Where Was James Baldwin Born
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Born: August 2, 1924
New York, New York
Died: November 30, 1987
Saint-Paul-de-Vance, France
African American author and playwright
The author James Baldwin achieved international recognition for his expressions of African American life in the United States. During the 1960s he was one of the most outspoken leaders of the civil rights movement.
James Arthur Baldwin, the son of Berdis Jones Baldwin and the stepson of David Baldwin, was born in Harlem, New York City, on August 2, 1924. He was the oldest of nine children and from an early age loved to read. His father was a preacher in the Pentecostal church, and at the age of fourteen Baldwin also became a preacher. At eighteen he graduated from DeWitt Clinton High School, where he had written for a magazine put out by the school. Baldwin then realized that he wanted to write for a living.
In 1944 Baldwin met another writer named Richard Wright (1908–1960), who helped Baldwin secure a fellowship (a writing award) that provided him with enough money to devote all of his time to literature. By 1948 Baldwin had decided that he could get more writing done in a place where there was less prejudice, and he went to live and work in Europe with money from another fellowship. While overseas Baldwin completed the books Go Tell It on the Mountain (1953), Notes of a Native Son (1955), and Giovanni's Room (1956).
Returning to the United States after nine years overseas, Baldwin became known as the leading spokesperson among writers for the civil rights of African Americans. He gave popular lectures on the subject, and he quickly discovered that social conditions for African Americans had become even worse while he was abroad. As the 1960s began—and violence in the South increased—Baldwin grew increasingly angry. He responded with three powerful books of essays: Nobody Knows My Name (1961); The Fire Next Time (1963), in which he predicts future outbursts of black anger; and More Notes of a Native Son. These works were accompanied by Another Country (1962), his third novel. Going to Meet the Man (1965) is a group of short stories from the same period. During this time Baldwin's descriptions of Richard Avedon's photography were published under the title Nothing Personal (1964). Four years later came another novel, Tell Me How Long the Train's Been Gone.
In addition, the mid-1960s saw Baldwin's two published plays produced on Broadway. The Amen Corner, first staged in Washington, D.C., in 1955, was presented at New York City's Ethel Barrymore Theatre in April 1965. Similar in tone to Go Tell It on the Mountain, it describes the strong religious feeling of the Pentecostal church. Blues for Mr. Charlie, which premiered at Broadway's ANTA Theatre in April 1964, is based on the case of Emmett Till, a fourteen-year-old African American from Chicago who was murdered by white people in Mississippi in 1955.
The assassinations of three of Baldwin's friends—civil rights marcher Medgar Evers (1926–1963), the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929–1968), and the black Muslim leader Malcolm X (1925–1965)—destroyed any hopes Baldwin had that problems between the races would be solved in the United States, and he returned to France in the early 1970s. His later works of fiction include If Beale Street Could Talk (1974) and Just Above My Head (1979). Nonfiction writings of this period include: No Name in the Street (1972); The Devil Finds Work (1976), an examination of African Americans in the movie industry; and The Evidence of Things Not Seen (1985), a discussion of issues of race surrounding the child murders in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1979 and 1980. A volume of poetry, Jimmy's Blues, was issued in 1985.
Baldwin's greatest achievement as a writer was his ability to address American race relations by discussing the effects of racism (unequal treatment based on race) on the mind. In his essays and fiction he considered the point of view of both the offender and the victim. He suggested that all people, not just one group of people, suffer in a racist climate. Baldwin's fiction and plays also explore the burdens society places on individuals. Two of his best-known works, the novel Go Tell It on the Mountain and the play The Amen Corner, were inspired by his years with the Pentecostal church in Harlem. In Go Tell It on the Mountain, for instance, a teenage boy struggles with a strict stepfather and experiences a religious awakening. Love in all of its forms became a key ingredient in Baldwin's writing. Later Baldwin novels deal honestly with homosexuality (sexual desire for members of the same sex) and love affairs between members of different races.
Baldwin's writing is noted for its beauty and power. His language seems purposely chosen to shock and shake the reader into a concerned state of action. His major themes are repeated: the terrible pull of love and hate between black and white Americans; the conflicts between guilt or shame and sexual freedom; the gift of sharing and extending love; and the charm of goodness versus evil. He describes the rewards of artistic achievement among the problems of modern life, including racism, industrialism (the influence of large corporations on everyday life), materialism (the pursuit of material wealth above all else), and a global power struggle. Everything that lessens or harms the human spirit is strongly attacked.
Baldwin remained overseas much of the last fifteen years of his life, but he never gave up his American citizenship. The citizens of France came to consider Baldwin one of their own, and in 1986 he was given one of the country's highest honors when he was named Commander of the Legion of Honor. He died of stomach cancer on November 30, 1987, in Saint-Paul-de-Vance, France, but he was buried in Harlem. One of his last works to see publication during his lifetime was a collection of essays called The Price of the Ticket: Collected Nonfiction, 1948–1985.
Leeming, David Adams. James Baldwin: A Biography. New York: Knopf, 1994.
Washington, Bryan R. The Politics of Exile: Ideology in Henry James, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and James Baldwin. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1995.
Weatherby, William J. James Baldwin: Artist on Fire. New York: D. I. Fine, 1989.
Ihad no idea that Baldwin was a activist for the civil rights movement, although I should have picked up on it after reading the story of, "Sonny Blues" when the mother told the story of the fathers brother being killed by a group of white people.
Just finished reading "If Beale Street Could Talk", and it was so reminescent of how I grew up in rural Kansas, just south of Kansas City, Kansas. My question, however, has to do with the ending. Please explain it to me...because I could not figure it out.
Thanks,
cjt
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Also Known As: James Arthur Baldwin
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place of death: Saint Paul de Vence
James Baldwin was an American writer and social critic, best known for his debut novel, ‘Go Tell It on the Mountain’. A highly insightful writer, he explored themes like race, sexuality, spirituality, and humanity in his works. Born in Harlem, New York, U.S. as the eldest son of his mother, he never knew the identity of his biological father. His mother married again and even though his step-father adopted him, he never treated the young boy with love and care. Abused by his step-father and growing up in poverty, he spent much of his early years caring for his numerous younger siblings. His future looked bleak when he happened to meet the renowned artist Beauford Delaney who became his mentor and encouraged him to express himself creatively. Baldwin who already had an interest in writing started taking his passion seriously and soon wrote several short stories, essays, and book reviews. He had realized during his teenage that he was gay, and being a homosexual in mid-20th century America was very difficult and he was often subjected to discrimination and abuse. Disillusioned with his homeland, he moved to France and established himself as not just an influential African-American writer but also as an influential exile writer
James Baldwin was born on August 2, 1924, Harlem, New York, U.S. to Emma Berdis Jones. His mother divorced her abusive husband shortly after James was born. A few years later she married a preacher David Baldwin who adopted James. Emma and David had several more children and the family lived in poverty.
James Baldwin had strained relations with his step-father who treated him very harshly.
James loved reading and writing from a young age. He went to Frederick Douglass Junior High before moving on to DeWitt Clinton High School. As a black boy, he was often subjected to racial remarks.
He graduated from high school in 1942.
After his graduations, James Baldwin started doing odd jobs in order to help support his large family which consisted of several younger siblings. Even as he struggled to make ends meet, he wrote short stories, essays, and book reviews whenever he could find leisure time.
In 1953, he published his debut novel, ‘Go Tell It on the Mountain’. It was semi-autobiographical and examined the role of the Christian Church in the lives of African-Americans. He made numerous references to the Bible in this book.
In his 1956 novel ‘Giovanni's Room’, he explored the concepts of homosexuality and bisexuality, drawing from his own experiences as a gay man living in the mid-20th century America.
James Baldwin was also a playwright and wrote the play, ‘Blues for Mister Charlie’, a tragedy in three acts. Loosely based on a real-life incident, the Emmett Till murder, the play was first produced in 1964.
His novel ‘Tell Me How Long the Train's Been Gone’, first published in 1968 revolves around the lives of a black man and his white partner, and explores the issues of racism, bisexuality, white privilege, and Fundamentalist Christianity, like many of his other literary works.
In 1972, he published a non-fiction book, ‘No Name in the Street’. He described several historical events and figures from his own perspective in the book. Some of the figures he covered were Martin Luther King, Bobby Seale, Malcolm X, and Huey Newton.
Baldwin was famous for writing book-length essays and his ‘The Devil Finds Work’ (1976) was one of them. In this work, he discussed several movies and gave a critique of the racial politics of American cinema. The movies discussed include ‘Guess Who's Coming to Dinner’, ‘In the Heat of the Night’ and ‘The Defiant Ones’.
He was a prolific writer and continued publishing till the end of his life. However, his later works could not achieve the widespread popularity and success of his earlier works.
His debut novel, ‘Go Tell It on the Mountain’, is probably his best known work. Time Magazine included the novel in its TIME 100 Best English-language Novels from 1923 to 2005.
He was honored with the George Polk Award.
James Baldwin was the recipient of the Eugene F. Saxon Memorial Award which he secured with the help of the writer Richard Wright.
In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante included James Baldwin on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans.
James Baldwin realized that he was gay when he was in his teens. Being black and gay, he was often targeted and abused. Disillusioned with the state of the society in the US he moved to France where he spent the most of his later life.
He was a popular person and had many close friends including actor Marlon Brando, civil rights activist Nina Simone, author and singer Maya Angelou, and Nobel Prize-winning novelist Toni Morrison.
He suffered from esophageal cancer and died on December 1, 1987.
He was active in the Civil Rights Movement in the US and made a prominent appearance at the Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. on August 28, 1963. However, the civil rights movement was hostile to homosexuals and he was one of the few gay men in the movement.
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Where Was James Baldwin Born
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