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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the Mexican state. For the Mexican city, see Veracruz (city) . For other uses, see Veracruz (disambiguation) .
Son huasteco, performed by Los Hijos de la Malinche of Jalitpan, Veracruz
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^ Nettie Lee Benson; Colegio de México. Centro de Estudios Históricos; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (1994). La diputación provincial y el federalismo mexicano . UNAM. pp. 227–. ISBN 978-968-12-0586-7 . Retrieved 20 February 2011 .
^ "Senadores por Veracruz LXIV Legislatura" . Senado de la Republica . Retrieved April 9, 2019 .
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^ "Nomenclatura" [Nomenclature]. Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave (in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. 2005. Archived from the original on June 16, 2011 . Retrieved August 3, 2010 .
^ "Afro-Mexicans Fight for Visibility and Recognition" . Pulitzer Center . Pulitzer Center. 2019.
^ "Looking for African Roots: Yanga, Veracruz: First Free Town for Slaves in America" .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Hursh Graber, Karen (January 1, 2006). "The cuisine of Veracruz: a tasty blend of cultures" . Mexconnect . Retrieved August 3, 2010 .
^ Jump up to: a b c "Estado de Veracruz" [State of Veracruz] (in Spanish). Veracruz: Secretaria de Desarrollo Economico y Portuario. 2006 . Retrieved August 3, 2010 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Medio Fisico" [Environment]. Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave (in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. 2005. Archived from the original on June 16, 2011 . Retrieved August 3, 2010 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "Veracruz" . Encyclopædia . Retrieved August 3, 2010 .
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^ "En el estado de Veracruz, los dos ríos más contaminados de México: Salvemos el Agua" [In the state of Veracruz, the two most contaminated rivers in Mexico: Lets sabe the water]. Potamología (in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua. January 1, 2010 . Retrieved August 3, 2010 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Veracruz moist forests" . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . Retrieved August 3, 2010 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "Historia" [History]. Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave (in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. 2005. Archived from the original on June 16, 2011 . Retrieved August 3, 2010 .
^ Ida Altman, Sarah Cline, and Javier Pescador, The Early History of Greater Mexico . Prentice Hall 2003, p. 57.
^ Peter Gerhard, A Guide to the Historical Geography of New Spain, Revised Edition . Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1993.
^ Altman, et al. The Early History of Greater Mexico , p. 119.
^ Thomas, Hugh. Conquest: Montezuma, Cortes, and the Fall of Old Mexico. p. 173
^ Magner, Lois N. "The Impact of European Disease on Native Americans" . Encyclopedia.com . Cengage . Retrieved January 21, 2021 .
^ The New York Times , "The Expedition to Mexico," January 3, 1861
^ "Mexico finds 166 bodies in mass grave" . France24 . 7 September 2018 . Retrieved 6 September 2018 . Woody, Christopher (11 June 2018). "A former Mexican governor has been accused of involvement in forced disappearances, and it points to a sinister problem with Mexico's police" . Business Insider . Retrieved 6 September 2018 .
^ José de Córdoba (15 March 2017). "Grieving Mothers Lead Authorities to Mass Grave in Mexico" . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 6 September 2018 . Garrido, Edgar (19 March 2017). Cameron-Moore, Simon (ed.). "Mexico drug war investigators unearth 47 more skulls in mass graves" . Retrieved 6 September 2018 .
^ Wade, Lizzie (14 December 2016). "How forensic anthropologists are helping the families of Mexico's disappeared seek justice" . Science . Retrieved 6 September 2018 .
^ "Mexico drugs war: Mass grave found in Veracruz" . BBC News . 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 6 September 2018 .
^ Imison, Paul (17 August 2015). "How Veracruz Became the Most Dangerous State in Mexico for Journalists" . Vice . Retrieved 6 September 2018 .
^ Brock, Gregory; Jie Tan; Robert Yarbrough (2014). "The Informal Economy of Veracruz State during the Fox Administration" . Journal of Developing Areas . 48 (2): 153–168. doi : 10.1353/jda.2014.0033 . S2CID 154520420 .
^ Moritzky, Charles E. (January 1, 2006). "Veracruz: traveling the Central High Plains of Mexico" . Mexconnect . Retrieved August 3, 2010 .
^ Viniegra O., F., and Castillo-Tejero, C., 1970, Golden Lane Fields, Veracruz, Mexico, in Geology of Giant Petroleum Fields, AAPG Memoir 14, Halbouty, M.T. editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, p. 310.
^ Jump up to: a b Viniegra O., L., and Castillo-Tejero, C.,Golden Lane Fields, Veracruz, Mexico, in Geology of Giant Petroleum Fields, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 14, p. 309, 1970.
^ Viniegra O., L., and Castillo-Tejero, C.,Golden Lane Fields, Veracruz, mexico, in Geology of Giant Petroleum Fields, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 14, pp. 314 and 316, 1970.
^ Viniegra O., L., and Castillo-Tejero, C.,Golden Lane Fields, Veracruz, Mexico, in Geology of Giant Petroleum Fields, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 14, pp. 309-311, 1970.
^ Jump up to: a b c Viniegra O., L., and Castillo-Tejero, C.,Golden Lane Fields, Veracruz, Mexico, in Geology of Giant Petroleum Fields, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 14, p. 311, 1970.
^ Viniegra O., L., and Castillo-Tejero, C.,Golden Lane Fields, Veracruz, Mexico, in Geology of Giant Petroleum Fields, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 14, pp. 311 and 317, 1970.
^ Jump up to: a b Viniegra O., L., and Castillo-Tejero, C.,Golden Lane Fields, Veracruz, mexico, in Geology of Giant Petroleum Fields, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 14, p. 312, 1970.
^ Viniegra O., L., and Castillo-Tejero, C.,Golden Lane Fields, Veracruz, Mexico, in Geology of Giant Petroleum Fields, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 14, pp. 311-312, 1970.
^ Brock, Gregory (2014). " " The Long Run Industrial Growth of Veracruz State, 1955-2008" . Journal of Economic Studies . 41 (6): 821–832. doi : 10.1108/JES-02-2013-0020 . S2CID 154695456 .
^ Jump up to: a b c González, pp. 40–42
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "Atractivos Culturales y Turísticos" [Cultural and Tourist Attractions]. Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave (in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. 2005. Archived from the original on June 16, 2011 . Retrieved August 3, 2010 .
^ Jump up to: a b González, p. 23
^ González, p. 22
^ Wilkerson, S. Jeffrey K (1987). El Tajin: A Guide for Visitors . pp. 75–76. ISBN 968-499-293-9 .
^ " ' Flying Men' are now Cultural Heritage". McClatchy – Tribune Business News . Washington, DC. 2009-10-01.
^ Jump up to: a b González, pp. 20–21
^ Jump up to: a b c d González, pp. 12–15
^ Jump up to: a b González, pp. 16–18
^ Patron saint of Veracruz Archived 2013-03-13 at the Wayback Machine at Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved 06.April 2013
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Infraestructura" [Infrastructure]. Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave (in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. 2005. Archived from the original on June 16, 2011 . Retrieved August 3, 2010 .
^ Jump up to: a b "Higher education and research in the State of Veracruz" . Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development . Retrieved August 3, 2010 .
^ "Mexico: extended population list" . GeoHive. Archived from the original on March 11, 2012 . Retrieved 2011-07-29 .
^ Jump up to: a b c "Perfil Sociodemografico" [Socio-demographic profile]. Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave (in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. 2005. Archived from the original on June 16, 2011 . Retrieved August 3, 2010 .
^ Patrisia Gonzales and Roberto Rodriguez (March 3, 1996). "African Roots Stretch Deep Into Mexico" . Mexconnect . Retrieved August 3, 2010 .
^ "Veracruz Ignacio de la Llave Número de habitantes" [Veracruz Ignacio de la Llave Number of inhabitants] (in Spanish). Mexico: INEGI . 2005 . Retrieved August 3, 2010 .
^ "Gobierno" [Government]. Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave (in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. 2005. Archived from the original on June 16, 2011 . Retrieved August 3, 2010 .
^ "Regionalización" [Regions]. Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave (in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. 2005. Archived from the original on June 16, 2011 . Retrieved August 3, 2010 .
^ "Threats and censorship at peak in Veracruz, Oaxaca, Michoacán and Zacatecas - Reporters without borders" . RSF . Retrieved 9 July 2018 .
^ "Publicaciones periódicas en Veracruz" . Sistema de Información Cultural (in Spanish). Gobierno de Mexico . Retrieved March 7, 2020 .
^ "Latin American & Mexican Online News" . Research Guides . US: University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries . Archived from the original on March 7, 2020.
^ "Defying the Odds" . UW Medicine: Shortening the Distance to Healthier Lives . 2018-04-02 . Retrieved 2021-05-30 .
^ "LatinX Diabetes Clinic opens at UW Medicine in SLU" . newsroom.uw.edu . 2020-09-24 . Retrieved 2021-05-30 .
Veracruz ( American Spanish: [beɾaˈkɾus] ( listen ) ), formally Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave ( American Spanish: [beɾaˈkɾuz ðe iɣˈnasjo ðe la ˈʝaβe] ), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave ( Spanish : Estado Libre y Soberano de Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave ), is one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City , comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico . It is divided into 212 municipalities , and its capital city is Xalapa-Enríquez .
Veracruz is in eastern Mexico, bordered by the states of Tamaulipas to the north, San Luis Potosí and Hidalgo to the west, Puebla to the southwest, Oaxaca and Chiapas to the south, and Tabasco to the southeast. On its east, Veracruz has a significant share of the coastline of the Gulf of Mexico . The state is noted for its mixed ethnic and indigenous populations. Its cuisine reflects the many cultural influences that have come through the state because of the importance of the port of Veracruz. In addition to the capital city, the state's largest cities include Veracruz , Coatzacoalcos , Córdoba , Minatitlán , Poza Rica , Boca Del Río and Orizaba .
The full name of the state is Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave. Veracruz was named after the city of Veracruz (From Latin Vera Crux , " True Cross "), which was originally called the Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz . The suffix is in honor of Ignacio de la Llave y Segura Zevallos (1818–1863), who was the governor of Veracruz from 1861 to 1862. The state's seal was authorized by the state legislature in 1954, adapting the one used for the port of Veracruz and created by the Spanish in the early colonial days of the 16th century. [10]
Yango was a city formed by enslaved Africans who escaped after being brought here from Europe by Spanish colonists; they reached the mountains, escaping plantations, and lived with the indigenous people there. The song La Bamba was originally sung by these escapees, who harassed Mexico City with uprisings and attacks on haciendas . Slavery was abolished in this area, years before the English Pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock in what became the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
The enormous mountain range behind Veracruz lowlands was the site of independent communities of refugees, known as maroons , who mixed with the indigenous peoples in the mountains. In the late 1500s more slaves arose and fled to these mountains. The most memorable war, fought by Gaspar Yanga, a slave from Gabon , led to a revolt and a newly developed mountain town. Yango led raids along the Camino Real pass between Veracruz and Mexico City. In January 1609, the Viceroy of Spain sent royal troops to crush Yanga's rebels. After negotiations and vicious battles, a truce finally was reached.
After 300 years, in 1918, during World War I, the Yangans agreed to move to a town closer to the lowlands, and to accept some local authority. They settled the town of “San Lorenzo de los Negros” within Veracruz. It was officially renamed as “Yanga,” in 1956 and known as the first free town for former slaves. Descendants in contemporary Veracruz tend to have visual signs of their African ancestry: “negrito” skin tone and some other physical features.
Some Mexicans are unaware or avoid speaking about Afro-descendancy: but terms such as Afro-Mexican, Afro-mestizo or “jarocho,” a term used in and outside Veracruz, refer to this blended cultural legacy. It is featured in street names, music and food, all culled from African roots. [11] [12]
The state is a crescent-shaped strip of land wedged between the Sierra Madre Oriental to the west and the Gulf of Mexico to the east. [13] Its total area is 78,815 km 2 (30,431 sq mi), accounting for about 3.7% of Mexico's total territory. [14] It stretches about 650 km (403.9 mi) north to south, but its width varies from between 212 km (132 mi) to 36 km (22 mi), with an average of about 100 km (62 mi) in width. [15] [16] Veracruz shares common borders with the states of Tamaulipas (to the north), Oaxaca and Chiapas (to the south), Tabasco (to the southeast), and Puebla , Hidalgo , and San Luis Potosí (on the west). Veracruz has 690 km (429 mi) of coastline with the Gulf of Mexico. [17]
The natural geography can be categorized into nine regions: The Sierra de Zongolica, the Tecolutla Region, the Huayacocotla Region, the Metlac River area, the Tuxtlas Region, the Central Region, the Laguna del Castillo Region, the Pueblo Viejo-Tamiahua Region and the Laguna de Alvarado Region. [15] The topography changes drastically, rising from the narrow coastal plains to the highlands of the eastern Sierra Madre. Elevation varies from sea level to the Pico de Orizaba , Mexico's highest peak at 5,636 m (18,491 ft) above sea level. [14] [17] The coast consists of low sandy strips interspersed with tidewater streams and lagoons. [16] Most of the long coastline is narrow and sandy with unstable dunes, small shifting lagoons, and points. [15]
The mountains are of the Sierra Madre Oriental and the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt . Mountain ranges include the Sierra de Topila, Sierra de Otontepec, Sierra de Huayacocotla, Sierra de Coxquihui, Sierra de Chiconquiaco, Sierra de Jalacingo, Sierra de Axocuapan, Sierra de Huatusco, Sierra de Zongolica and the Sierra de Los Tuxtla. Major peaks include Pico de Orizaba (5,636 m, 18,491 ft), Cofre de Perote (4,282 m, 14,048.6 ft), Cerro de Tecomates (3,227 m, 10,587 ft), Cerro del Vigía Alta (3,055 m, 10,023 ft) and Cerro de 3 Tortas (2,997 m, 9,833 ft). The Pico de Orizaba is covered in snow year round; the Cofre de Perote is covered in winter. Major valleys include the Acultzingo, Córdoba, Maltrata, Orizaba and San Andrés. [15]
More than 40 rivers and tributaries provide water for irrigation and hydroelectric power; they also carry rich silt down from the eroding highlands, which is deposited in the valleys and coastal areas. [16] All of the rivers and streams that cross the state begin in the Sierra Madre Oriental or in the Central Mesa, flowing east to the Gulf of Mexico. The important ones include: Actopan River , Acuatempan river, Río Blanco, Cazones River , Coatzacoalcos River , Río de La Antigua, Ayyappan River, Jamapa River , Nautla River, Pánuco River , Papaloapan River , Tecolutla River , Tonalá River , Tuxpan River and Xoloapa River . The largest in terms of water discharge are the Pánuco, Tuxpan, Papaloapan, Coazocoalcos and Uxpanapa . The Panuco, Tuxpan, Papaloapan and Coatzacoalcos are navigable. [15] Two of Mexico's most polluted rivers, the Coatzacoalcos and the Río Blanco are located in the state. Much of the pollution comes from industrial sources, but the discharge of sewerage and uncontrolled garbage disposal are also major contributors. The state has very few sewage treatment plants, with only 10% of sewage being treated before discharge. [18]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz,_Veracruz
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz
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