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Stone arrowheads and tools, discovered in the Hennops river bed and dating back many years prove that people have been living in the area for a very long time. The earliest historical writings of the period record that the Bakwena tribe, known as the Crocodile people, lived in the area in the early 's. When Mzilikazi whose people became known as the Matabele came to the area in , he killed many of the Crocodile people and drove the rest away. One of the Boer Voortrekkers, Daniel Elardus Erasmus, who left the Cape Colony in the 's to seek economic and political independence in the hinterland, settled in the area on a farm that became known as Doornkloof. Doornkloof became known as the 'kerkplaas' of the district. When Daniel died in he left the farm to his three sons. Fourteen years later Alois Hugo Nellmapius - a businessman who established a transport business between Lorenzo Marques and Pilgrims Rest, as well as a Gin and Whisky factory, the first gun powder factory in South Africa and the Irene Lime works - bought two thirds of the Doornkloof farm. Nellmapius often entertained in a grand style on the farm and a frequent guest was Transvaal president, Paul Kruger. Nellmapius employed experts on his farm, one of whom was dr. Another was Mr Fuchs to lay out the farmhouse gardens. Irene was first proclaimed a township in by Johannes Albertus van der Byl better know as Bertie who bought the Irene Estate in Today it is officially part of the municipality of Centurion, and even though the population has grown considerably, neighbours still know each other and find time to chat, all in an extremely relaxed and safe environment. Bertie was first in the line of the Irene-born van der Byls who are now in their fifth generation. The family have been responsible for building up the herd of dairy cows on the farm, as well as planting many hundreds of trees, at a time long before environmental consciousness. Irene was the site of one of the Burgher refugee camps or Concentration camps where the British housed the Boer women and children, whose homes had been destroyed in the Anglo Boer war, in tents. General Jan Smuts bought a third of the original Doornkloof farm in and needing a home for his growing family, bought for , the wood and iron building which had served as the Officers Mess of the British Forces in Middelburg during the Anglo-Boer War, and transported it to the site at Doornkloof. The Smuts House Museum illustrates the life-style and multi-faceted carreer of one of South Africas greatest sons. It is set in beautiful tranquil surroundings and there is a tea garden and caravan park on the property. City dwellers are amazed to find the meadow-like environment and uncomplicated lifestyle in Irene. Fossils discovered at the Sterkfontein Caves show that homonids lived in the vicinity of Centurion between 2 to 3 million years ago. However, the earliest evidence of modern human habitation in the Centurion area does not go this far back. It dates back to AD when black communities settled in this area. They cultivated lands, grazed their cattle, made earthenware containers and smelted iron. From to the Matabele defeated the Bakwena tribe and settled along the banks of the Magalies River under the leadership of Umzilikazi. In the Erasmus family arrived and settled in the area that would later become Centurion. Several of the suburbs like Erasmia, Elardus Park, Zwartkop and Doornkloof were named after the original owners of the land and their properties. In Rev Andrew Murray visited the farm Doornkloof and christened babies, heard the confession of their faith of 29 new members of the Reformed Church and the next day, 29 December , celebrated Holy Communion. In the battle for Rooihuiskraal took place in at the place where the existing historical terrain is situated. A commando under the leadership of DJ Erasmus Jnr. Eight years later Alois Hugo Nelmapius bought the northern and north-eastern portions of the farm Doorkloof and named it after his daughter Irene, who died The Irene Primary School was also established in the camp. The town of Irene was established in when Van der Bijl laid out erven on the farm. J C Smuts. Centurion developed from the initial Lyttelton Township that was marked out on the farm Droogegrond in Lyttelton Manor Extension 1 was established in These two townships initially resorted under the Peri Urban Board in Pretoria. They acquired a Health Committee consisting of six members in and in a town committee was elected. City Council status was awarded to the town in and this council had control over an area of ha. After the inclusion of a number of townships and farming areas, the area over which the city council exerted legal control grew to 6 ha and in this area was enlarged to 20 ha. After the elections of the Verwoerdburg City Council and the Rantesig local area committee were disbanded and a new local authority consisting of Verwoerdburg, Rantesig, Erasmia, Laudium, Christoburgh and Claudius came into being. The name Centurion was accepted in by the City Council. After the country wide local elections on 5 December the city was incorporated, with the retention of its name, into the Metropolitan Council of Tshwane. Eight ward councillors and a number of proportionally elected councillors represent Centurion. The monument, symbolising flight, was erected in memory of the approximately members of the Air Force who died over the years during war and peace. The building has the shape of a triangular star and consists of three wings, one of which is a chapel for family services. The wings enfold a central memorial hall, which contains a cenotaph on a scarlet star, a list of the deceased and illuminated documents. The monument is as high as a six-storey building and was erected on a raised platform pedestal with fountains underneath the point of each wing. A garden of remembrance and an amphitheater with a seating capacity of people form a part of the surrounding grounds. The cast-iron entrance gates were previously used at the old South African Air Force memorial in Waterkloof. The memorial was opened on The battle of Pretoria in June started with a skirmish near Irene, upon which Lord Roberts decided to outmaneuver the defending Boers south of Pretoria by following the course of the Hennops River to approach Pretoria from the west. The guerrilla tactics of the Boers frustrated the British to the extent that they decided to destroy the farms of the Boers in an effort to end the war. This left many families destitute and forced the British to take care of them. Concentration camps were established, one of which was a tent near Irene where the first refugees arrived during June Conditions in the camp deteriorated rapidly and by the end of , people had already died. The camp was later extended to the other side of the river - the second camp was known as Nylstroom. During the two camps housed and average of 4 men, women and children. Although peace was declared on 31 May , the camps were only officially closed during More than people were allegedly buried at the camp, although the cemetery's name list only mentions 1 names. A name plate with a number of 2 was found later, but only graves could be found. For this reason all 1 names have been inscribed on the 80 memorial tablets. The Animal Improvement Institute of the Agriculture Research Council is situated just outside Irene and houses among others the world's only as far as is known pig museum or porcinarium. The museum's displays were arranged with the help of the Transvaal Museum and offer an interesting review of the origin and development of pig species in South Africa. The museum was opened in August to coincide with the fortieth anniversary of the National Pig Performance Testing Scheme. Since its opening the porcinarium has received many visitors, especially from abroad. The museum is open during the week office hours and for weekend visits arrangements can be made at Tel: The battle of Rooihuiskraal, which took place near the Rooihuiskraal Historical site, is viewed as one of the most crucial battles of the First Anglo Boer War. In spite of this only one British soldier was killed and 15 wounded. By the end of the Transvaal Boer Forces, had surrounded important towns, which had been occupied by the British, in order to prevent the soldiers in these towns joining General George Colley's troops from Natal. The British in Pretoria were also trapped in this way and their efforts to escape were checked twice before they decided on a large exodus through Rooihuiskraal. The Boers got wind of this and took up positions behind the stone wall of the farms massive kraal. When the British arrived in large numbers the Boers started to shoot, causing great consternation. Colonel Gildea stood upright in his stirrups to motivate his men and was hit in the buttocks. The British retreated. The Boer's victory at Rooihuiskraal had a demoralising effect on the British. They could not join the Natal troops of General Colley and after these were conquered at Amajuba, the Transvaal regained its independence. The old stone kraal at Rooihuiskraal is somewhat dilapidated today, but serves as a reminder of the historical victory and was declared a national monument. A recent addition to the site is the Centurion Battle Tank which was among others used by the British in Korea in It was later acquired by South Africa, upgraded several times but is now old enough to serve as a museum piece. This press, which moved with the mint from Church Square to Visagie street, is still in working order and can be seen at the museum of the SA Mint in Gateway Centurion. The Mint's very modern factory was opened in October and is still regarded as one of the most modern mints in the world. The Mint became a private company in and produces not only South African coins, but also coins for other countries such as New Zealand, Argentina and Switzerland. A museum, known as Coin World, was opened to the public during and offers an overview of the history of the Mint. It also houses a jewelry shop and is open from 09h00 to 15h30, seven days a week. Guided tours are also available, which last approximately two hours and cost R20 per person. More information may be obtained at Tel: Although Smuts House is situated just beyond Centurion's borders, the inhabitants view it as part of Centurion. Smuts House was the dwelling of General Jan Christiaan Smuts, twice the prime minister of South Africa, soldier, philosopher, botanist and grass expert and known internationally, among others for the creation of the term 'holism'. Previously a mess for British officers in Middelburg, Smuts bought the house for pounds in and had it transported to Irene, where it was re-erected on the farm Doornkloof. The structure was initially meant as a temporary home until a new house could be built on the koppie behind the house. The Smuts family however grew so attached to the house that they stayed there until the death of General Smuts on 11 September Today it is a museum to commemorate the life of Smuts. The museum and surrounding grounds are open to the public seven days a week. On weekdays the museum can be visited from 9h30 to 13h00 and from 13h30 to 16h Guided tours can be arranged by appointment. A walking trail starts from behind the house and leads to a koppie where the monument was erected to commemorate certain members of the Smuts family. Guided bird and botanic walks are arranged on a regular basis. Irene is a quaint and tranquil village near Centurion, south of Pretoria. His children remembered how he would clear his throat several times when he was ready to go to sleep as a signal that he wanted them to switch off their bedroom lights whether they were ready to go to sleep or not. He bought it from the British army, who had used it as an officers mess and had it transported to Doornkloof. Originally Smuts, a dedicated botanist, wanted the veld to come right up to the house but he was persuaded to allow a small lawn for the children. Many children died of malnutrition in the camps and the headstones above are from their graves. Camp inmates used pieces of tin to carve decorations on the dolomite slabs. WHEN General Jan Smuts bought a third of the Doornkloof farm to build his family home, it was the tranquillity of the area that first attracted him. Renamed Irene, it remains a picturesque village with oak-lined country lanes and cows grazing in deep green meadows, making it strangely out of place on the industrialised Highveld. Doornkloof, established by one of the Voortrekkers, Daniel Elardus Erasmus, was the site of two concentration camps where the British housed Boer families whose homes had been destroyed in the Anglo-Boer war. A cemetery containing the graves of some people, mostly children who died of malnutrition, is silent testimony to the suffering of the inmates at the camp. Other camps did not have a ready supply of stone, so graves were not marked with stones and accurate figures of the number of people buried there are hard to ascertain. Unfortunately, the camp cemetery became so overgrown that in the South African Council on War Graves was unable to distinguish which headstones belonged to which graves, or where half of the graves were situated. At the request of the SA Vroue Federasie, it established a garden of remembrance with symbolic headstones bearing the names of 10 people. The original, hand-crafted headstones have been mounted on a wall at the site to protect them from the elements. Each was painstakingly carved using whatever tools were available. In many cases, the base of a food can was used to create the flower motifs seen on many of the headstones. A weekly ration to camp inmates consisted of 7lb of flour; 4oz of salt; 6oz of coffee and 12oz of sugar. Children received half of this ration. Milk, fresh fruit and vegetables, soap, candles and toiletries were scarce and were only provided when the camp doctor prescribed them as medical comfort. The Irene Primary School, next to the cemetery, was founded in September for the children of the concentration camp and consisted of some tents and a tool shed. Correspondence gathered from teachers at the time described the children as very clean, decidedly docile and very amiable to discipline. By January the school had 1 pupils, and its teachers were among the imported from Britain by Lord Alfred Milner, high commissioner to South Africa, to teach at the various camps. The plight of those kept in the concentration camps was a matter of great concern to Smutss wife, Sybella Margaretha Isie, as she was better known. She visited every one of the camps in South Africa and retained her involvement with the school. She often sent oranges to the pupils and in later years would take pupils into town to see the movies. It was at her home, Doornkloof, now called the Smuts House Museum, that she died at the age of The Tin Palace, as the family fondly referred to it, was the place where Smuts and his wife were most at home. Here the visitor gets a glimpse into the heart of a soldier and statesman. The modest wood and iron farmhouse, with its high ceilings, is surprising in its unpretentiousness. In its simple rooms with their austere furnishing, royalty once dined and had tea, as did important historical figures. The farmhouse looks like it has always been there, but it is actually a prefabricated structure which was first erected in Middelburg, where it was an officers mess. It is believed to have been first used in India. Smuts bought the house from the British in and had it transported to Doornkloof. Although he paid for the structure, he had to pay another 1 to have it re-erected. The wing which contained the bedrooms of Smutss daughters and Isie, or Ouma as she was called, was referred to as the harem. Smuts and his son occupied another wing. The bedrooms of both Smuts and his wife are very simple, containing little more than a single bed and pictures of their children. Smuts in fact preferred to sleep on an iron bed in the enclosed balcony which the bedrooms opened on to. Over the years, many mementos, which were scattered around the country in various museums, have slowly been restored to the house. Smutss library, with its books on philosophy, science and international affairs, has been faithfully recreated. There are also a number of interesting objects that still remain. One of them is a rather gaudy gong that sits on a table in the entrance hall. Made from elephant tusks and cartridge cases from a warship, the gong was presented to Smuts by his imperial staff in the East African Campaign. Bamboo curtain rods in this room, originally from their home in Bourke Street, Pretoria, also have an interesting history and are testimony to Ouma Smutss resourcefulness. When British forces entered the city in , during the Anglo-Boer War, Ouma hid documents given to her by Smuts in the hollow rods. The living room contains one of the few valuable pieces of furniture, a Cape stinkwood armoire made in by Smutss grandfather. It also contains a display cabinet with Oumas embroidered linen, medals won for cooking and an autograph book containing the signatures of those who visited the house including Olive Schreiner and Emily Hobhouse, who campaigned against the camps. Not far from the house is another historic site, also situated on the site of the original Doornkloof farm the year-old Irene Dairy, where locals still arrive with old-fashioned gallon pails to collect fresh milk. Named after Irene Nellmapius, daughter of a famous pre-Boer War financier, Alois Hugo Nellmapius, the dairy also gave the area its name. Nelmapius, who made his money from a transport business between Lourenco Marques and Pilgrims Rest and a gin factory, employed a number of experts to work on the farm. The farm contains a functioning dairy and a shop selling milk, yoghurt and cheeses. Its situated near the original shop, which was built under the farms staff quarters. Built out of dolomite, the original shop had two entrances one for whites and one for blacks although they would meet in the middle and form the same queue.