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These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. Against a backdrop of an overall decline in the injecting of illicit drugs in Europe, recent reports of the injection of new psychoactive substances NPS , in particular synthetic cathinones, have emerged as a worrying new trend. Synthetic cathinones first appeared on the European illicit drug market in These substances have effects similar to known stimulant drugs and are structurally related to cathinone, which is found in the Khat plant Catha edulis. Many synthetic cathinones have, for varying periods of time, been legally available in European countries, often sold through physical retail outlets or via websites. Ease of availability coupled with relatively low prices and high purity compared to street drugs, and popularisation via Internet-driven social media, are likely to have contributed to current levels of use. Developing a clear understanding of patterns and levels of use of synthetic cathinones in Europe remains a challenge. As it is a relatively new phenomenon, existing monitoring systems are not geared towards it, no agreed analytic laboratory standards exist, and users are seldom aware of precisely which substance or combination of substances they have used. Furthermore purchasing on the Internet enables users to remain discreet and thus a much hidden population. Important insights have been collected for this analysis, however, from a limited number of national and targeted surveys, data presented in Reitox national reports and the scientific literature. However, there are other groups where higher prevalence levels of synthetic cathinone use are reported, such as clubbers, high-risk drug users and treatment entrants. While most cathinone use involves either snorting the drugs as a powder or oral use, a recent worrying phenomenon has emerged of synthetic cathinones being injected by some groups of drug users. On the whole, reports suggest that injecting cathinone users are primarily injectors of other drugs heroin, amphetamines who, for a variety of reasons, switch to cathinone injection or include cathinones in their drug-using repertoire. In some European countries, the injection of synthetic cathinones is reported to be a relatively low-level and localised phenomenon, restricted to particular groups of high-risk drug users Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Ireland, Poland, Spain and the United Kingdom. In Hungary and Romania, however, a more substantial level of use of synthetic cathinones injection has been identified among large cohorts of high-risk drug users. After almost pushing heroin out of the market, synthetic cathinones also began to displace amphetamines. It is interesting to note that the cathinone of choice changed over time in a way that appears to be directly linked with availability — when one cathinone was controlled, it was quickly replaced by a cathinone that was not controlled see figure. Source: Hungarian national focal point, Other indicators e. More localised outbreaks of cathinones injection have been identified in several countries, typically involving high-risk drug users in contact with low-threshold facilities, psychiatric facilities, and drug treatment centres. In total, 3 syringes were collected from 17 sites in Paris where syringe retrieval devices are located. The appearance of this cathinone and its growing presence in the syringes was observed between summer and winter , mainly at sites where cocaine was the most previously injected drugs. A study of Irish prisoners showed that this population reported injecting cathinones. In addition, several in-depth qualitative studies that confirm the presence of mephedrone injection have been conducted in Dublin e. Van Hout and Bingham, The reported frequency of use was relatively intensive among this group, with 50 doses of the drug per week on average, and a third of respondents reporting that mephedrone was the drug causing them the most problems. Both older polydrug users and younger users without previous opioid experience were represented among these users Austrian Reitox national focal point, At present, mephedrone appears to be declining in Austria Austrian Reitox national focal point, Mephedrone injection has also been reported in the United Kingdom, based on law enforcement reports Chadd, , lthough the evidence of increased mephedrone injection in the study location South Wales was mainly anecdotal. In addition, the national Druglink Street Drug Trends survey in the UK reported on mephedrone users who were experiencing multiple harms and making contact with drug services. These included both experienced users of other drugs switching to mephedrone, and novice users who have never injected other drugs before. Mephedrone users were reportedly younger than other groups of high-risk drug users seen by drug services. A recent survey among Spanish harm reduction centre clients in Barcelona highlighted the injecting use of the synthetic cathinone 4-MEC among this population. A similar study at city level was carried out in Finland in the Helsinki area. There is additional limited data on the use of cathinones or more generally of NPS by people who inject drugs, but where the route of administration is non-specified or unknown. Parties can last from around eight hours up to three days Spire et al. Consequently, this form of use is associated with a highly elevated risk of the spread of blood-borne and sexually transmitted diseases. To date in Europe, this new practice has primarily been documented among restricted sub-groups of gay men mainly in London and a small, but increasing number of French cities Lahaie et al. This analysis has documented emerging evidence of new patterns of synthetic cathinone injection amongst subpopulations of drug users in Europe. There is concern about the addictive potential of these drugs and associated physical and mental health harms experienced by users see Health consequences , and about the high-risk behaviours associated with injection of these substances. While at present there are no specific interventions targeted at synthetic cathinones users, given that, for several researched synthetic cathinones, there appear to be similar mechanisms of action, effects and harms as for amphetamines, interventions with evidence of effectiveness for these drugs may prove useful EMCDDA, Bearing in mind the serious potential impact of new patterns of injection being identified, the close monitoring of synthetic cathinones use in Europe is clearly an important public health priority. Synthetic cathinones are related to the parent compound cathinone, one of the naturally occurring psychoactive substances found in the khat plant Catha edulis Forsk. The core molecular structure of synthetic cathinones derivatives is cathinone 2-aminophenylpropanone or 2-aminopropiophenone. The possible substitution patterns of the synthetic cathinones, known as 'substitutions', occur when any of the hydrogen atoms attached to the phenyl ring, the alpha-carbon of the side chain or the nitrogen atom are replaced with other substituents or functional groups. Using this interactive tool you can select different combinations of substituents and build up to 60 molecules to find out more about the synthetic cathinones that are being monitored by the EU Early Warning System. It is the cathinone beta-keto derivative of the ring-substituted phenethylamine 2C-B. Metamfepramone is a drug related to cathinone and methcathinone. Chemically, it is the N-ethyl homologue of cathinone and dimethylcathinone. Mephedrone is a synthetic ring-substituted cathinone closely related to the phenethylamine family, differing only by a keto functional group at the beta carbon. The substance was found during an analysis in August It has been reported to have enhanced potency at serotonin uptake transporters. In addition, it has been reported that phenyl ring substitution can shift the psychopharmacological profile of aminopropiophenones from stimulant activity to antidepressant activity. It is a positional isomer of mephedrone, differing only in the position of the methyl group on the phenyl ring. The substance was found during an analysis of a powder purchased in August No additional information on this synthetic cathinone is currently available. We are in the process of updating our information base and this should be available shortly. The substance occurred in July in incoming mail from Shanghai. The substance was found during an analysis of a powder collected in August The substance was found during an analysis of a powder collected in April This substance is a synthetic cathinone derivative, and is the N-benzyl derivative of the known substance 4-methyl-buphedrone aka 4-Me-MABP. This substance is structurally related to pentedrone 2-methylaminophenylpentanone by being substituted in the ring with a methyl group at the para-position as well as being N-ethylated, rather than N-methylated. The substance was found during an analysis in October The substance was found during an analysis of tablets purchased online. This substance is a ring-substituted synthetic cathinone derivative, which is the N-propyl homologue of butylone. The substance was found in May in a postal package from China. It also shares similarities with MPHP, its ring-methylated derivative. Hexedrone is a synthetic cathinone and the higher homologue which continues the series established by buphedrone and pentedrone. It is structurally related to pentedrone 2-methylaminophenylpentanone by being substituted in the ring with a fluorine atom at the para-position as well as being N-isoproylated, rather than N-methylated. It is substituted at the meta-position on the phenyl ring with a methoxy group. It is a positional isomer of methedrone 4-methoxymethcathinone and the beta-keto analogue of the phenthylamine stimulant O-MMA. Synthetic cathinones have been linked to a range of health problems for users Miotto et al. The drugs toxicity at high doses, which is similar to that of cocaine, MDMA and amphetamine Dargan and Wood, , has resulted in emergency room presentations across Europe; deaths involving synthetic cathinones do occur Wood and Dargan, ; Corkery et al. Injecting cathinone use has been associated with a high frequency of injection for several of the substances, with European injectors of synthetic cathinones reporting a number of injection-related and other complications. These include an intense burning sensation at the injection site, with repetitive injection resulting in skin erosion, localised infections, blisters, spots, abscesses, gangrenous tissue, blood clots, permanent numbness and spasms. In addition, some problems associated with synthetic cathinone injection and the spread of infectious diseases have been highlighted. In Hungary, possible increases in HCV infection were observed in synthetic cathinone injectors and associated with high frequency of injection for some cathinones In Romania the high frequency of injecting these drugs 6—8 times per day according to local studies , coupled with a reduction in the availability of sterile injecting equipment, are cited as factors playing a role in recent HIV outbreaks Botescu et al. In addition to injection-related risks, cathinones use has also been associated with risky sexual practices Van Hout and Brennan, a; Stuart, ; Spire et al. Compulsive use and dependence symptoms have been reported by synthetic cathinone users. These include strong cravings, relatively rapid development of tolerance and prolonged binges, sometimes lasting for many days. The compulsive nature of use might stem from the fact that the effects of several of these drugs are in general short-lived, with a maximum of 2—4 hours at oral administration Corkery et al. A study of psychiatric inpatient facilities in Germany Livak et al. Psychotic states following mephedrone use often persisted for several days despite the administration of neuroleptic medication. Most of these cases were polydrug users who had often used injection as a route of administration for cathinones. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. Breadcrumb Home Topics Injection of synthetic cathinones. Perspectives on drugs: injection of synthetic cathinones Introduction Analysis Interactive Facts and figures Health consequences Find out more. Update date : PDF version. Analysis: injection of synthetic cathinones. Daly, M. Van Hout, M. Chadd, A. Tammi, T. Czech national focal point, personal communication, Lindeman, E. Bourne, A. Spire, B. Stuart, D. Batisse, A. Lahaie, E. Loading interactive feature… please wait. Synthetic cathinone Metamfepramone Metamfepramone is a drug related to cathinone and methcathinone. Synthetic cathinone Mephedrone Mephedrone is a synthetic ring-substituted cathinone closely related to the phenethylamine family, differing only by a keto functional group at the beta carbon. Synthetic cathinone Buphedrone Buphedrone is a structural isomer of mephedrone. It was first synthesized in by Hyde et al. Synthetic cathinone xxx No additional information on this synthetic cathinone is currently available. Synthetic cathinone 4-methylbuphedrone, N-benzyl derivative This substance is a synthetic cathinone derivative, and is the N-benzyl derivative of the known substance 4-methyl-buphedrone aka 4-Me-MABP. Synthetic cathinone 4-Methyl-N-ethylnorpentedrone This substance is structurally related to pentedrone 2-methylaminophenylpentanone by being substituted in the ring with a methyl group at the para-position as well as being N-ethylated, rather than N-methylated. Synthetic cathinone bk-PBDB This substance is a ring-substituted synthetic cathinone derivative, which is the N-propyl homologue of butylone. Synthetic cathinone Eutylone Eutylone is a substituted cathinone which is a higher homologue of butylone and ethylone. Synthetic cathinone 4-fluoro-N-isopropylnorpentedrone 4-fluoro-N-isopropylnorpentedrone is a synthetic ring-substituted cathinone derivative. Synthetic cathinone 3-methoxymethcathinone 3-methoxymethcathinone is a synthetic ring-substituted derivative of methcathinone. Sorry… No additional information on this synthetic cathinone is currently available. Synthetic cathinones encompass a wide group of substances that are synthetic derivatives of cathinone, which is naturally present in the Khat Catha edulis plant. Synthetic cathinones mainly appear on the drug markets as powders and tablets. Between and more than 81 synthetic cathinone derivatives were reported to the EU Early Warning System see Interactive: demystifying the chemistry. Methcathinone was first developed in the s as an antidepressant. Since then it has been used illicitly in the former Soviet Union countries and Poland 4. In Israel, the use of khat-extracted cathinones spread in the early s. These substances were banned in ; further derivatives were banned in Synthetic cathinones were first seized in Europe in methylone in the Netherlands. In mephedrone was submitted to control measures in the European Union. Footnotes 4 Bretteville-Jensen et al. References Bretteville-Jensen, A. References Miotto, K. Dargan, P. Wood, D. Corkery, J. Horvath, G. Botescu, A. Livak, V. Szily, E.

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Activities by an organized crime group involving the illegal entry, transit or residence of migrants for a financial or material benefit. The production, transport, storage and sale of goods that are fraudulently mislabeled or fraudulent imitations of registered brands. The illicit transport, handling and sale of excise consumer goods despite a ban or outside a legal market. Excludes oil and counterfeits. The illicit trade and possession of species covered by CITES convention, and other species protected under national law. The poaching, illicit trade in and possession of species covered by CITES and other species protected by national law. Includes IUU fishing. The illicit extraction, smuggling, mingling, bunkering or mining of natural resources and the illicit trade of such commodities. The production, distribution and sale of heroin. Consumption of the drug is considered in determining the reach of the criminal market. The production, distribution and sale of cocaine and its derivatives. Consumption is considered in determining the reach of the market. The illicit cultivation, distribution and sale of cannabis oil, resin, herb or leaves. Consumption is used to determine the market's reach. The production, distribution and sale of synthetic drugs. Organized crime that results in a monetary loss via financial fraud, embezzlement, misuse of funds, tax evasion and abusive tax avoidance. Clearly defined organized crime groups that usually have a known name, defined leadership, territorial control and identifiable membership. Loose networks of criminal associates engaging in criminal activities who fail to meet the defining characteristics of mafia-style groups. Includes foreign nationals and diaspora groups. The State's role in responding to organized crime and its effectiveness. The degree to which states have put oversight mechanisms in place to ensure against state collusion in illicit activities. A country's supranational structures and processes of interaction, policy making and concrete implementation to respond to organized crime. The degree to which states are able to control their physical and cyber territory and infrastructure against organized criminal activities. Assistance provided to victims of various forms of organized crime, including initiatives such as witness protection programs. Refers to the existence of strategies, measures, resource allocation, programmes and processes that are aimed to inhibit organized crime. Sweden has a moderate human trafficking market. Cases of forced prostitution and abuse of smuggled individuals working under sub-standard conditions have been noted in the country. Sex trafficking remains the most prevalent form of trafficking: most cases involve women and children from West Africa and Eastern Europe. Victims of labour trafficking, who largely originate from Eastern Europe, East Asia, and West Africa, face exploitation in the service, cleaning, and construction industries, as well as in the agricultural sector. Additionally, the private delivery industry messengers and food delivery drivers has seen an increase in exploitative practices. Unaccompanied children are especially vulnerable: the majority of suspected child trafficking victims arrive in Sweden from Africa and the Middle East. Historically, most traffickers have the same nationality as their victims and have been part of criminal networks engaged in multiple criminal activities, but recent reports involve traffickers who are actual family members of their victims without any ties to organized crime groups. Human smuggling is a prevalent issue in Sweden — especially when it comes to political discourse — and the practice has increased over the last few years. Sweden is a popular destination for refugees and asylum seekers due to favourable family reunification policies, support for integration and a generous welfare state. However, the growth of irregular migration and the failure of integration policies have strained social cohesion and created discontent within immigrant populations, causing rising levels of violence between immigrant and host communities. Criminals who are Swedish residents continue to provide a base for the human smuggling market, often aided by the foreign diaspora in the country. Extortion and protection racketeering are relatively limited in Sweden. Such activities are mostly carried out by gangs and family-based criminal networks. Victims of systematic extortion are often entrepreneurs and people with foreign backgrounds. The impact of the arms trafficking market in Sweden remains significant. Organized gangs in major cities frequently use illegal arms and explosives. The increased availability of arms on the black market, and a rising demand for illegal firearms among criminal gangs, are evidenced by a growing number of police seizures and increased reports of illegal possession and gun crimes. Arms are trafficked into Sweden mostly from the western Balkans, albeit on a relatively small scale. Arms trafficking appears to be inextricably linked to drug trafficking. In late , for example, gang conflicts in Stockholm arising from a drug turf war, evolved into a cycle of revenge attacks. The sale of counterfeit medicine via illegal online pharmacies is an increasing concern in Sweden. Most imported counterfeit and pirated products come from China, followed by Thailand and Turkey. There is no evidence of a prominent market for the trade in excise goods in Sweden, but an increase in excise duty on alcohol and tobacco has created incentives to bring in these products illegally. There have been reports of cross-border smuggling of alcoholic beverages, often coming from Germany, but the relation of these operations to organized crime is uncertain. The market for flora crimes in Sweden is limited, with exotic timber and other rare plant species being occasionally smuggled into the country, albeit on a limited scale. More importantly, there are allegations of Swedish companies failing in their due diligence and sourcing illegally harvested wood from Ukraine. Wildlife crimes, such as the theft and export of eels and protected bird eggs including rare owl and falcon species are the most prevalent fauna crimes in the country. Wolf poaching is also a persistent issue, which has caused a decline in wolf numbers. Fishing without permits and illicit hunting also occur. That being said, incidents pertaining to flora and fauna crimes are met with a strong state response. The illegal non-renewable resources market in Sweden is considered to be small. Oil is an important source of income for crime groups in the south. Illegal activities are mainly carried out by partly legitimate companies with open and legal operations. Furthermore, Swedish-owned companies have been accused of corrupt practices related to non-renewable resources, and involvement in illicit activities abroad. The heroin market has declined in the past few years as a result of synthetic opioid alternatives. Criminal networks that smuggle heroin hide their criminality behind seemingly legal companies and use their flow of goods for smuggling. The heroin trade might be in decline, but the trade of cocaine in Sweden has steadily increased. That said, the cocaine market is still relatively small compared to other countries in Western Europe. Cocaine is largely shipped into Sweden via the Netherlands, originating in South America. In ports like Rotterdam, the drugs are moved to smaller cargo boats that head to Scandinavian markets. Shipments are offloaded at destination ports like Gothenburg and Uddevalla or dropped overboard en route to be fished out of the water. Cannabis is the most commonly used drug in Sweden. Local cultivation has increased in recent years, but for the most part, the drug continues to be imported from abroad. The price of hashish and marijuana has remained relatively stable over time. Profits from the illegal trade are claimed by organized criminal groups, with foreign actors controlling trafficking channels and smaller domestic groups handling the distribution. Drugs like crystal and 3-CMC have become increasingly common and can easily be bought on the internet. The availability of amphetamines remains high and prices have been slightly declining over the past few years. Synthetic opioid use far exceeds heroin use; deaths attributed to heroin overdose and fentanyl overdose are approaching parity. Cyber-dependent crime is a considerable threat in Sweden; ransomware attacks are the most prevalent type of offence. Such attacks comprising almost half of all severe cyber-attacks in the country reportedly saw an increase in recent years. There has also been a growing tendency among cybercriminals to threaten the release of sensitive corporate data stolen during illegal cyber operations. The market for financial crime in Sweden is continuously growing. Some of the most common types of financial crimes include attacks on the Swedish value added tax VAT system, seizing money in the form of subsidies, and tax evasion. Involvement of organized criminals is also on the rise — these criminals operate through tax-evading companies that use false claims on the national welfare system. Most organized crime groups and gangs in Sweden are dominated by non-ethnic Swedes from the Balkans and the Middle East, among others. According to reports, foreign-born individuals and their offspring are significantly overrepresented in crime, while foreign groups not based in Sweden — predominantly from eastern Europe — enter the country to conduct burglaries and theft. Organized Roma groups are also increasingly prevalent. However, domestic criminal networks continue to dominate areas in Swedish cities, adding to growing insecurity about their influence in Swedish society. Loose networks mainly operate in larger cities but also maintain a strong foothold in disadvantaged rural areas and smaller cities. Biker gangs in Sweden have a history of conflict and criminal activity — such gangs are the most prominent mafia-style group in the country. However, there are a number of other organized groups across the territory — some with ethnic, clan-type structures and others with recognised branding. State-embedded criminal actors are not a problem in Sweden. Corruption is present at municipal level and within central government, but it is limited and its connections to organized crime are questionable. Sweden is among the most stable countries in the world. However, the government has been criticized for its slow response to growing problems related to organized crime. Lack of strategies to prevent violence, shortage of police officers and a lack of resources to address low-priority crimes are some of the gaps that remain unaddressed. That said, the government recently expanded measures to combat gang crime by enhancing collaboration between various government agencies. Similarly, although transparency and accountability in the Swedish state apparatus remains high, recent surveys suggest that corruption is increasing. Sweden is considered a reliable and cooperative international partner. Since the recent increase in gang shootings, there is a growing willingness for international cooperation. Sweden is also party to several international anti-corruption conventions, NATO policies and collaborative agreements that address data governance, privacy, digital security and cyber defence. For example, there are no laws addressing racketeering, corruption and identity protection for witnesses. Additionally, the penal code only criminalizes acts by individuals, meaning that companies cannot be prosecuted. With low criminal sentences and limited historical experience of dealing with serious organized crime, Sweden is an attractive haven for organized crime groups. Updates were made to cyber security laws, which will hopefully translate national strategy into tangible actions. While largely viewed as incorruptible, Sweden's law enforcement and judiciary bodies remain understaffed, which has contributed to a decrease in public trust in the police. To resolve this, judicial capacity is currently being expanded. There is a shortage of space in the prison system and the government remains committed to increasing resources. While structures focusing on organized crime are in place, the police seem to have problems exercising authority. More police officers have been hired in an attempt to address the issue of understaffed forces, but the ratio of police officers to inhabitants in Sweden remains low. This is amplified by a lack of interest among young people to be part of law enforcement. Sweden's control of its borders is relatively free from corruption. However, as part of the Schengen Area, there is free movement between member states and the very large border areas make it difficult to control illicit trafficking activities. To curb this, the Swedish government has reintroduced internal border controls based on existing threats to internal security and general order. In order to increase the protection of its digital endeavours, the government has established a national cyber security centre to coordinate efforts to prevent, detect and manage cyber-attacks and other IT incidents. Sweden is highly resilient against money laundering and terrorist financing. It complies with all relevant EU anti-money laundering AML directives and has a legal framework in place that requires identification and review of clients, and monitoring of ongoing mandates and separate transactions. This framework enables deviant activities to be uncovered and deepens the examination of circumstances that may indicate money laundering. A government committee has also been appointed to review the capacity of the Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority the information exchange between banks and government authorities and whether the methods of cooperation and delegation of responsibilities are adequate. According to research, over half of Swedish businesses see crime, unemployment and gang presence as a problem for their actives. Extortion in Sweden has grown over the last few decades: increasing incidents of bombings reported in the media are likely indicators of this problem. Criminals are increasingly starting companies to abuse the Swedish welfare system for money. They often move in a grey area between illegal and legal activities. Victim support is not a primary focus in Sweden. When it comes to decriminalization and the legalization of certain drug use, discussions are far less advanced than in most other Western European states; and these discussions tend to be more moralizing in nature rather than pragmatic. Witnesses show increasing unwillingness to participate in criminal court cases, which suggests shortcomings in witness protection measures. That said, the government has initiatives and institutions in place that offer the same witness support services usually given through local organisations, with offices in district and appeal courts throughout the country. Politically, the will to combat organized crime is high, even if the legislation still falls short. Positive developments include a range of new national initiatives aimed at addressing the issue of children and adolescents who commit crimes. In —22, measures to support authorities and professionals involved with social care for children and young people were also introduced. Other preventive focus areas include the drug trade, the prevention of violence, economic crime and cybercrime. Measures to prevent cybercrime sensitizing citizens to the risks, improving security measures in information systems and reporting incidents are also in place. Additionally, Sweden has regulatory institutions to monitor and analyse economic crime trends, initiate joint action between authorities, and propose legislative changes to curb economic crime. The evasion of excise duties is taken seriously in Sweden: the government has various institutions and regulatory bodies to prevent the illegal handling of excise goods and improve existing legislation. Civil society in Sweden is free to operate. Moreover, in the wake of a recent increase in shootings, societal groups like religious and ethnic organisations have begun to play a more active role in helping to reduce violence. Local and international NGOs are active in supporting crime victims and promoting developments in crime prevention, such as Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design and various women's shelters. The government usually subsidizes daily newspapers regardless of their political affiliation. Reporters covering organized crime are usually subjected to intimidation, and during the pandemic Swedish authorities prevented the media from accessing state documents about how the crisis was being managed. Despite this, Sweden ranks very highly with regard to media independence — there is a media ombudsman to address complaints and ethical issues. Poland is a source, transit and destination country for human trafficking. Forced labour is the main form of trafficking and male foreigner nationals are usually targeted. Women and children, especially from Eastern and south-eastern Europe as well as South America, are mainly trafficked for sexual exploitation in the country. Criminal groups often recruit Polish, Ukrainian and Russian women through advertisements on the internet and then force them into prostitution. Polish victims are also forced into begging, stealing, or extorting credit and social benefits. Human smuggling in Poland has become a significant source of income for organized crime groups and funds received from such activities are often used for other criminal practices. Smuggling routes usually cross the Belarussian and Ukrainian borders to Poland, to continue further west. On the Belarusian border, massive pushbacks of migrants coming from Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan and lack of cooperation between the two countries, combined with the involvement of state actors in these practices, have increased opportunities for human smugglers. In addition, the war in Ukraine brought millions of Ukrainians to Poland and the sudden influx and chaotic humanitarian operations in the first months of the crisis made the refugees vulnerable to smugglers and traffickers. Extortion and protection racketeering are recorded in the country, although such criminal activities are limited to rare incidents and are carried out in an opportunistic and unorganized manner. The southern border, with its well-established trafficking routes, is a particular source of concern for Poland. There is a small but steadily developing illegal arms market in the country, with guns being trafficked from Slovakia and Czechia. There is also an emerging trend of the illegal transport of firearms out of Poland, mainly to Ukraine and Libya. Furthermore, arms trafficking is linked to other forms of trafficking, mainly drugs and excise goods. Illegal weapons are smuggled from the US to Poland and other European countries though the darknet. There is also an emerging market in 3-D-printed weapons, with illegal workshops set up across the EU. Counterfeit goods in Poland are a growing challenge and are either produced locally or, more often, imported from China. A good percentage of Polish consumers accept that they buy counterfeit goods, predominantly clothes, leather goods and cosmetics as well as toys, games, sport equipment, food, medicine and electronics. The COVID pandemic increased trade in counterfeit products, as many consumers started to use e-commerce websites, while highly specialized criminal networks adjusted their marketing and production strategies. Trade in excise goods in Poland is carried out along with trade in counterfeits. However, it is seen as an opportunistic activity in the country, while international trade is more organized. Poland is a popular destination for illegal trade in cigarettes and alcohol without excise. The market for cigarettes is, for the most part, fed by products produced in illegal factories. Nevertheless, occasional attempts to smuggle large quantities of cigarettes occur both by road transport, mainly from Belarus, and by sea. This illicit market is mostly operated by Polish citizens and those from neighbouring countries. The market for illicit trade in flora is not well developed in Poland. There is, however, a growing concern about the illegal flora trade on the internet. In the last two years, an increase in illegal logging across the entire country has been noted. There have been cases in which crime groups are reported to supply illegally logged timber to sawmills where timber is converted into planks. Furthermore, since the war in Ukraine, Polish companies are reported to circumvented EU sanctions by paying Belarusian companies to import timber with false documents, which claim that the wood comes from Kazakhstan or Kyrgyzstan instead of Russia. Poland is both a destination and transit point for wildlife trafficking, which is increasingly expanding in the country. Live birds, reptiles and caviar are some of the most illegally traded wildlife and wildlife-derived products. Crime groups involved in this market distribute produce though courier networks to Western European countries. This indicates the presence of structured criminal supply chains involved in the illegal wildlife trade in Poland. In addition, some organized crime groups are involved in illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing in Poland. This is a lucrative business and the crime groups involved sometimes use violence against law enforcement officials. Poland has a pervasive market for the illegal extraction and smuggling of natural resources. Organized criminal networks, mafia-style networks and private sector actors participate in illegal trade of non-renewable resources in Poland, predominately fuel. Polish criminal groups are also involved in the illegal trade of coal and amber. Due to the coal crisis and high heating fees in Poland, there is a resurgence in the phenomenon of illegal mining. In addition, diesel, mainly imported from the east, is laundered and sold as a biofuel in Poland. The perpetrators of the crimes take advantage of the differentiation of excise tax rates for diesel and heating oil, as well as the tax exemptions for other fuels. Smugglers use land and maritime routes; source countries are based in Western, southern and Eastern Europe, as well as the Black Sea region. Poland is a source, destination and transit country for heroin. However, while domestic heroin is mostly produced for the Polish market, heroin arriving in the country originates from Afghanistan and is transited through the Balkans to Germany or the United Kingdom. The heroin market is dominated by organized mafia-style groups dispersed across Europe who are often involved in numerous criminal markets. However, there is a decline in heroin consumption in Poland, which may be related to the significant increase in the popularity of drugs derived from cannabis. Poland is primarily a transit and destination country for smuggling of cocaine from South America to Western European countries. The illicit cocaine trade in Poland is a dynamic and international market, where distribution is flexible in a loose, horizontally structured network, allowing more small distributors who employ a variety of marketing strategies to enter the market. However, cocaine is considered a luxury drug in Poland due to its high price and it is mostly consumed by affluent individuals. Cocaine is commonly smuggled in containers containing legal products, such as food, wood, industrial machinery and citrus fruit, which are received by legally operating Polish or international companies. Poland is a source and transit country for cannabis products including hashish, resin and dried leaves. Medical use of marijuana is legal in Poland and it can be obtained at pharmacies with a prescription. The illegal cultivation and production of cannabis products is predominantly run by organized criminal groups including groups composed of citizens from various Asian countries. In recent years, the smuggling of cannabis-related drugs from cannabis from Spain, Belgium and the Netherlands has become a regular part of the earnings of Polish citizens who, when leaving the country, transport precursors for the production of synthetic drugs and when returning to Poland transport marijuana and hashish. The illicit synthetic drugs market is the largest drug market in Poland. The illegal synthetic drug market primarily focused on amphetamine, methamphetamine and MDMA is controlled by organized criminal groups or mafia-style groups with international ties. Additionally, amphetamine is produced in Poland for European markets, while amphetamine in liquid form is smuggled into the country. Polish criminal groups import it because it is easy to process into an inhalable form. Another drug frequently imported into Poland is Ecstasy pills. It comes overland from the Netherlands and Belgium transported by couriers who use their own vehicles. Cyber-dependent crimes in Poland mostly consist of ransomware. Due to the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine, the number of cyber-attacks has drastically increased. Perpetrators use the cyber vulnerabilities created by the Russia—Ukraine war to commit both financially motivated and politically motivated crimes. Perpetrators target individuals with assets, such as crypto wallets. Financial crimes in Poland are on the rise. The country has had numerous cases involving VAT fraud carried out by organized crime groups. Schemes include mis-invoicing, trade in fictitious goods, forging VAT documents and similar activities, which have earned vast amounts of money for the perpetrators. Goods involved in illegal or fictitious trade include the purchase and sale of services, including transport, construction, IT and commercial goods, fuel, food and beverages, event services and the trade in steel products. In terms of property crime, many crimes are committed in cyberspace or using electronic communications. Organized crime networks are fairly widespread in Poland, but groups in bigger cities dominate the main illicit economies. Criminal networks are most prevalent in drug-related crimes and economic offences. Depending on the illicit market, often in the drug trade, these groups have moved onto the darknet and other forms of social media platforms, to maintain anonymity. Furthermore, football hooligans occupy a stable space in the criminal networks landscape in Poland. Members of a local Silesian football club were charged with participation in organized criminal groups along with other charges including drugs and firearms trafficking, robbery and money laundering. There is little information in governmental and media sources on the potential involvement of private-sector and state-embedded actors in criminal activities. However, an increasing number of reports on high-level corruption provide a troublesome picture of state actors engaging in, if not criminal, at least questionable ventures. Some state-owned companies in the country, in particular those involved in the oil industry, are suspected of distorting market rules and engaging in corrupt practices to generate more profits. Also criminal activities conducted by private sector actors in Poland include various financial crimes, such as tax evasion. Many foreign national actors participate in the trade of narcotics and human trafficking using their international links in Poland. Most criminal diasporas in the country run locally organized criminal activities but are equally involved in international criminal activities. Illegal trade in narcotics is still believed to be the focus of foreign national groups, along with high levels of cigarette smuggling. Furthermore, Poland continues to be free from domestic mafia-style groups, as two of the most famous ones, Pruszkow and Wolomin, were dissolved early in the first decade of the s. However, older members of these groups sometimes attempt to get back into their business after being released from prison. The Polish government and political parties continue to express the desire to fight organized crime. However, in practice, organized crime is not a priority, nor is it an issue raised in political debates. The impetus to fight organized crime is to halt financial crime and close the VAT tax gap, which the Polish government hopes will make additional funds available for social welfare programmes. However, recent reports suggest that the available VAT tools have not had the desired effect in eliminating organized tax fraud. Furthermore, political parties and the government are the least-trusted institutions in the country. Other institutions, including the border guard, the military gendarmerie, the military counter-intelligence service and the national revenue administration, are also responsible for combatting corruption in the country. Documentation relating to national budgets, legislative changes, public procurement and legislative processes are publicly available through information bulletins and government websites. However, even though international reports indicate improvement in corruption management in the country, public perception continues to believe in a worsening situation. There are also reports showcasing an increase in the number of corruption scandals linked to the current government and gradually normalized corrupt practices among those in power. Poland has ratified and adopted various international statutes pertaining to various forms of organized crime. As a member of the EU, Poland participates in the implementation of EU policies relating to counteracting and combating crime, including economic crime. Poland also has extradition agreements with several countries and various bilateral cooperation agreements in the fight against organized crime. Poland also has an anti-corruption strategy, a programme combating economic crime, an anti-drug strategy, a strategy to develop state security, and a national plan to combat human trafficking. Penalties and prison sentences are imposed effectively. There have been reports of visible levels of destabilization in the judiciary in Poland. Notably, judicial proceedings are typically lengthy, and, as organized crime cases are often more complex, these can take a toll on the judicial system. The judiciary reforms implemented by the current government are not compatible with EU law and planned changes to the legal system may further undermine democracy in Poland. The treatment of prisoners in Poland is not in line with EU standards, nor with international human rights standards. The internal security agency was established to protect the internal security of the state and its citizens, and deals with recognizing structures, undertakings and methods of operation of organized crime. Nevertheless, law enforcement is not effective enough in countering organized crime and face challenges with political interference. Despite this position, Poland is an independent country with no challenges to its territorial integrity. The Polish border guard is a well-organized and functioning institution that cooperates with many counterparts in neighbouring countries, as well as with Frontex, Europol and Eurojust. To ensure the integrity of its national cyberspace, Poland makes efforts to systematically strengthen and develop its national cyber-security system. These efforts include the establishment of a new cyberspace defence force that is being developed by the National Cyberspace Security Centre, as a specialized component of the Polish armed forces. The Polish system of counteracting money laundering and the financing of terrorism is shaped by both national and EU regulations. The General Inspector of Financial Information is the mandated authority to verify suspicions of money laundering or terrorist financing contained in reports issued by various local and foreign institutions and finance investigating units. The national tax administration, the internal security agency, the central anti-corruption bureau and the central investigation bureau are also tasked with investigating irregularities and enforcing the relevant regulations. However, the authorities have limited understanding of money laundering and terrorism financing, and this renders the regulatory framework ineffective. Recent changes were introduced in the Law on Counteracting Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism and certain other laws to improve the functioning of the laws on anti-money laundering and anti-financing of terrorism. Nevertheless, the effects of these amendments are yet to be observed. Legitimate businesses are reported to be influenced by criminal groups carrying out activities in Poland. The government fails to protect legitimate businesses due to a lack of effective regulations. Furthermore, the grey economy has continued to grow in recent years, fuelled by the COVID pandemic. Poland has victim assistance measures in place. The Minister of Justice recently approved a programme to assist victims of crime in response to a diagnosed need to introduce uniform standards of assistance to crime victims and witnesses. Poland has also adopted a national action plan against trafficking in human beings. Currently, there are 16 main assistance centers that provide support in the form of free legal, psychological, social and other services to people who have been victimized by crime. Various NGOs and other organizations provide witness protection and support victims of organized crime. Poland has several strategies in place that relate to the prevention of drugs crimes, economic crimes, corruption and human trafficking. Many programmes and strategies directly or indirectly aim to fight organized crime. For instance, the Polish police has initiated a training cycle to raise awareness about human trafficking victims among crime prevention services. There are also various local programmes and workshops raising awareness about human trafficking and drug use. However, not enough evaluation of the effectiveness of these efforts has been done. Civil society organizations are an important component of maintaining the balance of power, exposing irregularities and working to moderate against government actions in political and social life. Researchers and scientists in criminology or law prepare many studies on organized crime. Meanwhile, media independence from the government plays a significant role in the disclosure of organized crime. However, the media have experienced unprecedented harassment and government intimidation in various forms, including requests to remove news articles uncovering corruption, suing newspapers and taking control of national TV, spreading disinformation and promoting the ruling party. The criminal markets score is represented by the pyramid base size and the criminal actors score is represented by the pyramid height, on a scale ranging from 1 to The resilience score is represented by the panel height, which can be identified by the side of the panel. A series of 13 discussion papers, one for each illicit market considered during the development of the Index. We're constantly working to improve the Index. By participating in this survey, you will be providing us with insights and suggestions that will help us make the Index an even better resource. This report was funded in part by a grant from the United States Department of State. The opinions, findings and conclusions stated herein are those of the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime and do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Department of State. Income group High income. Population 10,, Geography type Coastal. Criminal markets 4. An assessment of the value, prevalence and non-monetary impacts of a specific crime type. Human trafficking 5. Human smuggling 6. Extortion and protection racketeering 4. Arms trafficking 6. Trade in counterfeit goods 4. Illicit trade in excisable goods 3. Flora crimes 2. Fauna crimes 3. Non-renewable resource crimes 2. Heroin trade 3. Cocaine trade 5. Cannabis trade 5. Synthetic drug trade 6. Cyber-dependent crimes 6. Financial crimes 6. Criminal actors 4. An assessment of the impact and influence of a specific criminal actor type on society. Mafia-style groups 5. Criminal networks 6. State-embedded actors 2. Foreign actors 6. Private sector actors 4. Political leadership and governance 6. Government transparency and accountability 8. International cooperation 8. National policies and laws 7. A state's legal action and structures put in place to respond to organized crime. Judicial system and detention 7. Law enforcement 6. Territorial integrity 8. Anti-money laundering 8. Economic regulatory capacity 7. Victim and witness support 6. Prevention 7. Non-state actors 8. Analysis 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 People Sweden has a moderate human trafficking market. Trade The impact of the arms trafficking market in Sweden remains significant. Environment The market for flora crimes in Sweden is limited, with exotic timber and other rare plant species being occasionally smuggled into the country, albeit on a limited scale. Drugs The heroin market has declined in the past few years as a result of synthetic opioid alternatives. Cyber Crimes Cyber-dependent crime is a considerable threat in Sweden; ransomware attacks are the most prevalent type of offence. Financial Crimes The market for financial crime in Sweden is continuously growing. Criminal Actors Most organized crime groups and gangs in Sweden are dominated by non-ethnic Swedes from the Balkans and the Middle East, among others. Leadership and governance Sweden is among the most stable countries in the world. Criminal justice and security While largely viewed as incorruptible, Sweden's law enforcement and judiciary bodies remain understaffed, which has contributed to a decrease in public trust in the police. Economic and financial environment Sweden is highly resilient against money laundering and terrorist financing. Civil society and social protection Victim support is not a primary focus in Sweden. Download full profile english. Population 37,, Extortion and protection racketeering 2. Arms trafficking 4. Illicit trade in excisable goods 5. Fauna crimes 5. Non-renewable resource crimes 5. Heroin trade 4. Synthetic drug trade 7. Cyber-dependent crimes 5. Mafia-style groups 2. State-embedded actors 4. Foreign actors 3. Political leadership and governance 5. Government transparency and accountability 4. International cooperation 7. Judicial system and detention 5. Territorial integrity 7. Anti-money laundering 6. Economic regulatory capacity 6. Victim and witness support 5. Prevention 5. Non-state actors 4. People Poland is a source, transit and destination country for human trafficking. Environment The market for illicit trade in flora is not well developed in Poland. Drugs Poland is a source, destination and transit country for heroin. Cyber Crimes Cyber-dependent crimes in Poland mostly consist of ransomware. Financial Crimes Financial crimes in Poland are on the rise. Criminal Actors Organized crime networks are fairly widespread in Poland, but groups in bigger cities dominate the main illicit economies. Leadership and governance The Polish government and political parties continue to express the desire to fight organized crime. Economic and financial environment The Polish system of counteracting money laundering and the financing of terrorism is shaped by both national and EU regulations. Civil society and social protection Poland has victim assistance measures in place. Next Skip. How to measure organized crime? Read more on globalinitiative. Give us feedback We're constantly working to improve the Index.

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