Великие по собственному выбору

189

Jeffrey L. Rodengen, The Spirit of AMD: Advanced Micro Devices (Fort Lauderdale, FL: Write Stuff Enterprises Inc., 1998), 55, 67–68, 90–92; Advanced Micro Devices, Fiscal 1998 and 2002 Annual Reports (Sunnyvale, CA: Advanced Micro Devices, 1998 and 2002).
190

Mary Bellis, “Inventors of the Modern Computer: Intel 4004 – The World’s First Single Chip Microprocessor,” About.com, http://inventors.about.com/od/mstartinventions/a/microprocessor.htm.
191

J. Allard, “Windows: The Next Killer Application on the Internet,” interoffice memo, Microsoft, January 25, 1994, www.microsoft.com/about/…/docs/di_killerapp_InternetMemo.rtf; Kathy Rebello, Amy Cortese, and Rob Hof, “Inside Microsoft: The Untold Story of How the Internet Forced Bill Gates to Reverse Course,” Business Week, July 15, 1996, 35–40; Bill Gates, “How I Work: Bill Gates,” Fortune, April 7, 2006.
192

Bill Gates, “The Internet Tidal Wave,” May 26, 1995, http://www.justice.gov/atr/cases/exhibits/20.pdf; Kathy Rebello, Amy Cortese, and Rob Hof, “Inside Microsoft: The Untold Story of How the Internet Forced Bill Gates to Reverse Course,” Business Week, July 15, 1996, 38; Brent Schlender and Sheree R. Curry, “Software Hardball Microsoft is Spending Billions to Crush Netscape and Control the Internet,” Fortune, September 30, 1996.
193

Lester B. Orfield, “Federal Amending Power: Genesis and Justiciability,” Minnesota Law Review, 1930, 369–84; “The United States Constitution: Amendments,” U. S. Constitution Online, http://www.usconstitution.net/; “Bill of Rights and Later Amendments,” Independence Hall Association, www.ushistory.org/.
194

“Centuries of Citizenship: A Constitutional Timeline,” National Constitution Center, http://constitutioncenter.org/timeline/html/cw02.html; Declaration of Independence, USHistory.org, http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/document/.
195

Эминем “Lose Yourself,” 8 Mile (soundtrack), Universal Import, 2002, компакт-диск.
196

Источники рассказа о Малкольме Дейли: Malcolm Daly, “Malcolm Daly’s Accident on Thunder Mountain in the Alaska Range on 5/19/99,” Trango, http://www.trango.com/stories/mal_accident.pdf; Dave Krupa, “Jim Donini (Interview),” Denali National Park Jukebox Series, June 30, 2000; личные беседы с автором, февраль 2010-го – апрель 2011-го; “Non-Profit Helps Disabled Enjoy Outdoors,” Sierra Blogging Post, http://blog.sierratradingpost.com/in-outdoors-camping-gear-forest-trails/non-profit-helps-disabled-enjoy-the-outdoors/.

197

“Donini Bags Three Patagonian First Ascents,” The American Alpine Club, January 12, 2009, http://www.americanalpineclub.org/news/doninibagsthree; “Jim Donini,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Donini; “Jack Tackle: Professional Biography,” Dirty Sox Club, http://dirtysoxclub.wordpress.com/members/jack-tackle/.
198

4. Gordon M. Binder, Amgen (n.p.: The Newcomen Society of the United States, 1998), 10.

5. James Bates, “Biotech Detective Scores Coup: Amgen Scientist Spent Years Searching for the Key to Producing EPO,” Los Angeles Times, June 2, 1989, 1.
6. Peter Behr, “Boom or Bust in the Biotech Industry,” Environment, July/August 1982,6; Steve Curwood, “Biotech Bellyache,” Boston Globe, August 23, 1983, 1.

7. James Bates, “Biotech Detective Scores Coup: Amgen Scientist Spent Years Searching for the Key to Producing EPO,” Los Angeles Times, June 2, 1989, 1; Gordon M. Binder, Amgen (n.p.: The Newcomen Society of the United States, 1998), 13.

8. Alun Anderson and David Swinbanks, “Growing Pains for Amgen as Epoetin Wins US Approval,” Nature, June 1989, 493; Edmund L. Andrews, “Mad Scientists,” Business Month, May 1990, 54; Edmund L. Andrews, “Patents; Unaddressed Question in Amgen Case,” New York Times, March 9, 1991.

9. Henry Gee, “Amgen Scores a Knockout,” Nature, March 1991, 99; Barry Stavro, “Court Upholds Amgen’s Patent on Anemia Drug Medicine,” Los Angeles Times, March 7, 1991, 1; Edmund L. Andrews, “Amgen Wins Fight Over Drug,” New York Times, March 7, 1991, Dl; Rhonda L. Rundle and David Stipp, “Amgen Wins Biotech Drug Patent Battle,” Wall Street Journal, March 7, 1991, A3; Elizabeth S. Kiesche, “Amgen Wins EPO Battle, but Patent War Goes On,” Chemical Week, March 20, 1991, 16; Paul Hemp, “High Court Refuses Genetics Patent Appeal,” Boston Globe, October 8, 1991, 39.

10. Wade Roush, “‘Fat Hormone’ Poses Hefty Problem for Journal Embargo,” Science, August 4, 1995, 627; Larry Armstrong, John Carey, and Geoffrey Smith, “Will This Drug End Obesity?” Business Week, August 7, 1995, 29; Christiane Truelove, “Bio Biotech, Big Pharma,” Med Ad News, September 1999, 50; David Ewing Duncan, The Amgen Story: 25 Years of Visionary Science and Powerful Medicine (San Diego: Tehabi Books, 2005), 135–36, 157.

11. David Ewing Duncan, The Amgen Story: 25 Years of Visionary Science and Powerful Medicine (San Diego: Tehabi Books, 2005), 135–36, 157.
199

12. Paul A. Gompers, “The Rise and Fall of Venture Capital,” Business and Economic History, Winter 1994, 2; Carl T. Hall, “Biotechnology Revolution – 20 Years Later,” San Francisco Chronicle, May 28, 1996, Bl.
13. Investors Dream of Genes,” Time, October 20, 1980, 72.

14. Ron Scherer, “Wall Street’s Wild Fling with Hot High Tech,” Christian Science Monitor, October 17, 1980, 1, 17; Robert Lenzner, “Taking Stock,” Boston Globe, October 19, 1980, 1; Adam Lashinsky, “Remembering Netscape: The Birth of the Web,” Fortune, July 25, 2005; Douglas MacMillan, “Google’s Historic IPO: Beatable,” Business Week, August 16, 2007; “Corporate Chronology,” Genentech Inc., http://www.gene.com/gene/about/corporate/history/timeline.html.

15. “Robert A. Swanson 70 (1947–1999),” MIT Entrepreneurship Center-Legendary Leaders and Memorials, http://entrepreneurship.mit.edu/legendary_leaders_memorials.php; “Timeline of Biotechnology,” Biotechnology Institute, http://www.biotechinstitute.org/what-is-biotechnology/timeline?tid=103.

16. Ray Snoddy, “Genentech Push to Manufacturing,” Financial Times, June 18, 1982, 13; William D. Marbach, Pamela Abramson, Robb A. Allan, Cynthia Rigg, and Phyllis Malamud, “The Bust in Biotechnology,” Newsweek, July 26, 1982, 73; Peter Behr, “Boom or Bust in the Biotech Industry,” Environment, July/August 1982, 6; Genentech Inc., Fiscal 1985 Annual Report (San Francisco: Genentech Inc., 1985).

17. Jerry E. Bishop, “Genentech Seeks Human Tests of Drug to Dissolve Clots During Heart Attacks,” Wall Street Journal, November 16, 1983, 60; “Licensing of Activase Marks New Era in Treating Heart Attacks,” Genentech, Inc. Press Releases, November 13, 1987, http://www.gene.com/gene/news/press-releases/display.do?method=detail&id=4271; Marilyn Chase, “Genentech Expected to Post Strong Net for 1987, Spurred by Launch of TPA,” Wall Street Journal, January 12, 1988, 1.

18. Nell Henderson, “Biotech Breakthrough Focuses on Heart Attacks; Survival Tech Works on Delivering New Drug,” Washington Post, October 12, 1986, HI.
19. Andrea Gabor and Peter Dworkin, “Superdrugs from Genetic Secrets,” U. S. News & World Report, March 24, 1986, 54; Joan O’C. Hamilton, “Biotech’s First Superstar,” Business Week, April 14, 1986, 68; Louise Kehoe, “Fresh Blood and New Heart; Eagle Eye,” Financial Times, January 19, 1988, 32.

20. The TIMI Study Group, “Comparison of Invasive and Conservative Strategies after Treatment with Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator in Acute Myocardial Infarction,” New England Journal of Medicine, March 9, 1989, 320, 618–27; Lawrence K. Altman, “Study Finds No Difference in 2 Heart Attach [sic] Drugs,” New York Times, March 30, 1989; Michael Waldholz, “Genentech Heart Drug Dealt Critical Blow-Head to Head Study Finds TPA Is Only As Effective As Rival Streptokinase,” Wall Street Journal, March 30, 1989.

21. Michael Waldholz, “Heart Attack Study May Spur Use of Less-Costly TPA Alternative,” Wall Street Journal, August 12, 1988, 1; Richard L. Hudson, “Genentech’s Heart Drug TPA Appears Only to Equal Its Rivals, Report Says,” Wall Street Journal, September 2, 1988, 1; Marilyn Chase, “Lost Euphoria: Genentech, Battered by Great Expectations, Is Tightening Its Belt,” Wall Street Journal, October 11, 1988, 1; Marilyn Chase, “Little Difference is Found Between TPA and Rival in Small Study of Heart Drugs,” Wall Street Journal, November 14, 1988, 1; Michael Waldholz, “Genentech Heart Drug Dealt Critical Blow – Head to Head Study Finds TPA Is Only As Effective As Rival Streptokinase,” Wall Street Journal, March 30, 1989, 1; “Genentech’s Fortunes: A Boost for CD4 and ’Crosscurrents’ in 1988,” Pharmaceutical Business News, April 14, 1989; Sabin Russell, “Heart-Attack Drug Study is a Blow to Genentech,” San Francisco Chronicle, March 9, 1990, Al; “Heart-Attack Drugs: Trials and Tribulations,” Economist, March 16, 1991, 86; Genentech Inc., Fiscal 1989 Annual Report (San Francisco: Genentech Inc., 1989).

22. Charles Petit, “Genentech Beats Cheaper Rival in Battle of Heart Attack Drugs,” San Francisco Chronicle, May 1, 1993, Al; Genentech Inc., Fiscal 1994 Annual Report (San Francisco: Genentech Inc., 1994).
200

Gene Bylinsky, “How Intel Won Its Bet on Memory Chips,” Fortune, November 1973, 184; Thomas C. Hayes, “Intel’s Earnings Grew Sharply in Fourth Quarter,” New York Times, January 14, 1984.
201

Gordon M. Binder, Amgen (n.p.: The Newcomen Society of the United States, 1998), 10.
202

James Bates, “Biotech Detective Scores Coup: Amgen Scientist Spent Years Searching for the Key to Producing EPO,” Los Angeles Times, June 2, 1989, 1; David Ewing Duncan, The Amgen Story: 25 Years of Visionary Science and Powerful Medicine (San Diego: Tehabi Books, 2005), 66, 71; Edmund L. Andrews, “Mad Scientists,” Business Month, May 1990, 54; Pamela Sherrid, “Biotech Battle Royale,” U. S. News 6 World Report, March 20, 2000, 52; “Billion Dollar Babies: Biotech Drugs as Blockbusters,” Nature Biotechnology, April 2007.

203

White, Weld & Co. and McDonald & Company, “Prospectus: The Progressive Corporation Common Stock,” The Progressive Corporation, April 15, 1971; April Dougal Gasbarre (updated by David Bianco), “The Progressive Corporation,” International Directory of Company Histories (New York: St. James Press, 1999), 397; The Progressive Corporation, Fiscal 2000 Annual Report (Mayfield Village, OH: The Progressive Corporation, 2000).
204

James Wallace and Jim Erickson, Hard Drive (New York: Harper-Business, 1992), 20, 27, 53, 67, 71–76.
205

According to Table 1, page 23, in the Bukoski and Korotkin article cited here, in 1970, 3.9 percent of U.S. public secondary schools used computers for instruction. William J. Bukoski and Arthur L. Korotkin, “Computing Activities in Secondary Education,” American Institutes for Research in the Behavioral Sciences, September 1975, 2–30; Andrew Molnar, “Computers in Education: A Brief History,” THE Journal, June 1, 1997.
206

Andrew Molnar, “Computers in Education: A Brief History,” THE Journal, June 1, 1997.
207

James Wallace and Jim Erickson, Hard Drive (New York: Harper-Business, 1992), 76–77, 97, 110.
208

Jeffrey L. Rodengen, The Spirit of AMD: Advanced Micro Devices (Ft. Lauderdale, FL: Write Stuff Enterprises Inc., 1998), 127; Stephen Kreider Yoder, “Changing Game: Intel Faces Challenge to Its Dominance in Microprocessors,” Wall Street Journal, April 8, 1991, Al; Ken Siegmann, “Intel Loses Copyright Suit Against Rival,” San Francisco Chronicle, March 11, 1994, Al; Jim Carlton and Stephen Kreider Yoder, “Computers: Humble Pie: Intel to Replace its Pentium Chips,” Wall Street Journal, December 21, 1994, Bl; Don Clark, “Intel’s 4th Period Net Fell 37 % on Big Charge for Pentium Woes,” Wall Street Journal, January 18, 1995, B6; Stewart Alsop and Patty de Llosa, “Can AMD Avoid the Intel Graveyard?” Fortune, April 14, 1997; Ira Sager and Andy Reinhardt, “Chipping at Intel’s Lead,” Business Week, October 19, 1998, 46; Advanced Micro Devices, Fiscal 1994 and 1998 Annual Reports (Sunnyvale, VA: Advanced Micro Devices, 1994 and 1998.

209

Advanced Micro Devices, Fiscal 1995 Annual Report (Sunnyvale, VA: Advanced Micro Devices, 1995); Jeffrey L. Rodengen, The Spirit of AMD: Advanced Micro Devices (Ft. Lauderdale, FL: Write Stuff Enterprises Inc., 1998), 133–36.
210

Jim Carlton, “Advanced Micro Woos a Partner to Fight Intel,” Wall Street Journal, October 23, 1995, A3; Robert D. Hof and Peter Burrows, “Intel Won’t Feel the Heat from this Fusion,” Business Week, November 6, 1995; “My Chip is Faster than Your Chip,” Business Week, February 10, 1997, 70; “Advanced Micro Lands Deal with Digital,” Dow Jones Online News, April 25, 1997; Jeffrey L. Rodengen, The Spirit of AMD: Advanced Micro Devices (Ft. Lauderdale, FL: Write Stuff Enterprises Inc., 1998), 137–39; Ira Sager and Andy Reinhardt, “Chipping at Intel’s Lead,” Business Week, October 19,1998,46; “Semiconductors: The Monkey and the Gorilla,” Economist, December 5, 1998, 71.

211

Dean Takahashi, “More Bad News Puts Intel Rival Further Behind,” Wall Street Journal, June 24, 1999, Bl; Angela Key, “Hello (Again), Mr. Chips,” Fortune, April 3, 2000; “Semiconductors: The Monkey and the Gorilla,” Economist, December 5, 1998, 71; Jeffrey L. Rodengen, The Spirit of AMD: Advanced Micro Devices (Ft. Lauderdale, FL: Write Stuff Enterprises Inc., 1998), 133–36, 141.
212

James Wallace and Jim Erickson, Hard Drive (New York: Harper-Business, 1992), 167, 173, 175–77, 179–81; Lisa Miller Mesdag, “Famous Victories in Personal Software,” Fortune, May 2, 1983, 153; Julia Pitta, “Coulda Been a Contender,” Forbes, July 10, 1989; John Markoff, “PC Software Maker Novell to Buy Digital Research,” New York Times, July 17, 1991.
213

James Wallace and Jim Erickson, Hard Drive (New York: Harper-Business, 1992) 176, 190; Lisa Miller Mesdag, “Famous Victories in Personal Software,” Fortune, May 2, 1983, 153; Julia Pitta, “Coulda Been a Contender,” Forbes, July 10, 1989.
214

Marcia Stepanek, “Q&A with Progressive’s Peter Lewis,” Business Week, September 12, 2000; “About Us: Provisions of Proposition 103 Affecting the Rate Regulation Division,” California Department of Insurance, http://www.insurance.ca.gov/0500-about-us/0500-organization/0400-rate-regulation/prop-103.cfm; The Progressive Corporation, Fiscal 1991 Annual Report (Mayfield Heights, OH: The Progressive Corporation, 1991).
215

Stephen Phillips, “Driven to Succeed Peter Lewis, Progressive’s Artful Chief Exec, Aims to Overtake Auto Insurance Industry’s Leaders,” Plain Dealer, September 1, 1996, 1.1; “Ralph Nader Biography,” Academy of Achievement, http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/nadObio-l; James Wallace and Jim Erickson, Hard Drive (New York: Harper-Business, 1992), 76; Brian Dumaine, “Times are Good? Create a Crisis,” Fortune, June 28, 1993, 123; David Craig, “Progressively Thinking,” USA Today, September 15, 1994, 01.B; Carol J. Loomis, “Sex. Reefer? And Auto Insurance!” Fortune, August 7, 1995, 76.

216

Betsy Wiesendanger, “Progressive’s Success is No Accident,” Sales & Marketing Management, September 1991, 57; Ronald Henkoff, “Service is Everybody’s Business,” Fortune, June 27, 1994, 48; Carol J. Loomis, “Sex. Reefer? And Auto Insurance!” Fortune, August 7, 1995, 76; “Leading Writers of Private Passenger Auto Insurance,” Best’s Review, September 1988, 22; “All Private Passenger Auto,” Best’s Review, October 1998; “Gearing Up: Insurers are Using Driver Safety Programs, Sharply Focused Advertising and the Internet to Court Teen Drivers,” Best’s Review, October 2003; Chuck Salter, “Progressive Makes Big Claims,” Fast Company, November 1998, 176.

217

Malcolm Gladwell, Outliers, paperback edition (New York: Back Bay Books/Little Brown and Company, 2011), 20–30.
218

Наши подсчеты приведены в разделе «Принципы исследования». Стоит отметить, что у Малкольма Гладуэлла в данных книги «Гении и аутсайдеры» имеются расхождения. В бумажном издании (New York: Back Bay Books/Little Brown and Company, 2011) на страницах 22–23 Гладуэлл обсуждает статистические данные, собранные канадскими психологами Роджером Барнсли и Э. Томпсоном: «Он [Барнсли] изучил состав Национальной хоккейной лиги. То же самое. Чем внимательнее Барнсли всматривался, тем больше убеждался в том, что перед ним не случайное совпадение, но железный закон канадского хоккея: в любой элитной группе хоккеистов, среди лучших из лучших, 40 % приходится на рожденных с января по март, 30 % – на рожденных с апреля по июнь, 20 % – с июля по сентябрь и лишь 10 % – с октября по декабрь». В примечании к бумажному изданию Гладуэлл дает такую ссылку: «Роджер Барнсли и Э. Томпсон выложили результаты своего исследования на сайте http://www.socialproblemindex.ualberta.ca/relage.htm». Этот сайт, в свою очередь, отсылает к статье Барнсли и Томпсона в такой форме: “Источник: Barnsley RH, Thompson AH, Barnsley PE (1985). Hockey success and birth-date: The relative age effect. Journal of the Canadian Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, Nov.-Dec, 23–28.” Мы отыскали эту статью в библиотечном архиве (онлайн она отсутствует), и таблица по датам рождения игроков НХЛ в этой статье («Таблица 2, месяца рождения игроков НХЛ сезона 1982/83» на с. 24) дает расклад: 32,0 % / 29,8 % / 21,9 %

219

“Athlete Profile: Ray Bourque,” Sports Illustrated, February 3, 1998, http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/olympics/events/1998/nagano/athletes/235.htm; “Ray Bourque,” National Hockey League, http://www.nhl.com/ice/player.htm?id=8445621; “Ray Bourque,” HockeyDB.com, http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php?pid=520; Robin Finn, “Bourque: A Star Without the Sparkle,” New York Times, February 3, 1986; Joe Lapointe, “Hockey: Bourque, at 33, is Still Mr. Defense,” New York Times, January 21, 1994; “Athlete Profile: Ray Bourque,” Sports Illustrated, February 3, 1998, http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/olympics/events/1998/nagano/athletes/235.htm; Nancy Marrapese-Burrell, “The Clock Chimes for Father Ice Time,” ESPN, http://espn.go.com/classic/biography/s/Bourque_Ray.html; “One on One with Ray Bourque,” Hockey Hall of Fame, http://www.legendsofhockey.net; NHL Stats, http://www.nhl.com/ice/statshome.htm.

220

Greensboro Youth Hockey Association, http://www.gyhastars.com/Page.asp?n=9340&org=gyhastars.com.
221

Friedrich Nietzsche, Twilight of the Idols (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1997). Примечание: книга впервые вышла на немецком языке в 1888 году.
222

Lamar Muse, Southwest Passage: The Inside Story of Southwest Airlines’ Formative Years (Austin, TX: Eakin Press, 2002), 92.
223

“Pacific Southwest Airlines: Speech by Paul C. Barkley, President, to the Society of Airline Analysts of the New York Society of Security Analysts, June 23, 1982,” Wall Street Transcript, August 9, 1982.
224

Gary Kissel, Poor Sailors’ Airline (McLean, VA: Paladwr Press, 2002), 234, 245, 262, 281, 283, 291, 295; Howard D. Putnam with Gene Busnar, The Winds of Turbulence (Reno, NV: Howard D. Putnam Enterprises Inc., 1991), 206–7; “PSA Inc. Debt Rating is Lowered by Moody’s,” Wall Street Journal, October 7, 1982,41; “PSA Plans Layoffs, Melding of Operations,” Wall Street Journal, December 1, 1983; “PSA’s Airline Warns of Closing if Workers Make No Concessions,” Wall Street Journal, November 12, 1984, 1.

225

Richard F. Hubbard and Jeffrey L. Rodengen, Biomet Inc: From Warsaw to the World (Ft. Lauderdale, FL: Write Stuff Enterprises Inc., 2002), 12–29; David Cassak, “Biomet’s Contrarian Conservatism,” Business and Medicine Report, May 1999.
226

Scott Fitzgerald, The Crack-Up (New York: New Directions; 1945), 57.
227

David Breashears, High Exposure (New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 1999), 285; Sally B. Donnelly, “One Airline’s Magic: How Does Southwest Soar Above its Money-Losing Rivals? Its Employees Work Harder and Smarter, in Return for Job Security and a Share of the Profits,” Time, October 28, 2002, 45; Robert McGough, “Like to Drink and Drive?” Financial World, November 27, 1990, 27; The Progressive Corporation, Fiscal 1981 Annual Report (Mayfield Village, OH: The Progressive Corporation, 1981), 11; Noreen Seebacher, “Stryker Products: Just What the Doctor Ordered,” Detroit News, May 6, 1991, 3F; Geoffrey Brewer, “20 Percent – Or Else!” Sales & Marketing Management, November 1994; Barry Stavro, “Amgen Bets Its Future on Biotech Anemia Drug,” Los Angeles Times, May 12, 1987, 9A; Gordon M. Binder, “Amgen,” The Newcomen Society of the United States, 1998, 19; Tom Wolfe, “The Tinkerings of Robert Noyce,” Esquire Magazine, December 1983, 346–74; Leslie Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip (New York: Oxford University Press Inc., 2005), 151, 157, 163; James Wallace and Jim Erickson, Hard Drive (New York: HarperBusiness, 1992), 260; Rich Karlgaard, “ASAP Interview: Bill Gates (Microsoft Corp.’s CEO),” Forbes, December 7, 1992; Julia Lawlor, “Microsoft’s Rite of Spring,” USA Today, April 8, 1993, 01B; Geoffrey Smith and James Ellis, “Pay That was Justified – And Pay that Just Mystified,” Business Week, May 6, 1991.2. William Patrick Patterson, “Software Sparks a Gold Rush,” Industry W

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