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The word is used in tsotsitaal , the creole, urban dialect that emerged during the colonial and apartheid eras of segregation. It was around this time that cannabis smugglers supplying the gold mining compounds and nearby settlements began to diversify into pharmaceuticals. One drug of choice was methaqualone, also known as Mandrax. In Snyman headed a governmental commission that bore his name. The anecdote may be read as a metaphor of grassroots challenges to apartheid statecraft. Historical research can offer critical perspectives that help make sense of current dilemmas. Nevertheless complex understandings of the past are key to sound decision-making in both legislative and medical practices. As was pointed out by organisers of a recent history conference held in Shanghai: 'After all, experts offering definitive accounts of psychoactive substances, vacillating bureaucrats and politicians, unyielding moralists and fickle consumers are all among the figures familiar to historians from other periods and a range of places. In the 20th century, the contexts of colonialism, apartheid and democracy shaped drug control, provision and regulation in South Africa. But drugs history scholarship from and about the global South grows ever more vibrant. Histories of cocaine in South America and Asia , cannabis in Mexico and Nigeria , khat in Kenya and the politics of drug use in Iran are a few examples. Histories of drugs in Africa are of growing interest worldwide. Since the late 19th century especially, global flows of neurochemical substances and products have deepened the entanglements of consumers in Africa in networks of legal and illicit drugs production, flow, profit and risk. Historical perspectives bring to light the social processes through which bioactive plants, manufactured pharmaceuticals and techniques of treatment come to figure in diverse and changing human experiences. Today media reports on drug issues in this country often invite panicked responses. Journalism frequently reproduces the hyperbole and moralism that have — for over a century — shaped public opinion here. Narratives that sometimes exaggerate or even mislead the public about new forms of substances, coming across borders, or the behaviours they allegedly cause, have had very negative consequences. These have included fuelling xenophobic sentiments as well as the stigma attached to people using drugs. At the same time, there are hopeful signs of change in public opinion. And there are positive indications of a quest for evidence-based policy and treatment solutions. An example is the case of harm reduction approaches to opioid addiction. The promises of pharmaceutical technologies are evident. So are the challenges. This is the first article in a series on drug regimes in southern Africa. They are based on research done for a special edition for the South African Historical Journal. Read the full paper over here. By embedding this news article on your site you are agreeing to the University of Cape Town's terms of use. Menu Search. Photo Michael Fischer, Pexels Read time 9 min. The rapidly shifting legal status of cannabis has prompted its speedy absorption into corporate commerce. Why history matters Historical research can offer critical perspectives that help make sense of current dilemmas. This article was published in The Conversation , a collaboration between editors and academics to provide informed news analysis and commentary. Its content is free to read and republish under Creative Commons; media who would like to republish this article should do so directly from its appearance on The Conversation , using the button in the right-hand column of the webpage. UCT academics who would like to write for The Conversation should register with them; you are also welcome to find out more from lisa. UCT-led project creates pipeline for sustainable food waste management system , 2 October Research and innovation. UCT-led project creates pipeline for sustainable food waste management system 02 Oct

In Memoriam 2024

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Almost all these gangs, most concentrated in Cape Town, make the bulk of their money from procuring and selling illegal leisure drugs such as tik crystal methamphetimine , heroin, nyaope a street drug that mixes several illicit drugs and dagga marijuana. Herein lies the conundrum: the criminalisation of possession and use of drugs creates conditions that are conducive for organised crime. This is why understanding the use, misuse and trade of illegal drugs is central to any intervention involving gangs and any policy relating to them. More than 50 years of prohibition, with more than a trillion dollars spent on enforcement worldwide in that period, have failed to prevent a dramatic rise in illicit drug use. This discussion is particularly important right now. But it will take more than armed soldiers to solve these seemingly intractable problems. Criminalisation is a key issue to consider here. Some of these relate directly to drug use. Others are about the production and supply of drugs. Perhaps the greatest harm is that young people are being caught up in the criminal justice system in huge numbers and ending up in jail where they are inducted into fierce prison gangs. Drug arrests are also wasting police time, clogging courts and filling prisons with young people. At present the country is simply placing a potentially dangerous market into the hands of criminal syndicates and international traffickers. A recalibration is urgently needed. In fact, the thinking around criminalisation is shifting globally. First, illegal drug markets are characterised by violence between criminal organisations and the police; between rival criminal organisations; or both. The intensification of enforcement efforts simply fuels this violence. Another issue is that squeezing the supply of prohibited drugs in the context of high and growing demand inflates prices, providing a lucrative opportunity for criminal entrepreneurs. Second, it is in the interests of criminal organisations seeking to protect and expand their business to invest in corrupting and weakening all levels of government, the police and the judiciary. These problems discourage investment in affected neighbourhoods. Meanwhile, limited budgets are directed into drug law enforcement, and away from health and development. This is one of three major heroin routes out of Afghanistan, which have their main markets in Europe and North America. Until recently the southern route was considered to be the poor relation of the Balkan and central routes, which travel overland — and a much shorter distance — from Afghanistan to Europe. However, the southern route has become much more significant since In Cape Town, a significant proportion of street crime is related to the illegal drug trade. Rival gangs fight for control of the market and dependent users commit robbery to pay for drugs. The criminal justice-led approach has also caused a dramatic rise in the prison population of drug and drug-related offenders. So what might an alternative approach to drug legislation in South Africa look like? International experience and research suggests the goal of any drug policy should be to:. In terms of current discussions worldwide, this means retaking control from and disempowering organised crime syndicates which monopolise the drug trade. This requires markets to be legally regulated, availability controlled and drug over-use to be dealt with as a health problem. This would require an end to criminalisation of people who use drugs. A harm-reduction approach would also have to be adopted. All aspects of such a market can be regulated — from production through to use. Many of the drugs in question — such as cannabis, amphetamines, cocaine, and various opiates, including heroin — are already produced legally for medical uses without significant problems. Medical production models exist that indicate clearly how drug use can be carried out in a safe and controlled fashion. Either end of this spectrum involves effectively unregulated markets — the criminal markets under prohibition at one end and legal, commercial free markets at the other. At both the prohibition and commercial ends, profit is the main driver; other outcomes are of little importance. In the middle lies an optimum level of government regulation — a point at which policy is both ethical and effective, because it represents where overall harms are minimised. This is true for all leisure drugs, including alcohol and tobacco. Given the reality of continuing high demand for drugs and the resilience of illicit supply in meeting this demand, the regulated market models found in the central part of the spectrum are best able to deliver the most effective outcomes. Drug market regulation is a pragmatic position that involves rolling out strict government control into a marketplace where currently there is none. And in Cape Town, it will have far greater positive ramifications than using the army to stop drug wars. By embedding this news article on your site you are agreeing to the University of Cape Town's terms of use. Menu Search. Photo Flickr. Read time 9 min. The drug trade is the main source of income for gangs in Cape Town. This article was published in The Conversation , a collaboration between editors and academics to provide informed news analysis and commentary. Its content is free to read and republish under Creative Commons; media who would like to republish this article should do so directly from its appearance on The Conversation , using the button in the right-hand column of the webpage. UCT academics who would like to write for The Conversation should register with them; you are also welcome to find out more from carolyn. UCT-led project creates pipeline for sustainable food waste management system , 2 October Research and innovation. UCT-led project creates pipeline for sustainable food waste management system 02 Oct

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