Who Is Sex

⚡ ALL INFORMATION CLICK HERE 👈🏻👈🏻👈🏻

Who Is Sex
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Trait that determines an individual's sexually reproductive function
This article is about the distinguishing trait in sexually reproducing organisms. For acts, see Sexual activity . For other uses, see Sex (disambiguation) .
Further information: Isogamy and Anisogamy
Female (left) and male (right) cones contain the sex organs of pines and other conifers.
Different forms of anisogamy : A) anisogamy of motile cells, B) oogamy (egg cell and sperm cell), C) anisogamy of non-motile cells (egg cell and spermatia).
Different forms of isogamy: A) isogamy of motile cells , B) isogamy of non-motile cells, C) conjugation.
This section relies largely or entirely upon a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. ( June 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
This section is an excerpt from Sex ratio . [ edit ]
This section is an excerpt from Sexual characteristics . [ edit ]

Sexual characteristics are physical traits of an organism (typically of a sexually dimorphic organism) which are indicative of its biological sex. These can include sex organs used for reproduction and secondary sex characteristics which distinguish the sexes of a species, but which are not directly part of the reproductive system.

^ Stevenson A, Waite M (2011). Concise Oxford English Dictionary: Book & CD-ROM Set . OUP Oxford . p. 1302. ISBN 978-0-19-960110-3 . Archived from the original on 11 March 2020 . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Sex: Either of the two main categories (male and female) into which humans and most other living things are divided on the basis of their reproductive functions. The fact of belonging to one of these categories. The group of all members of either sex.

^ Jump up to: a b Purves WK, Sadava DE, Orians GH , Heller HC (2000). Life: The Science of Biology . Macmillan . p. 736. ISBN 978-0-7167-3873-2 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2019 . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . A single body can function as both male and female. Sexual reproduction requires both male and female haploid gametes. In most species, these gametes are produced by individuals that are either male or female. Species that have male and female members are called dioecious (from the Greek for 'two houses'). In some species, a single individual may possess both female and male reproductive systems. Such species are called monoecious ("one house") or hermaphroditic.

^ Royle NJ, Smiseth PT, Kölliker M (9 August 2012). Kokko H , Jennions M (eds.). The Evolution of Parental Care . Oxford University Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-19-969257-6 . The answer is that there is an agreement by convention: individuals producing the smaller of the two gamete types-sperm or pollen- are males, and those producing larger gametes-eggs or ovules- are females.

^ Avise JC (18 March 2011). Hermaphroditism: A Primer on the Biology, Ecology, and Evolution of Dual Sexuality . Columbia University Press. pp. 1–7. ISBN 978-0-231-52715-6 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2020 . Retrieved 18 September 2020 .

^ Moore D, Robson JD, Trinci AP (2020). 21st Century guidebook to fungi (2 ed.). Cambridge University press. pp. 211–228. ISBN 978-1-108-74568-0 .

^ Kumar R, Meena M, Swapnil P (2019). "Anisogamy". In Vonk J, Shackelford T (eds.). Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior . Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–5. doi : 10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_340-1 . ISBN 978-3-319-47829-6 . Anisogamy can be defined as a mode of sexual reproduction in which fusing gametes, formed by participating parents, are dissimilar in size.

^ Jump up to: a b c d Hake L, O'Connor C. "Genetic Mechanisms of Sex Determination | Learn Science at Scitable" . www.nature.com . Retrieved 13 April 2021 .

^ Alberts et al. (2002), "V. 20. Meiosis", U.S. NIH, V. 20. Meiosis Archived 25 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine

^ Alberts et al. (2002), U.S. National Institutes of Health, " V. 20. The Benefits of Sex Archived 22 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine ".

^ Gilbert (2000), "1.2. Multicellularity: Evolution of Differentiation". 1.2.Mul Archived 8 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine , NIH.

^ Allaby M (29 March 2012). A Dictionary of Plant Sciences . OUP Oxford. p. 350. ISBN 978-0-19-960057-1 .

^ Gee, Henry (22 November 1999). "Size and the single sex cell" . Nature . Retrieved 4 June 2018 .

^ Alberts et al. (2002), "3. Mendelian genetics in eukaryotic life cycles", U.S. NIH, 3. Mendelian/eukaryotic Archived 2 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine .

^ Alberts et al. (2002), "V.20. Sperm", U.S. NIH, V.20. Sperm Archived 29 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine .

^ Alberts et al. (2002), "V.20. Eggs", U.S. NIH, V.20. Eggs Archived 29 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine .

^ Alberts et al. (2002), "V.20. Fertilization", U.S. NIH, V.20. Fertilization Archived 19 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine .

^ Ritchison, G. "Avian Reproduction" . Eastern Kentucky University . Retrieved 3 April 2008 .

^ Gilbert SF (2000). "Gamete Production in Angiosperms" . Developmental Biology (6th ed.). Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates. ISBN 978-0-87893-243-6 .

^ Dusenbery DB (2009). Living at Micro Scale: The Unexpected Physics of Being Small . Harvard University Press. pp. 308–326. ISBN 978-0-674-03116-6 .

^ Jump up to: a b Judd, Walter S.; Campbell, Christopher S.; Kellogg, Elizabeth A.; Stevens, Peter F.; Donoghue, Michael J. (2002). Plant systematics, a phylogenetic approach (2 ed.). Sunderland MA, USA: Sinauer Associates Inc. ISBN 0-87893-403-0 .

^ Nick Lane (2005). Power, Sex, Suicide: Mitochondria and the Meaning of Life . Oxford University Press. pp. 236–237 . ISBN 978-0-19-280481-5 .

^ Watkinson SC, Boddy L , Money N (2015). The Fungi . Elsevier Science. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-12-382035-8 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2020 . Retrieved 18 February 2018 .

^ Matthew P. Scott; Paul Matsudaira; Harvey Lodish; James Darnell; Lawrence Zipursky; Chris A. Kaiser; Arnold Berk; Monty Krieger (2000). Molecular Cell Biology (Fourth ed.). WH Freeman and Co. ISBN 978-0-7167-4366-8 . 14.1. Cell-Type Specification and Mating-Type Conversion in Yeast Archived 1 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine

^ Jump up to: a b Leonard, J. L. (22 August 2013). "Williams' Paradox and the Role of Phenotypic Plasticity in Sexual Systems" . Integrative and Comparative Biology . 53 (4): 671–688. doi : 10.1093/icb/ict088 . ISSN 1540-7063 . PMID 23970358 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Bachtrog D, Mank JE, Peichel CL, Kirkpatrick M, Otto SP, Ashman TL, et al. (July 2014). "Sex determination: why so many ways of doing it?" . PLOS Biology . 12 (7): e1001899. doi : 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001899 . PMC 4077654 . PMID 24983465 .

^ Kuwamura T, Sunobe T, Sakai Y, Kadota T, Sawada K (1 July 2020). "Hermaphroditism in fishes: an annotated list of species, phylogeny, and mating system" . Ichthyological Research . 67 (3): 341–360. doi : 10.1007/s10228-020-00754-6 . ISSN 1616-3915 . S2CID 218527927 .

^ Jump up to: a b Kliman, Richard (2016). Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Biology . Vol. 2. Academic Press. pp. 212–224. ISBN 978-0-12-800426-5 . Archived from the original on 6 May 2021 . Retrieved 14 April 2021 . {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( link )

^ Sabath N, Goldberg EE, Glick L, Einhorn M, Ashman TL, Ming R, et al. (February 2016). "Dioecy does not consistently accelerate or slow lineage diversification across multiple genera of angiosperms". The New Phytologist . 209 (3): 1290–300. doi : 10.1111/nph.13696 . PMID 26467174 .

^ Beentje H (2016). The Kew plant glossary (2 ed.). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Kew Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84246-604-9 .

^ Leite Montalvão, Ana Paula; Kersten, Birgit; Fladung, Matthias; Müller, Niels Andreas (2021). "The Diversity and Dynamics of Sex Determination in Dioecious Plants" . Frontiers in Plant Science . 11 : 580488. doi : 10.3389/fpls.2020.580488 . ISSN 1664-462X . PMC 7843427 . PMID 33519840 .

^ Renner, Susanne S. (2014). "The relative and absolute frequencies of angiosperm sexual systems: dioecy, monoecy, gynodioecy, and an updated online database" . American Journal of Botany . 101 (10): 1588–1596. doi : 10.3732/ajb.1400196 . PMID 25326608 .

^ Walas Ł, Mandryk W, Thomas PA, Tyrała-Wierucka Ż, Iszkuło G (2018). "Sexual systems in gymnosperms: A review" (PDF) . Basic and Applied Ecology . 31 : 1–9. doi : 10.1016/j.baae.2018.05.009 . S2CID 90740232 .

^ Kumar, Awasthi & Ashok. Textbook of Algae . Vikas Publishing House. p. 363. ISBN 978-93-259-9022-7 .

^ Jump up to: a b Lehtonen J, Kokko H , Parker GA (October 2016). "What do isogamous organisms teach us about sex and the two sexes?" . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences . 371 (1706). doi : 10.1098/rstb.2015.0532 . PMC 5031617 . PMID 27619696 .

^ Togashi, Tatsuya; Bartelt, John L.; Yoshimura, Jin; Tainaka, Kei-ichi; Cox, Paul Alan (21 August 2012). "Evolutionary trajectories explain the diversified evolution of isogamy and anisogamy in marine green algae" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 109 (34): 13692–13697. Bibcode : 2012PNAS..10913692T . doi : 10.1073/pnas.1203495109 . ISSN 0027-8424 . PMC 3427103 . PMID 22869736 .

^ Székely, Tamás ; Fairbairn, Daphne J.; Blanckenhorn, Wolf U. (5 July 2007). Sex, Size and Gender Roles: Evolutionary Studies of Sexual Size Dimorphism . OUP Oxford. pp. 167–169, 176, 185. ISBN 978-0-19-920878-4 .

^ Pitnick SS, Hosken DJ, Birkhead TR (21 November 2008). Sperm Biology: An Evolutionary Perspective . Academic Press. pp. 43–44. ISBN 978-0-08-091987-4 .

^ Sawada, Hitoshi; Inoue, Naokazu; Iwano, Megumi (7 February 2014). Sexual Reproduction in Animals and Plants . Springer. pp. 215–216. ISBN 978-4-431-54589-7 .

^ Hörandl, Elvira; Hadacek, Franz (15 August 2020). "Oxygen, life forms, and the evolution of sexes in multicellular eukaryotes" . Heredity . 125 (1): 1–14. doi : 10.1038/s41437-020-0317-9 . ISSN 1365-2540 . PMC 7413252 . PMID 32415185 .

^ Riley Black, "Armored Fish Pioneered Sex As You Know It," National Geographic , October 19, 2014, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/141019-fossil-fish-evolution-sex-fertilization Archived 23 September 2022 at the Wayback Machine

^ "43.2A: External and Internal Fertilization" . Biology LibreTexts . 17 July 2018 . Retrieved 9 November 2020 .

^ Tanurdzic M, Banks JA (2004). "Sex-determining mechanisms in land plants" . The Plant Cell . 16 Suppl: S61-71. doi : 10.1105/tpc.016667 . PMC 2643385 . PMID 15084718 .

^ Warner DA, Shine R (January 2008). "The adaptive significance of temperature-dependent sex determination in a reptile". Nature . 451 (7178): 566–8. Bibcode : 2008Natur.451..566W . doi : 10.1038/nature06519 . PMID 18204437 . S2CID 967516 .

^ Beukeboom LW, Perrin N (2014). The Evolution of Sex Determination . Oxford University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-19-965714-8 .

^ Wallis MC, Waters PD, Graves JA (October 2008). "Sex determination in mammals--before and after the evolution of SRY". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences . 65 (20): 3182–95. doi : 10.1007/s00018-008-8109-z . PMID 18581056 . S2CID 31675679 .

^ Pierce, Benjamin A. (2012). Genetics: a conceptual approach (4th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. pp. 73–74. ISBN 978-1-4292-3250-0 . OCLC 703739906 .

^ Kaiser VB, Bachtrog D (2010). "Evolution of sex chromosomes in insects" . Annual Review of Genetics . 44 : 91–112. doi : 10.1146/annurev-genet-102209-163600 . PMC 4105922 . PMID 21047257 .

^ Dellaporta SL, Calderon-Urrea A (October 1993). "Sex determination in flowering plants" . The Plant Cell . 5 (10): 1241–51. doi : 10.1105/tpc.5.10.1241 . JSTOR 3869777 . PMC 160357 . PMID 8281039 .

^ Fusco G, Minelli A (10 October 2019). The Biology of Reproduction . Cambridge University Press. pp. 306–308. ISBN 978-1-108-49985-9 .

^ Smith CA, Katz M, Sinclair AH (February 2003). "DMRT1 is upregulated in the gonads during female-to-male sex reversal in ZW chicken embryos" . Biology of Reproduction . 68 (2): 560–70. doi : 10.1095/biolreprod.102.007294 . PMID 12533420 .

^ Majerus ME (2003). Sex Wars: Genes, Bacteria, and Biased Sex Ratios . Princeton University Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-691-00981-0 .

^ Bull JJ (1983). Evolution of sex determining mechanisms . p. 17. ISBN 0-8053-0400-2 .

^ Thiriot-Quiévreux C (2003). "Advances in chromosomal studies of gastropod molluscs" . Journal of Molluscan Studies . 69 (3): 187–202. doi : 10.1093/mollus/69.3.187 .

^ Yoshimura A (2005). "Karyotypes of two American field crickets: Gryllus rubens and Gryllus sp. (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)". Entomological Science . 8 (3): 219–222. doi : 10.1111/j.1479-8298.2005.00118.x . S2CID 84908090 .

^ Meyer BJ (1997). "Sex Determination and X Chromosome Dosage Compensation: Sexual Dimorphism" . In Riddle DL, Blumenthal T, Meyer BJ, Priess JR (eds.). C. elegans II . Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. ISBN 978-0-87969-532-3 .

^ Handbuch Der Zoologie / Handbook of Zoology . Walter de Gruyter. 1925. ISBN 978-3-11-016210-3 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2020 . Retrieved 29 September 2020 – via Google Books.

^ Tanurdzic M, Banks JA (2004). "Sex-determining mechanisms in land plants" . The Plant Cell . 16 Suppl (Suppl): S61-71. doi : 10.1105/tpc.016667 . PMC 2643385 . PMID 15084718 .

^ Fusco G, Minelli A (10 October 2019). The Biology of Reproduction . Cambridge University Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-1-108-49985-9 .

^ Todd EV, Liu H, Muncaster S, Gemmell NJ (2016). "Bending Genders: The Biology of Natural Sex Change in Fish" . Sexual Development . 10 (5–6): 223–241. doi : 10.1159/000449297 . PMID 27820936 . S2CID 41652893 .

^ Gilbert SF (2000). "Environmental Sex Determination" . Developmental Biology. 6th Edition .

^ Charlesworth B (August 2003). "Sex determination in the honeybee" . Cell . 114 (4): 397–8. doi : 10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00610-X . PMID 12941267 .

^ de la Filia A, Bain S, Ross L (June 2015). "Haplodiploidy and the reproductive ecology of Arthropods" (PDF) . Current Opinion in Insect Science . 9 : 36–43. doi : 10.1016/j.cois.2015.04.018 . hdl : 20.500.11820/b540f12f-846d-4a5a-9120-7b2c45615be6 . PMID 32846706 . S2CID 83988416 .

^ Hamilton, W.D. (1967). "Extraordinary sex ratios". Science . 156 (3774): 477–488. Bibcode : 1967Sci...156..477H . doi : 10.1126/science.156.3774.477 . PMID 6021675 .

^ Kobayashi, Kazuya; Hasegawa, Eisuke; Yamamoto, Yuuka; Kazutaka, Kawatsu; Vargo, Edward L.; Yoshimura, Jin; Matsuura, Kenji (2013). "Sex ratio biases in termites provide evidence for kin selection" . Nat Commun . 4 : 2048. Bibcode : 2013NatCo...4.2048K . doi : 10.1038/ncomms3048 . PMID 23807025 .

^ "Trend Analysis of the sex Ratio at Birth in the United States" (PDF) . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics.

^ Davis, Devra Lee; Gottlieb, Michelle and Stampnitzky, Julie; "Reduced Ratio of Male to Female Births in Several Industrial Countries" in Journal of the American Medical Association ; April 1, 1998, volume 279(13); pp. 1018-1023

^ "CIA Fact Book" . The Central Intelligence Agency of the United States. Archived from the original on 13 June 2007.

^ Whitfield J (June 2004). "Everything you always wanted to know about sexes" . PLOS Biology . 2 (6): e183. doi : 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020183 . PMC 423151 . PMID 15208728 . One thing biologists do agree on is that males and females count as different sexes. And they also agree that the main difference between the two is gamete size: males make lots of small gametes—sperm in animals, pollen in plants—and females produce a few big eggs.

^ Pierce BA (2012). Genetics: A Conceptual Approach . W. H. Freeman. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-4292-3252-4 .

^ Dawkins, Richard (2016). The Selfish Gene . Oxford University Press. pp. 183–184. ISBN 978-0-19-878860-7 . However, there is one fundamental feature of the sexes which can be used to label males as males, and females as females, throughout animals and plants. This is that the sex cells or 'gametes' of males are much smaller and more numerous than the gametes of females. This is true whether we are dealing with animals or plants. One group of individuals has large sex cells, and it is convenient to use the word female for them. The other group, which it is convenient to call male, has small sex cells. The difference is especially pronounced in reptiles and in birds, where a single egg cell is big enough and nutritious enough to feed a developing baby for. Even in humans, where the egg is microscopic, it is still many times larger than the sperm. As we shall see, it is possible to interpret all the other differences between the sexes as stemming from this one basic difference.

^ Jump up to: a b Mori, Emiliano; Mazza, Giuseppe; Lovari, Sandro (2017). "Sexual Dimorphism" . In Vonk, Jennifer; Shackelford, Todd (eds.). Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior . Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–7. doi : 10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_433-1 . ISBN 978-3-319-47829-6 . Retrieved 5 June 2021 .

^ Jump up to: a b c Choe J (21 January 2019). "Body Size and Sexual Dimorphism" . In Cox R (ed.). Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior . Vol. 2. Academic Press. pp. 7–11. ISBN 978-0-12-813252-4 .

^ Wilkinson GS, Reillo PR (22 January 1994). "Female choice response to artificial selection on an exaggerated male trait in a stalk-eyed fly" (PDF) . Proceedings of the Royal Society B . 225 (1342): 1–6. Bibcode : 1994RSPSB.255....1W . CiteSeerX 10.1.1.574.2822 . doi : 10.1098/rspb.1994.0001 . S2CID 5769457 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 September 2006.

^ Drees BM, Jackman J (1999). "Southern black widow spider" . Field Guide to Texas Insects . Houston, Texas: Gulf Publishing Company. Archived from the original on 31 August 2003 . Retrieved 8 August 2012 – via Extension Entomology, Insects.tamu.edu, Texas A&M University.

^ Stuart-Smith J, Swain R, Stuart-Smith R, Wapstra E (2007). "Is fecundity the ultimate cause of female-biased size dimorphism in a dragon lizard?". Journal of Zoology . 273 (3): 266–272. doi : 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2007.00324.x .

^ Shaw AJ (2000). "Population ecology, population genetics, and microevolution". In Shaw AJ, Goffinet B (eds.). Bryophyte Biology . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 379–380. ISBN 978-0-521-66097-6 .

^ Jump up to: a b Schuster RM (1984). "Comparative Anatomy and Morphology of the Hepaticae". New Manual of Bryology . Vol. 2. Nichinan, Miyazaki, Japan: The Hattori botanical Laboratory. p. 891.

^ Crum HA, Anderson LE (1980). Mosses of Eastern North America . Vol. 1. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-231-04516-2 .

^ Briggs DA (1965). "Experimental taxonomy of some British spe
Mirella Csikis Porn Photo
Action Porn Games Torrent
Lesbian Lovers 100 Sex Video