Взрыв На Химзаводе Phillips В 1989 Реферат
Взрыв На Химзаводе Phillips В 1989 Реферат
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^ Jump up to: a b "OSHA: Phillips 66 Company Houston Chemical Complex Explosion and Fire: A Report to the President, U.S. Dept. of Labor, Washington, DC (1990)" (PDF) . Retrieved 2007-12-04 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Explosion and Fire at the Phillips Company - Houston Chemical Complex" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-11-30 . Retrieved 2007-12-04 .
^ "Death toll now 5, missing Phillips workers". The Daily Pasadena Citizen . Pasadena, Texas: PCL Publishing Company. 1989-10-26. ISSN 0896-3320 .
^ Jump up to: a b c "Looking forward, thinking back". The Daily Pasadena Citizen . Pasadena, Texas: PCL Publishing Company. 1990-10-23. ISSN 0896-3320 .
^ Jump up to: a b Mahaffey, Chuck H. (2001-08-25). "Vital Records - Harris County, TX - Deaths 1989 (root folder)" . Texas Department of Health . USGenWeb Archives . Retrieved 2008-06-23 . [ dead link ]
^ Mahaffey, Chuck H. (2001-08-25). "Vital Records - Harris County, TX - Deaths 1989 (Acosta through Berleth)" . Texas Department of Health . USGenWeb Archives . Retrieved 2008-06-23 . [ dead link ]
^ Mahaffey, Chuck H. (2001-08-25). "Vital Records - Harris County, TX - Deaths 1989 (Hernandez through Johnson)" . Texas Department of Health . USGenWeb Archives . Retrieved 2008-06-23 . [ dead link ]
^ Mahaffey, Chuck H. (2001-08-25). "Vital Records - Harris County, TX - Deaths 1989 (Stancil through Vardaman)" . Texas Department of Health . USGenWeb Archives . Retrieved 2008-06-23 . [ dead link ]
^ "02/12/1991 - Investigation conducted by OSHA at the Houston Chemical Complex" . Archived from the original on 2010-11-22 . Retrieved 2007-12-06 .
^ "Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LLC - Worldwide Operations (hotlink sequence: Polyethylene, Texas, Pasadena)" . Retrieved 2008-02-22 .
^ "Docket H054A, EX. 50-1-2-24, 24.0 Chromium Catalyst Users, page 24-5 (5 of 20)" . Archived from the original on 2011-05-20 . Retrieved 2008-02-22 .
The Phillips disaster was a devastating series of explosions and fire on October 23, 1989, originating at the Phillips Petroleum Company's Houston Chemical Complex (HCC) facility near the Houston Ship Channel in Pasadena , Texas , United States. The initial blast registered 3.5 on the Richter scale , and the conflagration took 10 hours to bring under control. The explosions killed 23 employees and injured 314.
The HCC produced approximately 15,000,000,000 pounds (6,800,000 t) per year of high-density polyethylene (HDPE), a plastic material used to make milk bottles and other containers. Approximately 1500 people worked at the facility, including 905 company employees and approximately 600 daily contract employees, who were engaged primarily in regular maintenance activities and new plant construction. [1]
The accident resulted from a release of extremely flammable process gases that occurred during regular maintenance operations on one of the plant's polyethylene reactors . More than 85,000 pounds (39 t) of highly flammable gases were released through an open valve almost instantaneously.
During routine maintenance, isolation valves were closed and compressed air hoses that actuated them physically disconnected as a safety measure. The air connections for opening and closing this valve were identical, and had been improperly reversed when last re-connected. As a result, the valve would have been open while the switch in the control room was in the "valve closed" position. After that, the valve was opened when it was expected to stay closed, and finally passed the reactor content into air. [2]
A vapor cloud formed and travelled rapidly through the polyethylene plant. Within 90 to 120 seconds, the vapor cloud came into contact with an ignition source and exploded with the force of 2.4 tons of TNT . [1] Ten to fifteen minutes later, that was followed by the explosion of the 20,000-U.S.-gallon (76,000 L) isobutane storage tank, then by the catastrophic failure of another polyethylene reactor, and finally by other explosions, probably about six in total. [2]
The incident started at approximately 1:05 PM local time on October 23, 1989, at 1400 Jefferson Road, Pasadena, Texas . A powerful and devastating explosion and fire ripped through the HCC, killing 23 persons—all working at the facility—and injuring 314 other (185 Phillips Petroleum Company employees and 129 contract employees). In addition to the loss of life and injuries, the explosion affected all facilities within the complex, causing $715.5 million worth of damage plus an additional business disruption loss estimated at $700 million. The two polyethylene production plants nearest the source of the blast were destroyed, and in the HCC administration building nearly 0.5 mile away, windows were shattered and bricks ripped out. The initial explosion was equivalent to an earthquake registering 3.5 on the Richter scale and threw debris as far away as six miles. [2]
The initial response was provided by the Phillips Petroleum Company fire brigade which was soon joined by members of the Channel Industries Mutual Aid association (CIMA). Cooperating governmental agencies were the Texas Air Control Board, the Harris County Pollution Control Board, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the U.S. Coast Guard , the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [2]
The firefighting water system at the HCC was part of the process water system. When the first explosion occurred, some fire hydrants were sheared off at ground level by the blast. The result was inadequate water pressure for firefighting. The shut-off valves which could have been used to prevent the loss of water from ruptured lines in the plant were out of reach in the burning wreckage. No remotely operated fail-safe isolation valves existed in the combined plant/firefighting water system. In addition, the regular-service fire-water pumps were disabled by the fire which destroyed their electrical power cables. Of the three backup diesel-operated fire pumps, one had been taken out of service, and one ran out of fuel in about an hour. Firefighting water was brought in by hoses laid to remote sources: settling ponds, a cooling tower, a water main at a neighboring plant, and even the Houston Ship Channel . The fire was brought under control within about 10 hours as a result of the combined efforts of fire brigades from other nearby companies, local fire departments , and the Phillips Petroleum Company foam trucks and fire brigade. [2]
Search and rescue efforts were delayed until the fire and heat subsided and all danger of further explosions had passed. These operations were difficult because of the extensive devastation in the HCC and the danger of structural collapse. The Phillips Petroleum Company requested, and the FAA approved and implemented, a one-mile no-fly zone around the plant to prevent engine vibration and/or helicopter rotor downwash from dislodging any of the wreckage. The U.S. Coast Guard and Port of Houston fire boats evacuated to safety over 100 trapped people across the Houston Ship Channel . OSHA preserved evidence for evaluation regarding the cause of the catastrophe. [2]
OSHA's major findings included: [2]
Additional factors found by OSHA included: [2]
Quoting from a key OSHA document: [9]
"At the conclusion of the investigation (April 19, 1990), OSHA issued 566 willful and 9 serious violations with a combined total proposed penalty of $5,666,200 to Phillips Petroleum Company and 181 willful and 12 serious violations with a combined total proposed penalty of $729,600 to Fish Engineering and Construction, Inc., a maintenance contractor on the site."
As a result of a settlement between OSHA and Phillips Petroleum Company , OSHA agreed to delete the willful characterization of the citations and Phillips Petroleum Company agreed to pay a $4 million fine and to institute process safety management procedures at HCC and the company's sister facilities at Sweeny, Texas ; Borger, Texas ; and Woods Cross, Utah . [2]
Today, the facility continues to manufacture polyethylene. [10] This complex employs 450 workers for the production of specialty chemicals , including 150 operations and maintenance personnel. [11]
The facility experienced additional fatalities in 1999 and 2000 .
Катастрофа Филлипса 1989 года - Phillips disaster of 1989 - qaz.wiki
Phillips disaster of 1989 - Wikipedia
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