same-Race Couples". Family Relations . 57 (2): 160–171. doi : 10.1111/j.1741-3729.2008.00491.x . S2CID 146490809 .

^ Zhang, Yuanting; Van Hook, Jennifer (2009). "Marital Dissolution Among Interracial Couples" . Journal of Marriage and Family . 71 (1): 95–107. doi : 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2008.00582.x . PMC 4183451 . PMID 25284887 .

^ Cheung, Fanny M.; Halpern, Diane F. (August 6, 2020). The Cambridge Handbook of the International Psychology of Women . Cambridge University Press. p. 980. ISBN 978-1-108-60218-1 . Bratter and King (2009) examined whether crossing racial boundaries increases the risk of divorce. They compared the likelihood of divorce for same race couples to interracial couples and found that interracial couples (particularly those who married in the 1980s) have higher rates of divorce. In addition, white female/black male and white female/Asian male marriages were more prone to divorce than were white/white couples. Couples with non-white females/white males and Hispanic/non-Hispanic individuals had lower rates of divorce. Gender appears to play a role, such that white female/non-white male marriages are at a greater risk for divorce.

^ Jump up to: a b Ting-Toomey, Stella; Dorjee, Tenzin (August 23, 2018). Communicating Across Cultures, Second Edition . Guilford Publications. p. 364-365. ISBN 978-1-4625-3652-8 . Moving beyond interracial–interethnic communication styles and response to transgressions, Bratter and King (2008) used data from the 2002 National Survey of Familial Growth to examine divorce rates for interracial couples. The study revealed that, overall, interracial couples have higher rates of divorce, particularly for those marrying during the late 1980s. Compared to same-race white-white couples, they found that Black male–White female marriages and Asian male–White female marriages were more prone to divorce. Interestingly, those involving white male-non-white female marriages and Hispanic-non-Hispanic marriages tended toward lower risks of divorce. Researchers continue to focus on understanding these more fragile interracial marriages. While they cannot conclude that race is the cause per se of divorce, it does seem to be associated with higher risk of divorce or separation (Zhang and Van Hook, 2009). One notable finding is that there is a consistent elevated divorce rate for white females in interracial marriages. ... This distinctive couple type may experience added stress owing to negative reactions from strangers and diminished support from family and friends. Yancey (2007) notes that white females reported encountering more racial incidents with their black husbands and greater hostilities from families and friends as compared to other racial pairings.

^ Bratter, Jenifer L.; Whitehead, Ellen M. (August 2018). "Ties That Bind? Comparing Kin Support Availability for Mothers of Mixed‐Race and Monoracial Infants" . Journal of Marriage and Family . 80 (4): 951–962. doi : 10.1111/jomf.12485 . ISSN 0022-2445 .

^ Yancey, George (May 1, 2007). "Experiencing Racism: Differences in the Experiences of Whites Married to Blacks and Non-Black Racial Minorities" . Journal of Comparative Family Studies . 38 (2): 197–213. doi : 10.3138/jcfs.38.2.197 . ISSN 0047-2328 .

^ Roy, Roudi Nazarinia; Rollins, Alethea (December 12, 2018). Biracial Families: Crossing Boundaries, Blending Cultures, and Challenging Racial Ideologies . Springer. p. 99. ISBN 978-3-319-96160-6 . For example, interracial couples that consist of White female/Black male and White female/Asian male were more likely to divorce than White/White couples (Bratter & King, 2008). White/Latino marriages were also at a higher risk for marital dissolution than homogenous Latino marriages, with Latino husband/white wife intermarriages at the highest risk (Fu and Wolfganger, 2011).

^ Jump up to: a b U.S. Bureau of the Census "Table 60. Married Couples by Race and Hispanic Origin of Spouses" Archived January 1, 2015, at the Wayback Machine , December 15, 2010 ( Excel table Archived October 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine . Detailed data can be found in the Statistical Abstract of the United States, from 1979 to 2011 .

^ "Table FG4. Married Couple Family Groups, by Presence of Own Children In Specific Age Groups, and Age, Earnings, Education, and Race and Hispanic Origin of Both Spouses: 2010 (thousands)" . U. S. Census Bureau.

^ Jump up to: a b Marrying Out One-in-Seven New U.S. Marriages is Interracial or Interethnic. Archived January 31, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Released June 4, 2010; Revised June 15, 2010

^ Jump up to: a b Pew Social Trends: "Marrying Out" Archived June 11, 2016, at the Wayback Machine June 15, 2010

^ Pew Research Social & Demographic Trends: "The Rise of Intermarriage - Rates, Characteristics Vary by Race and Gender" by Wendy Wang February 16, 2012

^ Lange, 2005

^ "America's Racial and Ethnic Divides: Interracial Marriages Eroding Barriers" . The Washington Post . November 9, 1998.

^ Love's Revolution: Interracial Marriage By Maria P. P. Root https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-im2X0hbpv8C&pg=PA180&dq

^ http://academic.udayton.edu/race/01race/aspi02.htm Asian Americans and Anti-miscegenation Statutes

^ Jump up to: a b Francis C. Assisi (2005). "Indian-American Scholar Susan Koshy Probes Interracial Sex" . INDOlink. Archived from the original on January 30, 2009 . Retrieved January 2, 2009 .

^ "Echoes of Freedom: South Asian Pioneers in California, 1899-1965 - Chapter 9: Home Life" . The Library, University of California, Berkeley . Retrieved January 8, 2009 .

^ Irving G. Tragen (September 1944). "Statutory Prohibitions against Interracial Marriage" . California Law Review . 32 (3): 269–280. doi : 10.2307/3476961 . JSTOR 3476961 . , citing Cal. Stats. 1933, p. 561.

^ Min, Pyong-Gap (2006). Asian Americans: contemporary trends and issues . Pine Forge Press. p. 189 . ISBN 978-1-4129-0556-5 .

^ "Virginia Racial Integrity Act of 1924" .

^ Kitano, Harry; Yeung, Wai-Tsang; Chai, Lynn; Hatanaka, Herbert (Winter 1984). "Asian-American Interracial Marriage". Journal of Marriage and Family . 46 (1): 179–190. doi : 10.2307/351876 . JSTOR 351876 .

^ U.S. Bureau of the Census "Table 60. Married Couples by Race and Hispanic Origin of Spouses" Archived January 1, 2015, at the Wayback Machine , December 15, 2010 ( Excel table Archived October 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine )

^ U.S. Bureau of the Census "Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1982-83" [ permanent dead link ] , 1983. Section 1: Population, file 1982-02.pdf, 170 pp.

^ Fryer, Jr., Roland G. (Spring 2007). "Guess Who's Been Coming to Dinner? Trends in Interracial Marriage over the 20th Century". Journal of Economic Perspectives . 21 (2): 71–90. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.169.3004 . doi : 10.1257/jep.21.2.71 .

^ Kalmijn, Matthijs (1993). "Trends in Black/White Intermarriage". Social Forces . 72 (1): 119–146. doi : 10.1093/sf/72.1.119 . JSTOR 2580162 .

^ Doering, Jan (November 2014). "A Battleground of Identity: Racial Formation and the African American Discourse on Interracial Marriage". Social Problems . 61 (4): 559–575. doi : 10.1525/sp.2014.13017 .

^ "About Natality, 2016-2020 expanded" . Retrieved January 4, 2022 .

^ Jump up to: a b "Asian and Native Intermarriage in the US" . Color Q World . Retrieved July 15, 2008 .

^ Jump up to: a b "Census 2000 PHC-T-19. Hispanic Origin and Race of Coupled Households: 2000" (PDF) . U. S. Census Bureau.

^ Le, C.N. (October 4, 2008). "Interracial Dating & Marriage" . Asian-Nation: The Landscape of Asian America . Retrieved October 4, 2008 .

^ "The United States" . Chinese blacks in the Americas . Color Q World . Retrieved July 15, 2008 .

^ "Interracial marriage: Who is 'marrying out'?" .

^ "African & Native Americans share a rich history - African American Registry" . www.aaregistry.org . Archived from the original on April 13, 2014 . Retrieved April 10, 2014 .

^ Jump up to: a b Mays, Dorothy A. (October 26, 2017). Women in Early America: Struggle, Survival, and Freedom in a New World . ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781851094295 – via Google Books.

^ "After 40 years, interracial marriage flourishing" . Associated Press . April 15, 2007 . Retrieved February 14, 2013 .

^ Jump up to: a b "Most Americans Approve of Interracial Marriages" . Gallup, Inc. August 16, 2007 . Retrieved January 16, 2013 .

^ Saulny, Susan (February 16, 2012). "Interracial Marriage Seen Gaining Wide Acceptance" . The New York Times . Retrieved February 6, 2013 .

^ Jayson, Sharon (November 7, 2011). "Interracial marriage: More accepted, still growing" . USA Today . Retrieved February 16, 2013 .

^ "The Economist/YouGov Poll" (PDF) . YouGov . March 10–13, 2018 . Retrieved June 29, 2018 .

^ Chuang, Roxie, Clara Wilkins, Mingxuan Tan, and Caroline Mead. "Racial minorities’ attitudes toward interracial couples: An intersection of race and gender." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations (2020): 1368430219899482.

^ Crowder, Kyle D.; Tolnay, Stewart E. (August 2000). "A New Marriage Squeeze for Black Women: The Role of Racial Intermarriage by Black Men" (PDF) . Journal of Marriage and the Family . 62 (3): 792–80. doi : 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00792.x . OCLC 49976459 . Retrieved October 25, 2009 . [ dead link ]

^ Jump up to: a b "The Only Religion That Encourages Interracial Marriage" . Chicago Now. 2016.

^ Samuel Perry (2013). "Religion and Whites' Attitudes Toward Interracial Marriage with African Americans, Asians, and Latinos". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion . 52 (2): 425–442. doi : 10.1111/jssr.12020 .

^ Jump up to: a b Samuel L. Perry (2014). "Religious Socialization and Interracial Dating". Journal of Family Issues . 37 (15): 2138–2162. doi : 10.1177/0192513X14555766 . S2CID 145428097 .

^ Samuel L. Perry (2015). Christian Nationalism and White Racial Boundaries: Examining Whites' Opposition to Interracial Marriage .

^ Jump up to: a b c The Association of Religious Data: "The ties that may not bind: Race, religion and marriage" By David Briggs January 14, 2013

^ "Lesson 31: Choosing an Eternal Companion" . Aaronic Priesthood Manual 3 . LDS Church. 1995. pp. 127–29. Archived from the original on July 1, 2012.

^ Eternal Marriage Student Manual . 2003. We recommend that people marry those who are of the same racial background generally, and of somewhat the same economic and social and educational background (some of those are not an absolute necessity, but preferred), and above all, the same religious background, without question

^ Barron, Milton L. (1946). "The Incidence of Jewish Intermarriage in Europe and America". American Sociological Review . 11 (1): 6–13. doi : 10.2307/2085270 . JSTOR 2085270 .

^ Sol, Adam (2001). "Longings and Renunciations: Attitudes Towards Intermarriage in Early Jewish American Novels". American Jewish History . 89 (2): 215–230. doi : 10.1353/ajh.2001.0030 . JSTOR 23886297 . S2CID 162123589 .

^ Goldstein, Sidney; Goldscheider, Calvin (1966). "Social and Demographic Aspects of Jewish Intermarriages". Social Problems . 13 (4): 386–399. doi : 10.2307/798587 . JSTOR 798587 .

^ Jump up to: a b c Qian, Zhenchao; Lichter, Daniel T. (June 2001). "Measuring Marital Assimilation: Intermarriage among Natives and Immigrants". Social Science Research . 30 (2): 289–312. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.536.1348 . doi : 10.1006/ssre.2000.0699 .

^ "Intimate Relationships Between Races More Common Than Thought" . University of Michigan. March 23, 2000. Archived from the original on February 25, 2008 . Retrieved May 7, 2016 .

^ Shim, John (October 22, 2002). "Degrading Stereotypes Ruin Dating Experience" . The Daily Bruin . Archived from the original on March 4, 2016 . Retrieved May 7, 2016 .


Interracial marriage in North America
Interracial marriage in the United States has been legal throughout the United States since at least the 1967 U.S. Supreme Court ( Warren Court ) decision Loving v. Virginia (1967) that held that "anti-miscegenation" laws were unconstitutional via the 14th Amendment adopted in 1868. [1] [2] Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote in the court opinion that "the freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race resides with the individual, and cannot be infringed by the State." [1]

The number of interracial marriages as a proportion of new marriages has been increasing from 3% in 1967 to 19% in 2019. [3]

Public approval of interracial marriage rose from around 5% in the 1950s to 94% in 2021. [4]

The first "interracial" marriage in what is today the United States was that of the woman today commonly known as Pocahontas , who married tobacco planter John Rolfe in 1614. [5]

The first ever law prohibiting interracial marriage was passed by the Maryland General Assembly in 1691. [6]

The Quaker Zephaniah Kingsley married (outside the U.S.) a black enslaved woman that he bought in Cuba. He also had three black common-law enslaved wives; he manumitted all four. In 1828 he published a Treatise , reprinted three times, on the benefits of intermarriage, which according to Kingsley produced healthier and more beautiful children, and better citizens. In Spanish Florida , where Kingsley lived, he was tolerated until Florida became a U.S. territory , for which reason he eventually moved with his family to Haiti (today the Dominican Republic ).

The prospect of black men marrying white women terrified many Americans before the Civil War . It was magnified into the greatest threat to society, the result of freeing blacks : according to them, White American women would be raped, defiled, sullied, by these savage jungle beasts. [ citation needed ] Extramarital "interracial" unions were not rare, most commonly white male and black female (see Sally Hemings , Lydia Hamilton Smith , and Children of the plantation ), and although restricted to the lower classes common-law unions of black male with white female are not unknown.

However, the first legal black-white marriage in the United States was that of African-American professor William G. Allen and a white student, Mary King, in 1853. [5] When their plans to marry were announced, Allen narrowly escaped being lynched . Their marriage was secret, and they left the country immediately for England, never to return.

While opposed to slavery, in a speech in Charleston, Illinois in 1858, Abraham Lincoln stated, "I am not, nor ever have been in favor of making voters or jurors of negroes, nor of qualifying them to hold office, nor to intermarry with white people. I as much as any man am in favor of the superior position assigned to the white race". [7] By 1924, the ban on interracial marriage was still in force in 29 states. [6] While interracial marriage had been legal in California since 1948, in 1957 actor Sammy Davis Jr. faced a backlash for his relationship with a white woman, actress Kim Novak . [8] In 1958, Davis briefly married a black woman, actress and dancer Loray White, to protect himself from mob violence. [8]

In Social Trends in America and Strategic Approaches to the Negro Problem (1948), Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal ranked the social areas where restrictions were imposed on the freedom of Black Americans by Southern White Americans through racial segregation , from the least to the most important: basic public facility access, social equality, jobs, courts and police, politics and marriage. This ranking scheme illustrates the manner in which the barriers against desegregation fell: Of less importance was the segregation in basic public facilities, which was abolished with the Civil Rights Act of 1964 .

However, the most tenacious form of legal segregation, the banning of interracial marriage, was not fully lifted until the last anti-miscegenation laws were struck down by the U.S. Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren in a unanimous ruling Loving v. Virginia . [1] [2] The court's landmark decision, which was made on June 12, 1967, has been commemorated and celebrated every year on the Loving Day (June 12) in the United States. [9]

The differing ages of individuals, culminating in the generation divides, have traditionally played a large role i
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