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The National Audubon Society protects birds and the places they need, today and tomorrow, throughout the Americas using science, advocacy, education, and on-the-ground conservation.
Bald Eagle. Photo: Howard Arndt/Audubon Photography Awards
Great Egret. Photo: Dick Dickinson/Audubon Photography Awards
The National Audubon Society protects birds and the places they need, today and tomorrow, throughout the Americas using science, advocacy, education, and on-the-ground conservation.
Bald Eagle. Photo: Howard Arndt/Audubon Photography Awards
From their viral tunes to their bizarre genetics, this backyard favorite is full of surprises.
By Jenny McKee Reporter, Audubon Magazine
By Jenny McKee Reporter, Audubon Magazine
Latin:Â
Zonotrichia albicollis
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Appearing in dizzying varieties of white, tan, red, brown, striped, spotted, and crowned, sparrows can confuse even the most seasoned birders. Fortunately, the White-throated Sparrowâtrue to its nameâhas a bright white throat, aiding any birder in a confident ID. Although some sparrows may be elusive, hiding in dense marshes or rarely singing, White-throated Sparrows are frequent visitors to feeders in the eastern United States. This sparrow may be common to backyards, but their color variation and strange genetics suggest they are anything but ordinary.
1.) White-throated Sparrows are one of North America's most common and abundant sparrow species, wintering primarily in the eastern United States and summering throughout Canada and parts of the northeast. A 2019 study revealed that Passerellidae, new world sparrows that include White-throated Sparrows, declined by 87 percent over the past half centuryâthatâs 862 million fewer birds than population estimates in 1970. The White-throated Sparrow population remains somewhat stable, but conversion of their preferred forest habitat to agriculture marks the greatest threat.
2.) The White-throated Sparrowâs scientific name, Zonotrichia albicollis , closely matches the common name: The genus, Zonotrichia , stems from the ancient Greek for âhair band,â and albicollis comes from Latin, meaning âwhite neck.â Although the common name emphasizes the white throat, donât forget about their handsome yellow lores, or feather patches between their bill and eyes, that both males and females sport to varying degrees.Â
3.) As for those lores, White-throated Sparrows are unable to produce yellow, so the birds depend on a diet rich in carotenoids âpigments manufactured mainly by plantsâto provide this golden hue. Their fall and winter diet of seeds and fruitâespecially wild cranberries, blueberries, and grapesâgive the sparrows a carotenoid boost.Â
4. For birders, the sweet, clear song of the White-throated Sparrow is a cherished sign of spring. Their tune is often described as an easily recognizable Poor Sam, Peabody, Peabody, Peabody , or Oh sweet, Canada, Canada, Canada . But sometime before 2000, a new version of the song emerged in western Canada that dropped a syllable: Oh sweet, Cana, Cana, Cana . The remixed tune went viral, expanding east across Canada and over to New England by 2019. Researchers suspect that sparrows singing the original song learned the two-syllable version from birds on shared wintering grounds.
5.) White-throated Sparrows breed in Canada and the northern boundary of the United States in coniferous and deciduous forests, especially those regenerating from logging, fires, and insect damage. They generally build their nest cups on the ground, in areas where low, dense understory conceals nests. A lovely shade of pale greenish-blue, the four to five eggs hatch after two weeks of incubation by the female. Although young leave the nest fewer than 10 days after hatching, parents may continue to feed nestlings protein-rich insects for an additional two weeks. White-throated Sparrows can raise two broods in a breeding season, and females sometimes start the second brood less than a week after nestlings from the first brood fledge.Â
6.) Most White-throated Sparrows perform some type of migration, though a population of hardy birds does live year-round in the northeastern United States, where they survive on bits of grass, seeds, and berries. They also frequent city parks and backyards, taking advantage of bird feeders. In the spring, migrants from the southeastern United States fan out and pass through the Midwest as they head to their northern breeding territories. Populations of White-throated Sparrows that winter in western states migrate to northern breeding territories west of the Rocky Mountains, though they are less abundant than eastern populations.Â
7.) White-throated Sparrows generally live up to 6 years old, but one individual was almost 10 years old when recovered in Fairfax, Virginia, a victim of a cat predation. Another long-lived sparrow had survived up to 14 years and 11 months when scientists recaptured it in Alberta, Canada.
8.) Like several other bird species , White-throated Sparrows boast two color morphs: Some individuals sport broad tan stripes on their head, and others have distinct white stripes. The discovery of the two morphs in adultsârather than them just being a matter of plumage variation or maturityâwas a breakthrough finding in 1961 by ornithologist James Lowther. Males and females can be tan-striped or white-striped, and they fully overlap in their breeding and wintering areas.
9.) The color morphs not only look different, they also behave uniquely, setting the White-throated Sparrow apart from other species. White-striped males have higher testosterone than tan-striped individuals and tend to be more aggressive; the male white-striped birds also romance more females. Shining in the parental category, tan-striped birds are more nurturing. The two color variants and their specific mating preferences are the result of intriguing genetics that effectively create four âsexesâ in White-throated Sparrows: white-striped males, white-striped females, tan-striped males, and tan-striped females.
10.) Spot a funky looking White-throated Sparrow? Almost 10Â percent of all bird species hybridize , so your eyes may not be deceiving you. Although the White-throated tends to be picky about which morph it mates withâwhite-striped birds only mate with tan-striped birdsâthey sometimes pair with Dark-eyed Juncos. The coupling can yield healthy offspring that look like grayer White-throated Sparrows, whose songs combine a juncoâs trill and the âCanadaâ notes of the White-throated Sparrow.
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© Ryan Schain | Macaulay Library Massachusetts, October 31, 2016
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Large, plump sparrow with long tail and fairly small bill. Bold face pattern with black and white crown stripes, yellow spot between eye and bill, and neat white throat patch on gray face and breast.
Large, plump sparrow with long tail and small bill. In "tan-striped" form, individuals have lower contrast head pattern with brown stripes on the head instead of white. Often found among "white-striped" individuals.
Sings a thin whistle that sounds like Oh-sweet-canada-canada or Old-Sam-Peabody-Peabody often at the tops of trees or shrubs.
Large, plump sparrow with small bill and rounded head. Immatures have brown-and-black head stripes, less yellow before the eye, and faint streaks on the breast.
Readily visits feeders or pecks at fallen seeds beneath them. Eats millet and sunflower seeds.
Large sparrow with small grayish bill. Upperparts are reddish brown with dark brown streaks. Underparts grayish with neat white throat patch.
White throat sometimes outline with black line. Two white wingbars on rich reddish brown wings.
Hops along the ground, scratching at the surface to uncover insects and seeds. This video has no audio.
Typically found on or near the ground in forests with dense shrubby understory.
Often scratches at the ground with a double hop to uncover insects and seeds.
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The White-throated Sparrow is a large, full-bodied sparrow with a fairly prominent bill, rounded head, long legs, and long, narrow tail.
Slightly larger than a Song Sparrow
White-throated Sparrows are brown above and gray below with a striking head pattern. The black-and-white-striped head is augmented by a bright white throat and yellow between the eye and the bill, which is gray. Youâll also see a less boldly marked form, known as âtan-striped,â with a buff-on-brown face pattern instead of white-on-black.
White-throated Sparrows stay near the ground, scratching through leaves in search of food, often in flocks. You may see them low in bushes as well, particularly in spring when they eat fresh buds. White-throated Sparrows sing their distinctive songs frequently, even in winter.
Look for White-throated Sparrows in woods, at forest edges, in the regrowth that follows logging or forest fires, at pond and bog edges, and in copses near treeline. In winter you can find these birds in thickets, overgrown fields, parks, and woodsy suburbs. They readily come to backyards for birdseed.
New World Sparrows (Order: Passeriformes, Family: Passerellidae )
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389 | North American bird species are threatened by climate change
1,100 | Number of coastal sites where Audubon works
200,000 | Acre-feet of water set aside for conservation purposes along the Colorado River
1.9M | Acres of farmland under bird-friendly land management practices
800,000 | Native plants planted by Audubon members
The Audubon Bird Guide is a free and complete field guide to more than 800 species of North American birds, right in your pocket.
Type in your search and hit Enter on desktop or hit Go on mobile device
A common winter bird of eastern woodlots, shuffling about on the ground in loose flocks, often coming to bird feeders that are placed close enough to the shelter of thickets. It is also widespread in the West in winter, but in much smaller numbers. In summer, White-throated Sparrows sing their clear whistles in northern forests. Adults may have head stripes of either white or tan, and scientists have found some odd differences in behavior between these two color morphs.
A common winter bird of eastern woodlots, shuffling about on the ground in loose flocks, often coming to bird feeders that are placed close enough to the shelter of thickets. It is also widespread in the West in winter, but in much smaller numbers. In summer, White-throated Sparrows sing their clear whistles in northern forests. Adults may have head stripes of either white or tan, and scientists have found some odd differences in behavior between these two color morphs.
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The National Audubon Society protects birds and the places they need, today and tomorrow, throughout the Americas using science, advocacy, education, and on-the-ground conservation.
Bald Eagle. Photo: Howard Arndt/Audubon Photography Awards
Great Egret. Photo: Dick Dickinson/Audubon Photography Awards
The National Audubon Society protects birds and the places they need, today and tomorrow, throughout the Americas using science, advocacy, education, and on-the-ground conservation.
Bald Eagle. Photo: Howard Arndt/Audubon Photography Awards
Adult (tan-striped morph). Photo: Daniel Irons/Great Backyard Bird Count
Forages mostly on ground under or close to dense thickets. Often scratches briefly in leaf-litter with both feet. Also forages up in shrubs and low trees, mainly in summer.
4-5, sometimes 3-6, rarely 2-7. Pale blue or greenish blue, marked with reddish brown and lavender. Incubation is by female only, about 11-14 days.
Both parents feed nestlings. Young usually leave nest 8-9 days after hatching, are tended by parents for at least 2 more weeks. 1-2 broods per year. A few differences between c
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