Victoria Cross

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Obverse of the cross; ribbon: 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 inches (38 mm), crimson (blue ribbon for naval awards 1856–1918)

^ On 8 August 1902, as a result of a revision in the War Office policy, posthumous awards of the Victoria Cross were allowed for officers and men who fell during the recent operation in the performance of acts of valour which would, in the opinion of the Commander in Chief, have entitled them to a Victoria Cross had they survived. The relevant recipients were: [33]
Captain David Younger , action near Krugersdorp, 11 July 1900
Lieutenant Robert Digby-Jones and Trooper Herman Albrecht , Battle of Wagon Hill , 6 January 1900
Lieutenant Gustavus Hamilton Blenkinsopp Coulson , rear-guard action, near Lambrecht Fontein, 18 May 1901
Sergeant Alfred Atkinson Battle of Paardeberg , 18 February 1900
Private John Barry action on Monument Hill , 7 and 8 January 1901

^ Elizabeth Webber Harris was presented with a replica gold VC by the 104th Bengal Fusiliers for her valour in nursing cholera-ridden soldiers in India in 1869. [39]




^ Jump up to: a b "Military Honours and Awards" . Defence Internet . UK Ministry of Defence. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 30 January 2007 .

^ Special Army Order 65 of 1961, paragraph 6.

^ Jump up to: a b "No. 56878" . The London Gazette (Supplement). 17 March 2003. p. 3351.

^ Jump up to: a b c d Davies, Catriona (28 December 2005). "Author explodes myth of the gunmetal VC" . The Daily Telegraph . London. Archived from the original on 4 June 2008 . Retrieved 16 June 2007 .

^ Glanfield (2005) pp. 24–35.

^ Jump up to: a b "The Victoria Cross ... awarded to Captain Alfred Shout have been sold at auction" . Iain Stewart, Victoria Cross.org. Archived from the original on 25 June 2008 . Retrieved 9 April 2008 .

^ Jump up to: a b "Press Release: The Lord Ashcroft Gallery, Extraordinary Heroes" (PDF) . Imperial War Museum . 9 November 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 February 2012 . Retrieved 17 November 2010 .

^ "The Canadian Honours System" . National Defence and the Canadian Forces . 13 August 2013. Archived from the original on 17 May 2013 . Retrieved 31 March 2013 .

^ "Australian Honours System" . 29 June 2016. Archived from the original on 26 August 2018 . Retrieved 27 August 2018 .

^ "History" . New Zealand Honours System . New Zealand Government. 1 April 2011. Archived from the original on 27 August 2018 . Retrieved 27 August 2018 .

^ Jump up to: a b c Ashcroft (2006), preface.

^ Original Warrant Foreword : "And, whereas, the third class of Our Most Honourable Order of the Bath is limited, except in very rare cases, to the higher ranks of both services, and the granting of Medals, both in Our Navy and Army, is only awarded for long service or meritorious conduct, rather than for bravery in action or distinction before an enemy."

^ British Gallantry Awards, p. 283.

^ Jump up to: a b "No. 21846" . The London Gazette . 5 February 1856. pp. 410–411. The Gazette publishing the original royal warrant.

^ Ashcroft, Michael, pp. 7–10.

^ Jump up to: a b c "The Victoria Cross" . Vietnam Veterans of Australia . Archived from the original on 29 April 2013 . Retrieved 15 June 2007 .

^ Original Warrant, Clause 5 : "Fifthly. It is ordained that the Cross shall only be awarded to those officers and men who have served Us in the presence of the enemy, and shall have then performed some signal act of valour or devotion to their country."

^ Jump up to: a b c "The Victoria Cross" . Hancocks of London. 17 March 2016. Archived from the original on 17 August 2018.

^ Jump up to: a b Beharry, Johnson p. 359.

^ Jump up to: a b c "150 years of the Victoria Cross" . Royal Naval Museum . Archived from the original on 15 February 2008 . Retrieved 2 July 2008 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Creagh, Dudley (1992). Charles Barrett (ed.). Advances in X-ray Analysis Vol. 35 . Plenum. pp. 1127–1132. ISBN 978-0-306-44249-0 .

^ Jump up to: a b Creagh, Dudley ; Ashton, John (1999). J. Fernandez, A. Tartari (ed.). Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry . Editrice Compositori. pp. 299–305. ISBN 88-7794-195-2 .

^ Glanfield (2005), pp. 24–35.

^ Jump up to: a b Original Warrant, Clause 1: "Firstly. It is ordained that the distinction shall be styled and designated 'The Victoria Cross', and shall consist of a Maltese cross of bronze, with our Royal crest in the centre, and underneath with an escroll bearing the inscription 'For Valour'."

^ Ashcroft, Michael, p. 16.

^ Jump up to: a b Abbott PE, Tamplin JMA, Chapter 44, p. 291.

^ Original warrant, Clause Two: "Secondly. It is ordained that the Cross shall be suspended from the left breast by a blue riband for the Navy, and by a red riband for the Army."

^ "The Victoria Cross mentioned in newsletter" (PDF) . Army Museum of Western Australia. 1 September 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 December 2008 . Retrieved 21 June 2007 .

^ "The Victoria Cross" . Imperial War Museum Exhibits and Firearms Collections . Archived from the original on 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 September 2006 .

^ Jump up to: a b Crook, MJ, Chapter 18, p. 204.

^ Jump up to: a b "Posthumous VCs" . National Army Museum. Archived from the original on 16 July 2007 . Retrieved 16 June 2007 .

^ Pillinger, Dennis; Staunton, A, p. 73.

^ Jump up to: a b "No. 27462" . The London Gazette . 8 August 1902. p. 5085.

^ "No. 27986" . The London Gazette . 15 January 1907. p. 325.

^ Crook, MJ, Chapter 8 pp. 68–90.

^ "No. 31946" . The London Gazette . 18 June 1920. p. 6702.

^ Mead, Gary (7 May 2015). Victoria's Cross: The Untold Story of Britain's Highest Award for Bravery . Atlantic Books. ISBN 9781782396383 .

^ Edwardes, Charlotte (18 October 2003). " ' Wrong men' given VCs at Rorke's Drift" . The Daily Telegraph . ISSN 0307-1235 . Retrieved 19 January 2019 .

^ Bruxelles, Simon de. "Cholera nurse who won VC is honoured" .

^ "The Victoria Cross" . Imperial War Museum. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011 . Retrieved 22 April 2015 .

^ Original Warrant, Clause 13: "Thirteenthly. It is ordained that in the event of a gallant and daring act having been performed by a squadron, ship's company, or detached body of seamen and marines not under fifty in number, or by a brigade, regiment, troop or company in which the admiral, general, or other officer commanding such forces may deem that all are equally brave and distinguished, and that no special selection can be made by them, then is such case the admiral, general, or other officer commanding, may direct that for any such body of seamen or marines, or for every troop or company of soldiers, one officer shall be selected by the officers engaged for the Decoration, and in like manner one petty officer or non-commissioned officer shall be selected by the petty officers and non-commissioned officers engaged, and two seamen or private soldiers or marines shall be selected by the seamen, or private soldiers, or marines engaged, respectively for the Decoration, and the names of those selected shall be transmitted by the senior officers in command of the Naval force, brigade, regiment, troop, or company, to the admiral or general officer commanding, who shall in due manner confer the Decoration as if the acts were done under his own eye."

^ Warrant Amendment dated 10 August 1858 : "subject to the rules and ordinances already made, on Officers and Men of Her Majesty's Naval and Military Services, who may perform acts of conspicuous courage and bravery under circumstances of extreme danger, such as the occurrence of a fire on board ship, or the foundering of a vessel at sea, or under any of the other circumstance in which, through the courage and devotion displayed, life or public property may be saved."

^ Jump up to: a b "VC background" . British War Graves Memorial. Archived from the original on 6 October 2007 . Retrieved 16 June 2007 .

^ "Victoria Cross TV programme notes" . fiveTV. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 17 June 2007 .

^ "Charles heaphy biography" . New Zealand Encyclopedia. 1966. Archived from the original on 15 August 2007 . Retrieved 17 June 2007 .

^ Jump up to: a b Abbott PE, Tamplin JMA, Chapter 34, pp. 230–236.

^ "New Zealand Cross" . New Zealand Encyclopedia. 1966. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 17 June 2007 .

^ Osborne, John (2015). "Highland Broadsword in New Zealand" (PDF) . New Zealand Antique and Historical Arms Association . Retrieved 23 February 2021 .

^ Crook, MJ, Chapter 19, pp. 242–251.

^ Crook, MJ, Chapter 11. pp. 117–125.

^ Jump up to: a b "New Zealand Honours" . Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet. Archived from the original on 7 December 2006 . Retrieved 30 January 2007 .

^ Jump up to: a b "No. 56878" . The London Gazette (Supplement). 17 March 2003. pp. 3351–3355. The Gazette containing the most up-to-date Order of Precedence.

^ Government Notice no. 1982 of 1 October 1954— Order of Precedence of Orders, Decorations and Medals , published in the Government Gazette of 1 October 1954.

^ Republic of South Africa Government Gazette Vol. 477, no. 27376, Pretoria, 11 March 2005, OCLC 72827981 .

^ Jump up to: a b "The Victoria Cross for Australia" . The Government of Australia. Archived from the original on 7 October 2013 . Retrieved 30 June 2007 .

^ CTV.ca, News staff (3 March 2007). "Top military honour now cast in Canada" . CTV news. Archived from the original on 5 March 2007 . Retrieved 24 June 2007 .

^ "Pro Valore: Canada's Victoria Cross" (PDF) . National Defence; Government of Canada. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2011 .

^ "Australian SAS soldier Mark Donaldson awarded Victoria Cross" . The Australian . 16 January 2009 . Retrieved 7 August 2009 .

^ "SAS digger awarded VC for taking on Taliban" . The Sydney Morning Herald . 23 January 2011. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014 . Retrieved 23 January 2011 .

^ "Corporal Daniel Keighran awarded the Victoria Cross" . 1 November 2012 . Retrieved 1 November 2012 .

^ "Ordinary Seaman Edward 'Teddy' Sheean" . Prime Minister of Australia. 12 August 2020 . Retrieved 13 August 2020 .

^ Teotonio, Isabel (7 March 2007). "Vets irate at Victoria Cross proposal" . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on 17 October 2007 . Retrieved 24 June 2007 .

^ Jump up to: a b "The world's most exclusive club" . Ministry of Defence . 30 April 2007. Archived from the original on 9 June 2007 . Retrieved 16 June 2007 .

^ The original Warrant and the Queen's Regulations for the Army prior to 1881 give no indication on how the decoration was to be worn alongside other medals.

^ Sir Ivan de la Bère , The Queen's Orders of Chivalry, 1964.

^ The complete book of Heraldry by Stephen Slater, 2002.

^ Original Warrant, Clause 14: "It is ordained that every warrant officer, petty officer, seaman or marine, or non-commissioned officer, or soldier who shall have received the Cross, shall, from the date of the act by which the Decoration has been gained be entitled to a special pension of 10 pounds a year, and each additional bar conferred under Rule 4 on such warrant or petty officers, or non-commissioned officers or men, shall carry with it an additional pension of 5 pounds per annum."

^ Warrant Amendment 1898-07-1898 "... authorize the increase of the Victoria Cross pension from 10 pounds to 50 pounds per annum, the condition to be satisfied in such cases being inability to earn a livelihood, in consequence of age or infirmity occasioned by causes beyond an Annuitant's control. "

^ "George Osborne to raise Victoria Cross and George Cross payments to £10,000" . 7 July 2015. Archived from the original on 10 September 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2016 .

^ "Income Tax (Earnings and Pensions) Act 2003, c. 1, Part 9, Chapter 17, Section 638" . legislation.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 29 December 2010 . Retrieved 12 July 2011 .

^ "Canadian Gallantry Awards Order" . Canadian Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 30 June 2007 .

^ "Veteran's Entitlement Act 1986" . Australasian Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on 21 May 2007 . Retrieved 16 June 2007 .

^ Australian Veteran's Entitlement Act 1986, Clause 103 , "Victoria Cross allowance granted to a veteran under this section is payable at the rate of A$ 3,230 per year. The amount fixed by this subsection is indexed annually in line with CPI increases." (accessdate=30 June 2007).

^ "Veteran's Entitlement Act 1986, Clause 198a" . Australasian Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on 4 April 2008 . Retrieved 30 June 2007 .

^ Original Warrant Clause 15: "Fifteenthly. In order to make such additional provision as shall effectually preserve pure this most honourable distinction, it is ordained that, if any person be convicted of treason, cowardice, felony, or of any infamous crime, or if he be accused of any such offence, and doth not after a reasonable time surrender himself to be tried for the same, his name shall forthwith be erased from the registry of individuals upon whom the said Decoration shall have been conferred, and by an especial Warrant under Our Royal Sign Manual, and the pension conferred under Rule 14 shall cease and determine from the date of such Warrant. It is hereby further declared, that We, Our Heirs and Given Successors, shall be the all judges of the circumstances requiring such expulsion; moreover, We shall at all times have power to restore such persons as may at any time have been expelled, both to the enjoyment of the Decoration and Pension."

^ "1920 warrant, article 12" . VictoriaCross.co.uk. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016 . Retrieved 17 October 2020 .

^ "The Victoria Cross factsheet" . Ministry of Defence. Archived from the original on 11 July 2007 . Retrieved 30 June 2007 . (The figure used in this article does not include the award to the American Unknown Soldier.)

^ Duckers, Peter (2005). The Victoria Cross . Shire Publications Ltd. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-7478-0635-6 .

^ "The History of The Royal Welsh: Anglo-Zulu War 1879" . The Regimental Museum of The Royal Welsh (Brecon). Archived from the original on 7 April 2015 . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . For the same action four other VCs were awarded to members of other units.

^ Arthur, Max; pp. 185–371.

^ Ashcroft, p. 99.

^ "Service of Remembrance Coverage" . BBC. 26 June 2006. Archived from the original on 13 July 2006 . Retrieved 30 June 2007 .

^ Ashcroft, Michael, Introduction: A brief History of the VC (p. 14–18).

^ "Awards to Imperial Servicemen During the 2nd Maori War" . New Zealand Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 7 July 2007 . Retrieved 30 June 2007 .

^ Ashcroft, Michael, pp. 296–298, Information on Flying Officer Lloyd Allan Trigg .

^ Singh Gill, Himmat. "Of blood red in olive green" . India Sunday Tribune. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 30 June 2007 .

^ Jump up to: a b Victoria Cross Register.

^ "Operational Honours: VC and GC for acts of exceptional valour" . MOD press release. 24 December 2006. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 16 June 2007 .

^ "Victoria Cross Award For L/Cpl James Ashworth" . Sky News. 16 March 2013. Archived from the original on 18 March 2013 . Retrieved 16 March 2013 .

^ "No. 61154" . The London Gazette (Supplement). 26 February 2015. p. 3466.

^ Jump up to: a b "Netley Hospital information" . QARANC—Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps. Archived from the original on 3 June 2007 . Retrieved 16 June 2007 .

^ Jump up to: a b c UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved 2 February 2020 .

^ Bevis Hillier (22 January 1969). "£1,700 world record for a VC". Arts and Entertainment. The Times (57465). London. col F, p. 12.

^ "Gallipoli VC medal sets auction record" . The Age . Melbourne. 24 July 2006. Archived from the original on 27 November 2013 . Retrieved 30 January 2007 .

^ Table 3 "UK Sales 1881–2000", Pillinger and Staunton.

^ "Lord Ashcroft pays record price for 'ultimate' Victoria Cross" . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 27 February 2017 . Retrieved 26 February 2017 .

^ "Royal Navy VC sells for world-record auction price" . Royal Navy. 27 November 2017. Archived from the original on 9 December 2017 . Retrieved 9 December 2017 .

^ Stewart, Iain (18 August 2017). "Stolen Victoria Crosses" . Victoria Cross.org . Archived from the original on 20 November 2005.

^ "Victoria Cross: Theft of the VC" . solarnavigator.net. Archived from the original on 29 April 2007 . Retrieved 16 June 2007 .

^ "Information on Konowal" . Lubomyr Y. Luciuk and Ron Sorobey. Archived from the original on 4 July 2007 . Retrieved 16 June 2007 .

^ "Stolen VC back on display" . CBC Canada. 24 August 2004. Archived from the original on 13 May 2007 . Retrieved 16 June 2007 .

^ Cheng, Derek (2 December 2007). "Army medal theft 'insult' to our nation's heritage" . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 2 December 2007 .

^ Wall, Tony (20 February 2008). "Why gangland figure got our medals back" . Stuff. Archived from the original on 10 September 2012 . Retrieved 3 September 2008 .

^ "Stolen War Medals Recovered" . New Zealand Police. 16 February 2008. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008 . Retrieved 3 September 2008 .

^ In Pakistan, too, speculation and controversy has long been afoot regarding the genuineness of the VC awarded to Khudadad Khan which is said to be on di
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