When Did Hadrian Become Emperor

When Did Hadrian Become Emperor

N.S. Gill is a Latinist, writer, and teacher of ancient history and Latin. She has been featured by NPR and National Geographic for her ancient history expertise.

Gill, N.S. "Biography of Hadrian, Roman Emperor." ThoughtCo, Feb. 16, 2021, thoughtco.com/hadrian-roman-emperor-118894.
Gill, N.S. (2021, February 16). Biography of Hadrian, Roman Emperor. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/hadrian-roman-emperor-118894
Gill, N.S. "Biography of Hadrian, Roman Emperor." ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/hadrian-roman-emperor-118894 (accessed July 1, 2022).

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Hadrian (January 24, 76–July 10, 138) was a Roman emperor for 21 years who unified and consolidated Rome’s vast empire, unlike his predecessor, who focused on expansion. He was the third of the so-called Five Good Emperors; he presided over the glory days of the Roman Empire and is known for many building projects, including a famous wall across Britain to keep out the barbarians.

Known For : Roman Emperor, one of the five "good emperors"
Also Known As : Imperator Caesar Traianus Hadrianus Augustus, Publius Aelius Hadrianu
Born : January 24, 76, possibly in Rome or in Italica, in what is now Spain
Parents : Aelius Hadrianus Afer, Domitia Paulina
Died : July 10, 138 in Baiae, near Naples, Italy

Hadrian was born on Jan. 24, 76. He probably was not originally from Rome. The "Augustan History," a collection of biographies of the Roman emperors, says his family was from Picenum, but more recently of Spain, and moved to Rome. His mother Domitia Paulina came from a distinguished family from Gades, which today is Cadiz, Spain.

His father was Aelius Hadrianus Afer, a magistrate and cousin of future Roman Emperor Trajan . He died when Hadrian was 10, and Trajan and Acilius Attianus (Caelium Tatianum) became his guardians. In 90 Hadrian visited Italica, a Roman city in present-day Spain, where he received military training and developed a fondness for hunting that he kept for the rest of his life.

Hadrian married Vibia Sabina, grand-niece of Emperor Trajan, in 100.

Toward the end of Emperor Domitian's reign, Hadrian started out on the traditional career path of a Roman senator. He was made a military tribune , or officer, and then became a quaestor, a low-ranking magistrate, in 101. He was later curator of the Acts of the Senate. When Trajan was consul, a higher magistrate's position, Hadrian went with him to the Dacian Wars and became tribune of the plebeians , a powerful political office, in 105.

Two years later he became praetor, a magistrate just below consul. He then went to Lower Pannonia as governor and became consul, the pinnacle of a senator’s career, in 108.

His rise from there to emperor in 117 involved some palace intrigue. After he became consul his career rise stopped, possibly triggered by the death of a previous consul, Licinius Sura, when a faction opposed to Sura, Trajan's wife Plotina and Hadrian came to dominate Trajan's court. There is some evidence that during this period, Hadrian devoted himself to studying the nation and culture of Greece, a long-held interest of his.

Somehow, Hadrian’s star rose again shortly before Trajan died, probably because Plotina and her associates had regained Trajan’s confidence. Third-century Greek historian Cassius Dio says that Hadrian's former guardian, Attianus, then a powerful Roman, also was involved. Hadrian was holding a major military command under Trajan when, on Aug. 9, 117, he learned that Trajan had adopted him, a sign of succession. Two days later, it was reported that Trajan had died, and the army proclaimed Hadrian emperor.

Hadrian ruled the Roman Empire until 138. He is known for spending more time traveling throughout the empire than any other emperor. Unlike his predecessors, who had relied on reports from the provinces, Hadrian wanted to see things for himself. He was generous with the military and helped to reform it, including ordering the construction of garrisons and forts. He spent time in Britain, where in 122 he initiated the building of a protective stone wall, known as Hadrian's Wall , across the country in to keep the northern barbarians out. It marked the northernmost boundary of the Roman Empire until early in the fifth century.

The wall stretches from the North Sea to the Irish Sea and is 73 miles long, eight to 10 feet wide, and 15 feet high. Along the way, the Romans built towers and small forts called milecastles, which housed up to 60 men. Sixteen larger forts were built, and south of the wall the Romans dug a wide ditch with six-foot-high earthen banks. Though many of the stones were carried away and recycled into other buildings, the wall still stands.

During his reign, Hadrian was generous to citizens of the Roman empire. He awarded large sums of money to communities and individuals and allowed the children of individuals charged with major crimes to inherit part of the family estate. According to the "Augustan History," he wouldn't take the bequests of people he didn't know or of people whose sons could inherit the bequests, contrary to earlier practice.

Some of Hadrian's reforms indicate how barbaric the times were. He outlawed the practice of enslavers killing their enslaved people and changed the law so that if an enslaver was murdered at home, only captives who were nearby could be tortured for evidence. He also changed laws so that bankrupt people would be flogged in the amphitheater and then released, and he made the baths separate for men and women.

He restored many buildings, including the Pantheon in Rome, and moved the Colossus, the 100-foot bronze statue installed by Nero. When Hadrian traveled to other cities in the empire, he implemented public works projects. Personally, he tried in many ways to live unassumingly, like a private citizen.

On a trip through Asia Minor, Hadrian met Antinoüs, a young man born about 110. Hadrian made Antinoüs his companion, though by some accounts he was regarded as Hadrian's lover. Traveling together along the Nile in 130, the young man fell into the river and drowned, Hadrian was desolate. One report said Antinoüs had jumped into the river as a sacred sacrifice, though Hadrian denied that explanation.

Whatever the reason for his death, Hadrian mourned deeply. The Greek world honored Antinoüs, and cults inspired by him appeared across the empire. Hadrian named Antinopolis, a city near Hermopolis in Egypt, after him.

Hadrian became ill, associated in the "Augustan History" with his refusal to cover his head in heat or cold. His illness lingered, making him long for death. When he couldn't persuade anyone to help him commit suicide, he took up indulgent eating and drinking, according to Dio Cassius. He died on July 10, 138.

Hadrian is remembered for his travels, his building projects, and his efforts to tie together the far-flung outposts of the Roman empire. He was aesthetic and educated and left behind several poems. Signs of his reign remain in a number of buildings, including the Temple of Rome and Venus, and he rebuilt the Pantheon, which had been destroyed by fire during the reign of his predecessor.

His own country residence, Villa Adriana, outside Rome is considered the architectural epitome of the opulence and elegance of the Roman world. Covering seven square miles, it was more a garden city than a villa, including baths, libraries, sculpture gardens, theaters, alfresco dining halls, pavilions, and private suites, portions of which survived to modern times. It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1999. Hadrian's tomb, now called the Castel Sant’Angelo in Rome, became a burial place for succeeding emperors and was converted into a fortress in the 5th century.

Publius Aelius Hadrianus, better known as Hadrian, was the Emperor of Rome from 117 to 138. He belonged to an aristocratic Roman family with roots in Italica, Hispania. After the death of his father, he was brought up by Emperor Trajan of Rome who was his father’s cousin. He started his administrative career as a minor magistrate and went on to do three tenures in the army to gain military experience. Later, he was elected to the senate and became a member of the Emperor’s personal entourage. He was close to Empress Plotina and got married to her grand-niece, which qualified him to succeed Trajan after his death. Unlike his predecessors, he did not expand the Roman Empire, but consolidated his kingdom and brought in peace and prosperity. He built monuments and developed art and culture. The Hadrian wall, which protected his kingdom from the barbarians and his autobiography are noteworthy. He had no children of his own and was openly gay, due to which he had to adopt his successor. Though his rule was marred by controversies, he has gone down in history as one of Rome’s good Emperors.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian (Busts of Hadrianus in Venice Date 18 November 2017, 16:20:56)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian_(opera) (Capitoline Museums [Public domain])

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hadrian_Greek_BM_Sc1381.jpg (Marie-Lan Nguyen [Public domain])

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian#/media/File:Bust_of_Emperor_Hadrian._Roman_117-138_CE._Probably_From_Rome,_Italy._Formerly_in_the_Townley_Collection._Now_housed_in_the_British_Museum,_London.jpg (Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg) [CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)])

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian (Carole Raddato [Public domain])
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Hadrian was born on 24 January 76 in Italica, Hispania into the ‘Nervan-Antonine’ dynasty, which was a well established Roman family with roots in Italica, Hispania, Baetica, near modern day Seville, Spain. (As per some historians he was born in Rome).
His father, Publius Aelius Hadrianus Afer Trajan, was the cousin of Emperor Trajan and a senator of ‘Praetorian’ rank who spent most of his time in Rome. His mother, Domitia Paulina, belonged to a distinguished Hispano – Roman senator family from Gades, Spain. His elder sister, Aelia Domitia Paulina, was his only sibling.
His parents died when he was 10 years old and he became a ward of both Emperor Trajan and Publius Acilius Attianus who was Trajan’s ‘Praetorian Perfect’. Young Hadrian moved to Rome at the age of 14 where he was given an aristocratic upbringing and taught various subjects. He was fond of Greek literature and got the nickname ‘Graeculus’.
He started his career as a ‘Vigintivirate’, which is a minor magistrate in the inheritance court. At the age of 19 he did his first military service as a tribune on the ‘Legio II Adiutrix’ of the Roman army. He was later transferred to the ‘Legio V Macedonica’. He had yet another spell of military service in the tribunate of ‘Legio XXII Primigenia’, which gave him the distinction of having exceptional military experience.
In the year 101, Hadrian was elected as a ‘Quaestor’, which was the beginning of his career in the Senate. His first task was to read the speeches of the Emperor. Later, he was appointed ‘ab actis senatus’ and was assigned the responsibility of keeping a record of the proceedings of the Senate.
Hadrian was a member of Trajan’s personal entourage during the First Dacian War. After the war he was elected as a ‘Praetor’ and given charge of an army. He rose to be a Legate of ‘Legion – Legio I Minervia’, which was the equivalent of the rank of a General, during the Second Dacian War.
After the war he was appointed governor of the province, Lower Pannonia, which was considered to be a high ranking post for someone his age. Legend has it that during this period Trajan handed over a ring to Hadrian that was given to him by his predecessor, which was a signal of succession.
When Trajan was seriously ill and had to return to Rome. Hadrian stayed back in Syria to guard the Roman rear. Thus, he became the de-facto commander of the Eastern Roman army. Trajan passed away in Selinus and Empress Plotina signed the succession document transferring power to Hadrian.
The accession to the throne was not smooth for Hadrian as Trajan had not personally signed any document to transfer power to him. He was relatively junior to other senators who also had ambitions for the throne. However, he had the support of the army and his competitors were eliminated while he was consolidating power in the East.
Hadrian did not follow an expansionist policy as an Emperor. He believed in peace and consolidation of his empire. He gave up Mesopotamia in the East and built the famous Hadrian Wall in Britannia to safeguard his territory.
He devoted a lot of his time and effort to revive art and architecture in his kingdom. He built his villa with landscaped gardens and went about renovating monuments that had been destroyed due to war or natural calamities. He also personally wrote Latin and Greek poetry and an autobiography titled ‘Phlegon of Tralles’.
One of the most distinctive aspects about Hadrian’s rule was that he spent a lot of time travelling around his empire. Unlike most Emperors before him who left Rome only to conquer land, he visited his subjects and worked towards establishing peace and prosperity.
During his travels he was accompanied by architects who rendered advice on constructing new buildings or renovating ruins. He also negotiated peace within his kingdom and with his neighbours. A glaring example is the peace settlement with the Parthian King, Osroes, when he visited Euphrates.
He toured Greece in the year 124-125 and participated in the religious rights of ‘Eleusinian Mysteries’. He revised the constitution of Athens and initiated the construction of many monuments.
In his reign from 117 to 138, Hadrian earned the reputation of being a good administrator and a humanist. He brought in legal reforms to define the law and not leave it to the interpretation of senators.
Hadrian wrote poetry and his biography titled ‘Phlegon of Tralles’.
He built many monuments, including his villa and tomb. The Hadrian wall is one of the first of its kind defence structure.
He married Vibia Sabina who was the grand-niece of Emperor Trajan on the behest of Empress Plotina, after the death of her husband. Plotina and Hadrian shared philosophical interest and got along well. However, Trajan was not enthusiastic about the marriage that was more for convenience as Hadrian and Sabina did not get along well and had no children of their own.
Hadrian was the first Roman Emperor to make it known publicly that he was gay. His companion, Antinous, accompanied him on all his travels and finds mention in Hadrian’s poetry. He even named a Greek city after him when he died a premature death due to drowning.
Since he had no children of his own, he adopted Aellius Caesar who unfortunately died so he again adopted Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus who went on to become Emperor after Hadrian died on 10th July 138 AD at the age of 62.
Hadrian had an interest in astrology and divination and had been told of his accession to the throne by his grand uncle.
When Hadrian fell out with Emperor Trajan he tried to make amends with the Emperor by indulging in heavy drinking with him.
He was a great hunter and brought the beard back into fashion in Rome.
He is responsible for laying the foundation of the Byzantine Empire and changed the name of Judea to create Palestine.
- https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/hadrian-8164.php
Birthday: January 24 , 76 ( Aquarius )
Birthday: January 24 , 76 ( Aquarius )
Also Known As: Publius Aelius Hadrianus, Publius Aelius Hadrianus Buccellanus
Spouse/Ex-: Vibia Sabina (m. 100 AD–136 AD)
father: Publius Aelius Hadrianus Afer
See the events in life of Hadrian in Chronological Order
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When Did Hadrian Become Emperor

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