Whitewater Rafting Is An Outdoor Foreign Activity
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Whitewater Rafting Is An Outdoor Foreign Activity
(Redirected from Whitewater rafting )
This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2013 )
^ Hunter, Roy (July 2, 2007). "An analysis of whitewater rafting safety data: risk management for programme organizers". Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning . 7 (1): 21–35. doi : 10.1080/14729670701349624 . S2CID 145373626 .
^ Martin, Tom, and Whitis, Duwain, (2016). Guide to the Colorado & Green Rivers in the Canyonlands of Utah & Colorado. Flagstaff, Arizona, Vishnu Temple Press, pg. 12-13, ISBN 978-0-9913896-3-6
^ "International Rafting Federation (IRF)" . International Rafting Federation (IRF) .
^ "Whitewater Raft Materials and Manufacturers" . Rafting Magazine . Retrieved 2019-11-26 .
^ "Basic Paddle Selection" . Rafting Magazine . Retrieved 2019-11-26 .
^ "4 Things to Expect From Your First Rafting Trip" . Rafting Magazine . Retrieved 2019-11-26 .
^ "Basic Oar Selection" . Rafting Magazine . Retrieved 2019-11-26 .
^ “Whitewater Rafting.” Whitewater Rafting History Comments, 2018, www.whitewaterrafting.com/rafting-info/history.
^ Costello, Ben. "A Clear and Thorough Safety Talk Is One of the Most Important Elements of Any Competent, Professionally Run River Trip." Mountain WhiteWater , Apr. 2018, www.raftmw.com/river-safety-rescue-the-safety-talk/.
^ a b Myers, Thomas, Becker, Christopher, and Stevens, Lawrence, (1999). Fateful Journey: Injury and Death on Colorado River Trips in Grand Canyon. Flagstaff, Arizona, Red Lake Books, pp. 110–111, ISBN 978-1-884546-02-0
^ Ghiglieri, Michael, and Myers, Thomas (2001). Over the Edge: Death in Grand Canyon. Flagstaff, Arizona, Puma Press, p. 212, ISBN 978-0-970097-30-9
^ a b Fiore, David C. (2003). "Injuries associated with whitewater rafting and kayaking" . Wilderness & Environmental Medicine . 14 (4): 255–260. doi : 10.1580/1080-6032(2003)14[255:IAWWRA]2.0.CO;2 . PMID 14719861 .
^ Heggie, Travis W.; Dennis John Caine (2012). Epidemiology of Injury in Adventure and Extreme Sports . Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. ISBN 9783318021646 .
^ Whisman, S A; S J Hollenhorst (1999). "Injuries in commercial whitewater rafting". Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine . 9 (1): 18–23. doi : 10.1097/00042752-199901000-00004 . ISSN 1050-642X . PMID 10336047 .
^ Mason, Maggie (1998-08-23). "Whitewater rafting Booms in West Virginia". Associated Press . Thurmond, WV.
^ Wittmann, Laura (2006-02-05). "Whitewater Is Safer Than You Think". American Whitewater . Missing or empty |url= ( help )
^ Ingram, Jeff, (2003). Hijacking a River: A Political History of the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon. Flagstaff, Arizona, Vishnu Temple Press, pp. 134–137, ISBN 978-0-967459-53-0
^ Ham, S., Kellert, S., & Powell, R. (2009). Interactional theory and the sustainable nature-based tourism experience. Society & Natural Resources, 22(8), 761–776. doi:10.1080/08941920802017560
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Redirected from " Whitewater rafting "
Rafting and whitewater rafting are recreational outdoor activities which use an inflatable raft to navigate a river or other body of water. This is often done on whitewater or different degrees of rough water. Dealing with risk is often a part of the experience. [1]
This activity as an adventure sport has become popular since the 1950s, if not earlier, evolving from individuals paddling 10 feet (3.0 m) to 14 feet (4.3 m) rafts with double-bladed paddles or oars to multi-person rafts propelled by single-bladed paddles and steered by a person at the stern, or by the use of oars . [2]
Rafting on certain sections of rivers is considered an extreme sport and can be fatal, while other sections are not so extreme or difficult. Rafting is also a competitive sport practiced around the world which culminates in a world rafting championship event between the participating nations. The International Rafting Federation , often referred to as the IRF, is the worldwide body which oversees all aspects of the sport. [3]
Rafting equipment has continuously evolved and developed significantly from old rubber WW II era military surplus rafts. Modern whitewater rafts are typically made with advanced nylon or Kevlar infused plastics like PVC or urethane; though many of the more entry-level low-cost manufacturers still use a glued rubber. Plastic is generally more durable, longer-lasting, and just as easy to repair compared to older rubber rafts. [4]
Paddles and oars are the typical means of propulsion for rafts and come in many sizes and varieties with specific river conditions in mind.
Paddles are a combination of layered wood, plastic, aluminium, carbon fiber, or other advanced composites. There are many types and combinations of these materials with lower-end entry-level paddles being composed of cheap aluminum and plastic. Higher-end models are constructed of high-end composites and mostly utilized by professional rafting guides, raft racers, and expedition paddlers. [5]
The basic paddle design for rafting consists of 3 parts:
Paddles are typically utilized by rafters in smaller and lower volume rivers where rocks and other hazards can damage larger oars. Paddles are typically used by guests on commercial trips as well since it is seen as a more engaging way to enjoy the river trip. When paddles are used in a raft it is referred to as "paddling" or "paddle guiding". [6]
Oars are commonly made from the same materials as paddles. Wood, plastic, aluminum, and carbon fiber. Oars are designed for several different rivers with sightly different blade shapes built to handle varying river conditions. Wooden oars are typically built as one solid piece to help retain strength and resilience of the oar while it is strained under a load. Composite or metallic oars typically are made in 3 parts:
All of these parts are interchangeable and can be upgraded and altered in many ways to make rowing more enjoyable. [7] Oars are generally used on wider flatter rivers of higher volume to facilitate moving more efficiently across long slow-moving pools, though anglers will often use shorter oars on smaller rafts in low volume rivers to help them maintain an advantageous upstream position while anglers cast from the raft. When a raft utilizes oars it is called "rowing" though many people typically incorrectly refer to this as "oaring" or "oar framing", however, these terms are incorrect and often suggest inexperience when used in conversation with members of the rafting community. Oars typically use one of 2 systems to attach to the boat, but in either case, they interface with the boat through a large metallic frame strapped to the boat called an "oar frame". Oars connect to the frame by either a pin and clip system or a system called oarlocks . Either system connects to the frame via oar towers on either side of the frame.
Pins are referred to as "thole pins" or "oar pins". A large metal clip attaches to the oar and clips onto the pin. The top of the pin has a rubber or plastic stopper that prevents the oar from slipping over the top of the pin. The bottom of the pin connects to an oar tower designed to hold the pin in place. This system is an older system though it is useful for certain types of river running namely big, dangerous Class 5 rivers that require your oars to stay in place as much as possible.
Oarlocks or locks are a more common form of attachment for oars as they allow the rower to "feather" the oar back and forth as they row making it easier on the person using the oars to continue downstream. Oarlocks look like a pin topped with a U-shaped metal flange. The oars slide into the gap between the U-shaped metal pieces and can be held in place with a plastic stopper called an oarlock. The oarlock allows the oar to maintain its position on the oar at a correct length for rowing.
Whitewater rafting can be traced back to 1811 when the first recorded attempt to navigate the Snake River in Wyoming was planned. With no training, experience, or proper equipment, the river was found to be too difficult and dangerous. Hence, it was given the nickname "Mad River". On June 9, 1940, Clyde Smith lead a successful trip through the Snake River Canyon. [8]
Otherwise known as the International Scale of River Difficulty, below are the six grades of difficulty in white water rafting. They range from simple to very dangerous and potential death or serious injuries.
Class 1: Very small rough areas, might require slight maneuvering. (Skill level: Very basic)
Class 2: Some rough water, maybe some rocks, might require some maneuvering. (Skill level: Basic paddling skill)
Class 3: Small waves, maybe a small drop, but no considerable danger. May require significant maneuvering. (Skill level: Some experience in rafting)
Class 4: Whitewater, medium waves, maybe rocks, maybe a considerable drop, sharp maneuvers may be needed. (Skill level: Exceptional rafting experience)
Class 5: Whitewater, large waves, large volume, possibility of large rocks and hazards, possibility of a large drop, requires precise maneuvering. (Skill level: Full mastery of rafting)
Class 6: Class 6 rapids are considered to be so dangerous that they are effectively unnavigable on a reliably safe basis. Rafters can expect to encounter substantial whitewater, huge waves, huge rocks and hazards, and/or substantial drops that will impart severe impacts beyond the structural capacities and impact ratings of almost all rafting equipment. Traversing a Class 6 rapid has a dramatically increased likelihood of ending in serious injury or death compared to lesser classes. (Skill level: Full mastery of rafting, and even then it may not be safe) [9]
The overall risk level on a rafting trip using proper precautions is low. [10] Thousands of people safely enjoy rafting trips every year.
Like most outdoor sports, rafting, in general, has become safer over the years. Expertise in the sport has increased, and equipment has become more specialized and improved in quality. As a result, the difficulty rating of most river runs has changed. A classic example is the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon , which historically had a reputation far exceeding its actual safety statistics. Today the Grand Canyon sees hundreds of safe rafting trips by both do it yourself rafters and commercial river concessionaires. [10]
Rafting companies generally require customers to sign waiver forms indicating understanding and acceptance of potential serious risks. Both do-it-yourself and commercial rafting trips often begin with safety presentations to educate rafting participants about problems that may arise. Depending on the area, safety regulations covering rafting, both for the general do-it-yourself public as well as commercial operators, may exist in legislation. These range from the mandatory wearing of lifejackets, carrying certain equipment such as whistles and throwable flotation devices, to certification of commercial outfitters and their employees.
It is generally advisable to discuss safety measures with a commercial rafting operator before signing on for that type of trip. The required equipment needed is essential information to be considered.
Risks in white water rafting stem from both environmental dangers and from improper behavior. Certain features on rivers are inherently unsafe and have remained consistently so. These would include ‘keeper hydraulics’, ‘strainers’ (e.g. fallen trees), dams (especially low-head dams, which tend to produce river-wide keeper hydraulics), undercut rocks, and of course dangerously high waterfalls. Even in safe areas, moving water can always present risks—such as when a swimmer attempts to stand up on a rocky riverbed in strong current, risking foot entrapment. Irresponsible behavior related to rafting while intoxicated has also contributed to many accidents. [11]
Typical rafting injuries include trauma from striking an object, traumatic stress from the interaction of the paddler’s positioning and equipment and the force of the water, overuse injuries , submersion/environmental injuries, and non-environmental injuries due to undisclosed medical conditions (such as heart problems). [12] Studies have shown that injury rates in rafting are relatively low, [13] though they may be skewed due to a large number of unreported incidents. [14] Fatalities are rare in both commercial and do-it-yourself rafting. [12] Meta-analyses have calculated that fatalities ranged between 0.55 [15] - 0.86% [16] per 100,000 user days.
Like all outdoor activities, rafting must balance its use of nature with the conservation of rivers as a natural resource and habitat . Because of these issues, some rivers now have regulations restricting the annual seasons and daily operating times or numbers of rafters.
Conflicts have arisen when commercial rafting operators, often in co-operation with municipalities and tourism associations, alter the riverbed by dredging and/or blasting in order to eliminate safety hazards or create more interesting whitewater features in the river. Environmentalists argue that this may have negative impacts to riparian and aquatic ecosystems , while proponents claim these measures are usually only temporary since a riverbed is naturally subject to permanent changes during large floods and other events. Another conflict involves the distribution of scarce river permits to either the do-it-yourself public or commercial rafting companies. [17]
Rafting by do-it-yourself rafters and commercial rafting companies contributes to the economy of many regions which in turn may contribute to the protection of rivers from hydroelectric power generation, diversion for irrigation , and other development. Additionally, white water rafting trips can promote environmentalism . Multi-day rafting trips by do-it-yourself rafters and commercial rafting companies through the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System have the potential to develop environmental stewardship and general environmental behavior. Studies suggest that environmental efficacy increases when there is an increase in the length of the trip, daily immersion, and the amount of resource education by trip participants. [18]
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Have you ever tried a thrilling and adrenaline-pumping outdoor activity such as whitewater rafting? If you haven’t yet then this is the time that you should consider it. Rafting is an exciting activity that has become popular since the mid 1970s. Because of the dangers and risks that may be encountered, it is considered one of the most extreme outdoor activities that any sport and adventure enthusiast can try. If you’re one of the many people who are now getting more concerned about their lifestyle, then you may be considering outdoor activities such as white water rafting trips as a way to maintain a healthy and fit body. If you haven’t tried braving whitewater rapids, then it may be high time to learn about rafting.
It’s an adventure sport that is done in the white water stretches of many rivers with an inflatable boat or raft. The strong and extreme current and turbulence in the water makes it very thrilling. The main goal of this sport is to maneuver and navigate the raft through rapids or turbulent waters, often times taking you over rocks and drops, without capsizing the raft.
In the past, traditional rafts were used to transport people and agricultural products. Today, the traditional design has evolved into a modern and more flexible raft. We can now see different sizes and colors of inflatable rafts. Being inflatable makes it easier for the raft to be brought anywhere. It will only consume a small amount of space during travel to the river or body of water where you want to go rafting. Usually, the inflatable rafts have bright colors to make it more visible and easier for rescue if accidents happen.
There are many good reasons why you should try whitewater rafting and challenging the strong currents of a river or other bodies of water that flow continuously. One is the fact that you have to address the challenge of staying on your raft while the strong currents of water keep pushing against it. Of course, you need to have great focus and concentration when paddling because one wrong move may turn the raft upside down . It is essential to have a strong body and flexible muscles to be able to paddle against the river's swift current. To succeed in overcoming the strength of the water, you must have great body and mind coordination. Both your whole body and mind are going to be worked out whenever you go whitewater rafting.
Another reason why rafting is thrilling is because you can go with other people who have the same mindset. Your friends or companions can help you in dealing with the risks of rafting against the wild waters. To succeed in the activity, you and the rest of your team must have great communication and coordination to navigate the raft in the right direction. In this way, the team can avoid obstacles that may damage or turn the raft upside down. In addition, working together to achieve one common goal strengthens the bond between the team members. Rafting also improves the team?s understanding of how each member thinks. Lastly, rafting is a great outdoor activity because you get to bond with the environment. There is no better workout than working out with nature. With these thrilling reasons, you should definitely try whitewater rafting . Bring your closest friends, family members or athletic partners with you to the nearest river in your area and start enjoying whitewater rafting today.
Rivers have grade levels dependent on the current, size of rapids, magnitude of rapids and navigational technique needed to travel downstream. Whitewater rafting has stages and varying levels of intensity depending on the level of the water.
If you have been whitewater rafting for quite some time or are an adventure seeker and wish to experience more excitement in this exhilarating activity, whitewater rafting on a Grade IV and V levels river will surely excite you. Grade IV waters have more rapids and bigger waves; some rocks and a drop can also be considered. Grade V whitewater rafting, often has large waves with more volume, have more rocks making it more technical to navigate the rapids, and large drops may also be expected, depending on the river and rapid. In this level, precise and accurate maneuvering is necessary. Obviously, inherent risks and dangers should be anticipated.
Whitewater rafting in a Grade VI level river is considered to be dangerous, as the rapids are extremely treacherous. The waves and the rocks are huge and the drops are considered very hazardous. It is not advisable to go rafting in this level of water. The threat of severe injuries and even deaths are very high in this area compared to the lower grades. In any level that you wish to try, it is very important that you wear the proper gear and equipment . You have to be aware of all the guidelines, parameters and strategies to be able to avoid any form of danger. With the right knowledge, proper training and experience, whitewater rafting can be the best outdoor sport activity for you.
If you are not a hard core outdoor individual, experienced rafter, well trained and athletic, don’t worry! Believe it or not, even a child as young as three years old can have a feel of what this exciting activity brings. There are a lot of options for families, which are mild in intensity. In fact, Grand Canyon rafting trips require no previous rafting skills as the guides are navigating the rapids, with the exception of a paddle raft however even in this case, no experience is necessary. The guide sits at the back of the raft and directs you and the other passengers as you dig into the water.
Grade I waters mean that there are only little or few rough areas in the water. It means rapids are easy and not rough. It also requires just a little maneuvering. All passengers and guests are obligated to wear life jackets as a precaution whichever grade of water you wish to conquer. However, do not misinterpret the fact that these trips are not exciting because you will be rafting through many class 7, 8, 9 and 10's on a 1 - 10 rating scale in the Grand Canyo , not to mention incredible side canyon excursions with beautiful scenery. The magic of whitewater rafting is that it does not only provide a rush while on the river, but it also offers the possibility to combine other memorable experiences including hiking to notable attractions and natural waterfalls as well as camping at a new location down river each night for multi-day rafting trips. These trips will entertain, energize and relax you.
If you’re considering to raft the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, your highly skilled guides will not only navigate the river safely, but also prepare incredible meals for you during your multi day raft trip. For more information on Grand Canyon rafting, please contact us or search for your trip by clicking the banner below!
We are a team of experts, having voyaged every route in every raft down the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon and are ready to help you plan your trip!
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