What Is A Gyno

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What Is A Gyno
Medically Reviewed by Dan Brennan, MD on June 29, 2021
A gynecologist is a doctor who specializes in female reproductive health. They diagnose and treat issues related to the female reproductive tract. This includes the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries and breasts.
Anyone with female organs may see a gynecologist. 80% of those who see one are between 15 to 45 years old. 
Gynecologists give reproductive and sexual health services that include pelvic exams, Pap tests, cancer screenings, and testing and treatment for vaginal infections.
They diagnose and treat reproductive system disorders such as endometriosis, infertility, ovarian cysts, and pelvic pain. They may also care for people with ovarian, cervical, and other reproductive cancers.
Some gynecologists also practice as obstetricians , who give care during pregnancy and birth. If a gynecologist has expertise in obstetrics, they’re called an OB-GYN.
Gynecologists are physicians who have completed specialized training in the female reproductive system. Like any medical doctor , a gynecologist must complete medical school followed by a residency. In the United States, residency programs and the certification process cover obstetrics and gynecology in combination.
After becoming board-certified, a gynecologist may have advanced subspecialty training. Areas of training include:
You may want to see a gynecologist if:
It’s important to have regular visits with your gynecologist to maintain your reproductive health. According to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, these visits should start between the ages of 13 and 15.
Depending on your health history and how old you are, your gynecologist may use this visit to screen for problems like cervical or breast cancer . The well visit is also your chance to ask the gynecologist about reproductive health concerns like birth control.
You Have Discomfort in Your Pelvic Region
Pain in the lower belly, also known as the pelvic region, may be a sign of a problem with the reproductive organs. Common causes of pelvic pain include menstrual cramps, ovarian cysts, endometriosis, and ectopic pregnancy.
You Have Concerns about Your Period or Getting Pregnant
You can make an appointment with a gynecologist if you have changes in your monthly period, including unusual pain or bleeding. If you are in your 40s or 50s, your gynecologist can help you to figure out if you might be going through menopause .
Gynecologists can also help you with questions about pregnancy, including how to avoid getting pregnant and what to do if you think you might be pregnant.
You Have a Discharge Your Concerned About
If you’re having an unusual discharge or odor, a gynecologist can diagnose the cause and offer treatment.
Your gynecologists will exam your reproductive system, both internally and externally. They’ll examine your breasts and check for any lumps or cysts.
They’ll then examine your vulva, which is located outside of the vagina. 
The next step is usually an internal pelvic exam. The doctor will use a special instrument called a speculum to see inside the vagina and look at the cervix.
To see inside the body, a gynecologist uses a tool known as a speculum, which the doctor inserts into the vagina. It helps to widen the vagina and help the doctor to see the cervix, located between the vagina and the uterus.
During the pelvic exam, the gynecologist may do a procedure known called a Pap smear. It lets the doctor collect a sample of cells from the cervix to check for infection.
Your doctor may also press on your abdomen and pelvis, and may insert a gloved finger into your rectum to check for any problems.
If your gynecologist diagnoses you with a medical condition, they may give you treatment or refer you to a specialist. Depending on the problem, your treatments may involve medication, surgery, or a wait-and-see approach. 
American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology: “Specialty (OB GYN) Certification Overview.”
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, “About Us,”“Health Care for Transgender Individuals,” “Well-Woman Visit,” “Your First Gynecologic Visit.”
American Medical Association: “Obstetrics and Gynecology Specialty Description.”
Mayo Clinic: “Minimally invasive gynecologic surgery,” “Obstetrics and Gynecology,””Pelvic exam.”
Kids Health: “Your Daughter’s First Gynecology Visit.”
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WebMD does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment.

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The day you’ve been dreading has finally arrived, and you’re most likely anxious as your palms are sweaty and knees are shaking because it’s time for your first gynecologist (gyno) visit. This experience may be compared to when a woman gets her first period, or buys her first bra, except this time, it’s more invasive and has to do with your lady parts, specifically your vagina. Before you walk into the clinic and open your legs to a world of stirrups and Pap smears, put your anxiety aside and relax with this step-by-step gynecology exam guide that will help you take control of your body and your health as a woman. 
Before you call the closest gyno near you, it’s important to do your research, ask your friends, look at reviews, and try to find a doctor that is right for you. “The first GYN visit should not be viewed with apprehension,” Dr. Georges Sylvestre , board certified in obstetrics and gynecology in New York, maternal-fetal medicine and assistant professor, Weill Cornell Medical College, told Medical Daily in an email. “Do you prefer a female doc?” “Do you prefer a doctor who can speak your first language?” “Do you need a doctor who can relate to important cultural issues about sex and womanhood?” “If you find the right doctor, he or she might the one you'll go to for your birth control in your teens and twenties, pregnancies and babies in your 30's and forties, then for your menopause,” he said.
After you choose your gyno, it’s important for you to go back in time and think about your sexual history and menstrual history. The number of partners, the age you started having sex, and how you prevent pregnancy/sexually transmitted diseases is all relevant information you should tell your gyno. Ladies, it’s also important to keep track of your menstrual cycle by recording your last period, the length of your periods, how heavy and frequent they are, and if you experience any period-related problems like cramps. Dr. Sara Mornar , obstetrician and gynecologist in Texas, tells Medical Daily women should be prepared to share their medical background and menstrual and contraceptive information with their doctor.
The age-old question of whether to shave or not to shave your hoo-hah has crossed the minds of many women before their first gyno visit. Before you schedule a bikini wax, or run to the pharmacy to stock up on razors and shaving cream, it’s important to know there is no need to shave before seeing your gyno. Gynecologists do not expect their patients to shave their vulva since pubic hair is not as dense as the hair on the scalp, and it can easily be moved aside during the examination.
The only expectation your gyno has is to practice basic hygiene — take a shower or a bath within 24 hours . Women should not use spermicide, medications, lubricants, or douche a day before the exam because this could interfere with the accuracy of a Pap test. The night before the exam is not an ideal time to get busy between the sheets, either. Intercourse without a condom the night before a Pap smear may obscure cervical cells which then cannot be read accurately. 
So you’ve made it this far and have managed to stir up the courage to bare your hoo-hah to your gyno for the very first time. The waiting room is similar to any visit at the doctors' where the receptionist will hand you a pile of forms to fill out. Questions range from the number of sexual partners you’ve had (if any) to the date of your last period. It’s important to answer these questions carefully and honestly so your gyno can accurately assess you and keep track of your health. This information stays confidential between your gyno and you.
The most frightening part of your first gyno visit has arrived — going into the exam room. If you’re still nervous at this point, tell your nurses and doctors and let them know it’s your first time, so they can guide you step-by-step on the procedure. Like a regular doctor’s visit, the nurse will take your height, weight, and blood pressure.
After the basics, you will be left alone to change into a gown as you remove all your clothing – including your underwear. The doctor will shortly knock on your door and will ask you a series of questions ranging from if you’re sexually active to your periods and how long they last. Your gyno will even ask you if you want to have an STD or HIV/AIDs testing on the day of your first gyno exam, too.
During a gyno exam, your doctor will ask you to lay back and check your breast and underarms for any lumps. According to Woman’s Hospital your gyno will check for breast abnormalities that include lumps, nipple discharge, and skin changes. Women should do breast self-exams regularly, and if you’re not sure how to do this, you can ask your gyno and he or she will show you how.
After the breast exam comes the moment of truth for every woman — the pelvic exam. Your doctor will lay you on your back and gently press several areas of your lower stomach to see if you experience any discomfort prior to the exam. At the initial start of the exam, the dreaded instruments, the speculum and the spatula, will be used to examine your vagina. Mayo Clinic says the speculum — the plastic or metal-hinged instrument — will help spread open your vaginal walls so your gyno can view your vagina and cervix. If your pelvic exam includes a Pap test, your doctor will collect a sample of your cervical cells before removing the speculum. After this is removed, your gyno will examine your other pelvic organs for signs of abnormalities. After this the exam is officially done, you have survived your first gyno exam.
Whether you choose to ask them before or after your exam, or when your gyno asks if you have any questions, it’s time to ask everything you’ve wanted to know from your periods to sex. A common misconception women have is that their gyno will judge them and therefore fear asking questions about birth control, STDs, and infidelities, among many others. However, Sylvestre says, “Again, any questions are okay: about your periods, sex, pain during sex, fear of your first intercourse, dildos, orgasm (or lack of), pregnancy, and abortion. Again, don't be shy, s/he heard it all.”
Like Sylvestre, Mornar recommends patients to ask their gynos: “Why are PAP smears necessary? How often do I need one? When do i need a mammogram? How do I prevent pregnancy and transmission of diseases? What is HPV, and do I need the vaccine for it?”
You’re finally done with the exam, and exit the clinic, but you may ask yourself: what does this first visit mean for your health? “The breast screening is looking for abnormalities such as lumps or masses,” Mornar said. She advises women to start getting Pap smears by the age of 21, and mammograms by the age of 40 and older, depending on family history.
Unlike the breast screening, the Pap exam can reveal signs of cervical cancer, ovarian cysts, fibroids in the uterus, and other possible reason for heavy periods. A clean bill of health at a gyno exam can signify that “her Pap is normal, that she has no STD, that her organs are fine,” Sylvestre said.
Women should have their first gynecological exam when they are 18 years old, but it is recommended earlier than 18 if they are sexually active or have a medical problem requiring a pelvic exam. 
© 2022 Medical Daily LLC. All rights reserved.
Medical Daily is for informational purposes and should not be considered medical advice, diagnosis or treatment recommendation. Read more .

Medically Reviewed by Traci C. Johnson, MD on September 21, 2020
Gynecomastia is a condition that makes breast tissue swell in boys and men. It can happen when the balance of two hormones in your body is thrown off. If you have enlarged breasts because of fat deposits, you have a different condition called "pseudogynecomastia."
Although breasts don't develop in men the way they do in women, all boys are born with a small amount of breast tissue.
Boys' bodies mostly make a hormone called testosterone , which guides their sexual growth during puberty . But males also make some estrogen -- the hormone that steers sexual growth in girls.
When a boy is going through puberty, or when an older man's body makes less testosterone, the balance of the two hormones changes.
Sometimes when that happens, a higher percentage of estrogen causes male breast tissue to swell. About half of adolescent boys and as many as two-thirds of men older than 50 will have this to some degree.
Your first sign of gynecomastia may be a lump of fatty tissue under the nipple. Sometimes this lump is tender or sore.
This might make you worry that you have breast cancer , which does occur in a small number of men. Gynecomastia is not necessarily a sign of cancer , but your doctor may run some tests to rule it out.
Swelling of the breasts may happen unevenly, with one becoming larger than the other. You may also have breast tenderness.
See your doctor if you notice that your breasts have swelling, are painful or tender, or there is a discharge from the nipple of one or both breasts.
A lot of things can trigger the hormone imbalance that causes male breast growth, and many times the exact cause isn't known.
In addition to body changes such as puberty and aging, some things that can cause gynecomastia are:
Some infant boys may get gynecomastia briefly while hormones from their mother are still in their bodies.
Some types of medicines can lead to gynecomastia, such as:
Anti-androgens. These are drugs that treat an enlarged prostate or prostate cancer .
Anabolic steroids and androgens. Athletes sometimes use these drugs illicitly in an effort to improve their athletic performance. The drugs also have legitimate uses for certain conditions.
HIV drugs. Gynecomastia can sometimes be a side effect of an HIV treatment called "highly active antiretroviral therapy."
Anti-anxiety drugs. Medicines such as diazepam ( Valium ) can sometimes cause gynecomastia.
Heart medications. Drugs such asdigoxin (Lanoxin) and calcium channel blockers can lead to gynecomastia sometimes.
Medicines used to empty your stomach. For example, metoclopramide ( Reglan ) can have gynecomastia as a side effect.
Ulcer drugs. Some medicines that you buy over the counter for ulcers can lead to gynecomastia, such as cimetidine ( Tagamet HB).
Some antibiotics can also cause gynecomastia. So can tricyclic antidepressants and some cancer treatments.
If your doctor suspects you have gynecomastia, they will probably examine you to make sure there are no hard lumps, oozing fluid, or skin problems that could be signs of cancer .
They will also likely ask you questions about your medical history that might include:
You might also be given tests. They could include:
Most cases slowly get better on their own without treatment.
When you have gynecomastia, your doctor might refer you to a specialist known as an endocrinologist , who treats problems related to hormones and how they affect your body.
How your condition is treated may depend on your age, your health, how long your condition may last, and how well you respond to certain drugs.
If gynecomastia happens during puberty, it usually goes away on its own. This might take anywhere from 6 months to 3 years.
If it turns out your hormones are out of balance because of another health problem, you'll want to treat that underlying condition.
You might be given medication to address the hormone imbalance that's causing breast growth.
In some cases, you might need surgery. Your doctor may recommend techniques such as:
There are steps you can take to lower your chances of having gynecomastia. They include things such as:
Gynecomastia can have an impact on your mental health . You might feel embarrassed, or feel anxious or depressed. There are steps you can take to manage these feelings.
Talk to you doctor about how gynecomastia is making you feel. They can suggest a mental health professional who can help you manage any mental health problems you may get.
Also talk to your family and close friends. They know you best and can give you the emotional backing you need.
Support groups can also help. You'll get a chance to talk to others who understand what you're going through. Ask your doctor for help in finding groups that you can connect with.
American Family Physician: "Gynecomastia."
Johns Hopkins Medicine: "Gynecomastia."
Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism : "Thyroid function and puberty."
Mayo Clinic Proceedings: "Gynecomastia: Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Management."
Gynecomastia.org: "Medical conditions that can cause gynecomastia."
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