Who Makes Porn
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Who Makes Porn
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Overview of pornography in the United States
This section needs to be updated . Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( September 2017 )
^ 535 U.S. 234 (2002) http://www.casebriefs.com/blog/law/constitutional-law/constitutional-law-keyed-to-cohen/restrictions-on-time-place-or-matter-of-expression/ashcroft-v-the-free-speech-coalition/ Retrieved July 23, 2017.
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^ Chris Rodley, Dev Varma, Kate Williams III (Directors) Marilyn Milgrom, Grant Romer, Rolf Borowczak, Bob Guccione, Dean Kuipers (Cast) (March 7, 2006). Pornography: The Secret History of Civilization (DVD). Port Washington, NY: Koch Vision. ISBN 1-4172-2885-7 . Archived from the original on August 22, 2010 . Retrieved October 21, 2006 .
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^ List of pornographic film studios
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^ The New York Times , October 2000.
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^ Andi Zeisler, "Porn Plague: Has porn's proliferation desensitized us to its power?" , San Francisco Chronicle , July 25, 2004.
^ Andrea Figler, "Playboy's New Porn Channels Are Too Spicy For Some" Archived December 25, 2006, at the Wayback Machine , Cable World , May 21, 2001.
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^ "Video games get raunchy" , Money.CNN.com
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^ Gaudiosi, John (October 7, 2011). "The 10 Most Important Sex Scenes in Recent Video Games" . Maxim.com . Alpha Media Group. Archived from the original on September 2, 2012 . Retrieved July 18, 2012 .
^ Porn Studies , ed. by Linda Williams, 2004. ISBN 0-8223-3312-0 .
^ Fred Patten , "The Anime 'Porn' Market" , Animation World Magazine, Issue 3.4, July 1998.
^ US and Japan pornography regulation traditions and trends by Dan Kanemitsu (2002/3 revision) Archived December 18, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
^ William A. (EDT) Finkelstein, James R. (EDT) Sims, Intellectual Property Handbook . 2005, ISBN 1-59031-585-5
^ ZDNet News AMEX just says 'no' to porn sites by Margaret Kane
^ Craig Bicknell (May 26, 2000). "Wired News: Amex Nixes X-Rated Exchanges" . Wired.com . Retrieved January 24, 2010 .
^ "Edward Cone. The Naked Truth " . Wired.com . Retrieved January 24, 2010 .
^ Mike Musgrove, "Mini-Porn Could Be Mega-Business" , Washington Post , November 15, 2005, p. D01. Retrieved 29 June 2008.
^ "Outlaw.com US authorities take action against porn sites for illegal billing" . Out-law.com. August 25, 2000 . Retrieved January 24, 2010 .
^ Lewis Perdue. EroticaBiz: How Sex Shaped the Internet . 2002. ISBN 0-595-25612-0
^ Arbitration and Mediation Center. "WIPO Case No. D2001-1439" . Wipo.int . Retrieved January 24, 2010 .
^ Hossein Bidgoli. The Internet Encyclopedia , 2004. ISBN 0-471-22201-1
^ Kathleen Fearn-Banks. Crisis Communications: A Casebook Approach , 2001. ISBN 0-8058-3604-7
^ Martin Amis (March 17, 2001). "A rough trade" . London: guardian.co.uk . Retrieved April 10, 2009 .
^ Louis Fisher. American Constitutional Law . 1995, ISBN 0-07-021223-6
^ Dan Ackman, "How Big Is Porn?" , Forbes.com, 25 May 2001. Retrieved 29 June 2008.
^ Edward Helmore, "Home porn gives industry the blues" , guardian.co.uk, 16 December 2007. Retrieved 04 March 2009.
^ Jon Swartz, "Online porn often leads high-tech way" , USATODAY.com, 9 March 2004. Retrieved 29 June 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Gary Strauss, "Cellphone technology rings in pornography in USA" , USATODAY.com, 12 December 2005. Retrieved 29 June 2008.
^ Matt Bradley, "Groups protest porn on hotel TVs" , USATODAY.com, 6 September 2006. Retrieved 29 June 2008.
^ Youth, Pornography and the Internet , National Academy Press, 2002. ISBN 0-309-08274-9
^ United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Crime. Child Protection and Obscenity Enforcement Act of 1988 . 1989
^ "Definitions of Pornography, Obscenity, and Indecency" . Moralityinmedia.org. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007 . Retrieved January 24, 2010 .
^ Mark Fass, "Judge Sees No Link Between Prostitution, Paying for Sex to Make Films" , New York Law Journal , August 2, 2005.
^ Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of Law . 1996, ISBN 0-87779-604-1 .
^ Mary Minow, "I Know It When I See It: Constitutional, Federal and State Legal Definitions of Child Pornography, Obscenity and 'Harmful to Minors' of Interest to California Libraries" Archived August 19, 2015, at the Wayback Machine , October 1, 2002. Retrieved 29 June 2008.
^ Ray C. Rist. The Pornography Controversy: Changing Moral Standards in American Life . 1973, ISBN 0-87855-587-0 .
^ Miller v. California (413 U.S. 15) , Caselaw.lp.FindLaw.com.
^ Censorware.net Legal definition of obscenity/pornography by James S. Tyre Archived July 1, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
^ Legal Issues , NetSafekids, National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 29 June 2008.
^ United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Nomination of Robert H. Bork to be Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States . 1989.
^ Edward G. Hinkelman, Myron Manley, James L. Nolan, Karla C. Shippey, Wendy Bidwell, Alexandra Woznick. Importers Manual USA , 2005. ISBN 1-885073-93-3 .
^ Walter Kendrick. The Secret Museum: Pornography in Modern Culture . 1997. ISBN 0-520-20729-7
^ "www2.Law.Columbia.edu Pornography's Past: Sexual Publishing" . Archived from the original on September 13, 2006 . Retrieved January 24, 2010 .
^ Paul R. Abramson , Steven D. Pinkerton, Mark Huppin. Sexual Rights in America: The Ninth Amendment and the Pursuit of Happiness . 2003, ISBN 0-8147-0692-4
^ General arguments for and against the censorship of pornography Archived September 24, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
^ William A. Donohue . The Politics of the American Civil Liberties Union , 1985. ISBN 0-87855-983-3
^ Michal R. Belknap. The Supreme Court Under Earl Warren, 1953–1969 . 2005, ISBN 1-57003-563-6
^ Linda Williams. Hard Core: Power, Pleasure, and the "Frenzy of the Visible" . 1999, ISBN 0-520-21943-0
^ "Jacobellis v. Ohio, 378 U.S. 184 (1964)" . Aegis.com. Archived from the original on July 7, 2009 . Retrieved 2010-01-24 .
^ United States. Commission on Obscenity and Pornography. Report. 1970
^ "Adult Entertainment in Speech" . Firstamendmentcenter.org. July 28, 2009. Archived from the original on October 16, 2004 . Retrieved January 24, 2010 .
^ "Myths about Pornography and Obscenity Law" . Moralityinmedia.org. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007 . Retrieved January 24, 2010 .
^ The People's Law Dictionary
^ Robert Singh. Contemporary American Politics and Society: Issues and Controversies . 2003, ISBN 0-7619-4096-0
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^ "American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut (7th Cir. 1985)" . Bc.edu. Archived from the original on July 7, 2006 . Retrieved January 24, 2010 .
^ " U.S. Attorney's Porn Fight Gets Bad Reviews by Julie Kay, Daily Business Review August 30, 2005" . Law.com . Retrieved January 24, 2010 .
^ Jacksonville.FBI.gov Press Release – Department of Justice Archived September 25, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
^ " Recruits Sought for Porn Squad by Barton Gellman" . Washingtonpost.com . September 20, 2005 . Retrieved January 24, 2010 .
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^ United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Juvenile Justice. Federal Assistance to States to Prevent the Abuse of Children in Child Care Facilities . 1985
^ United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Juvenile Justice. Computer Pornograph [i.e. Pornography] and Child Exploitation Prevention Act . 1986
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^ 47 U.S.C.A. §223(d)
^ 18 U.S.C.S. §2251 and 18 U.S.C.S. §2252A
^ STANLEY v. GEORGIA, 394 U.S. 557 (1969)
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Pornography in the United States has existed since the country's origins and has become more readily accessible in the 21st century. Advanced by technological development, it has gone from a hard-to-find "back alley" item, beginning in 1969 with Blue Movie by Andy Warhol , the Golden Age of Porn (1969–1984) and home video , to being more available in the country and later, starting in the 1990s, readily accessible to nearly anyone with a computer or other device connected to the Internet . The U.S. has no current plans to block explicit content from children and adolescents, as many other countries have planned or proceeded to do.
Attempts made to suppress it include: outright bans, prohibitions of its sale, censorship or rating schemes that restrict audience numbers, and claims that it is prostitution and thereby subject to regulations governing prostitution. Legal decisions affecting production and consumption of pornography include those relating to its definition, its relationship with prostitution, the definition of obscenity, rulings about personal possession of pornography, and its standing in relation to freedom of expression rights.
American advocates for pornography often cite the First Amendment to the United States Constitution , which guarantees freedom of speech ; however, under the Miller test established by Miller v. California , anything lacking "serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value" is generally not protected. However, the Supreme Court of the United States held in Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition (2002) that pornography which involves consenting adults is protected by the First Amendment, even if the models "appear to be" minors but are, in fact of lawful age, and thus has seen to protect the majority of, but not all pornography on the basis of first-amendment law. [1]
Although pornography dates back thousands of years, its existence in the U.S. can be traced to its 18th-century origins and the influx of foreign trade and immigrants. By the end of the 18th century, France had become the leading country regarding the spread of porn pictures. [2] Porn had become the subject of playing-cards , posters, post cards, and cabinet cards . Prior to this printers were previously limited to engravings, woodcuts , and line cuts for illustrations. [3] As trade increased and more people immigrated from countries with less Puritanical and more relaxed attitudes toward human sexuality , the amount of available visual pornography increased.
In 1880, halftone printing was used to reproduce photographs inexpensively for the first time. [4] The invention of halftone printing took pornography and erotica in new directions at the beginning of the 20th century. The new printing processes allowed photographic images to be reproduced easily in black and white.
The first porn daguerreotype appeared in 1850 and with the advent of "moving pictures" by the Lumière brothers the first porn film was made soon after the public exhibition of their creation. Pornographic film production commenced almost immediately after the invention of the motion picture in 1895. Two of the earliest pioneers were Eugène Pirou and Albert Kirchner . Kirchner directed the earliest surviving pornographic film for Pirou under the trade name "Léar". The 1896 film, Le Coucher de la Marie showed Louise Willy performing a striptease . Pirou's film inspired a genre of risqué French films showing women disrobing and other filmmakers realized profits could be made from such films. [5] [6] In the United States, one of the Thomas Edison 's first efforts using his methods and equipment for making moving pictures was of a nude woman getting up from her bath tub and running away. [7]
In the 20th century, the era of "blue movies" began with the silent films of the 1920s and continued throughout the post-war era as film technology improved and equipment costs were reduced to a consumer affordable level. Particularly with the introduction of the 8mm and super-8 film gauges, popular for the home movie market. Until the advent of electronic and digital video technology, the mass production of pornographic films was tied directly to the mainstream film industry. [8] Beginning in 1969 with Blue Movie by Andy Warhol , the subsequent Golden Age of Porn and more permissive legislation, a rise of adult theaters in the United States , and many other countries, developed. There was also a proliferation of coin-operated "movie booths" in sex shops that displayed pornographic "loops" (so called because they projected a movie from film arranged in a continuous loop). [8]
By 1982, pornographic film production had switched to the cheaper and more convenient medium of video tape . Many film directors were hesitant to switch because of the different image quality that video tape produced. Those who did make the change benefited from greater profits since consumers preferred the new format. This change moved the films out of the theaters and into people's private homes. This was the end of the age of big budget productions and the beginning of the mainstreaming of pornography. It soon went back to its earthy roots and expanded to cover every fetish possible since video production was inexpensive. Instead of hundreds of pornographic films being made each year, thousands of videos were including compilations of just the sex scenes from various titles. [9] [10]
In the late 1990s, pornographic films were distributed on DVD . These offered better quality picture and sound than the previous video format and allowed innovations such as "interactive" videos that let users choose such variables as multiple camera angles, multiple endings and computer-only DVD content.
The introduction and widespread availability of the Internet further changed the way pornography was distributed. Previously videos would be rented or purchased through mail-order, but with the Internet people could watch pornographic movies on their computers, and instead of waiting weeks for an order to arrive, a movie could be downloaded within minutes (or, later, within a
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