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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Address correspondence to Dr. This study investigates the potential heterogeneity of ecstasy or MDMA 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine users. Latent class analysis LCA and multinomial logistic regression procedures were used to identify subtypes of ecstasy users. Approximately 1. LCA identified three subtypes of ecstasy users. Subtypes were distinguished by family income, history of substance abuse treatment, and familial substance abuse. The recent resurgence in ecstasy use among adults underscores the need to monitor trends in its use. The use of ecstasy or MDMA 3,4—methylenedioxymethamphetamine constitutes an important public health concern. An understanding of the nature of these different subtypes is critical to etiological and prevention research. Ecstasy comprises properties of both stimulants and hallucinogens and is classified as a hallucinogen. Nationally, the estimated number of new past-year ecstasy users decreased from 1. Several studies have found that many ecstasy users also use alcohol, marijuana, and other stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines. As of now, there is limited information available concerning what particular subgroups may be at high risk for exhibiting substance use disorders SUDs and that should thus receive tailored or intense interventions. Little is also known about the extent to which ecstasy users are characterized by a severe pattern of psychiatric disorders, and whether early case finding and intervention within this population is warranted. Given the recent increase in ecstasy use among adults, 14 we need to characterize better various types of users who constitute this population in order to identify vulnerable subgroups for tailored interventions. Latent class analysis LCA is a particularly suitable method for investigating whether distinct subtypes or classes of drug users exist within a diverse sample of study participants. LCA thus can help elucidate whether there are discrete sets of ecstasy users by classifying them empirically into a few subgroups according to their reported use patterns of a variety of drugs. In this study, we apply LCA to investigate the existence of subtypes of ecstasy users. Recently, Keyes et al. They found that both past-year and former ecstasy users as compared to non-drug users had increased odds of exhibiting alcohol use disorders, panic disorder, dysthymia, and antisocial personality disorder in their lifetime. Additionally, a history of bipolar and social phobia was associated with former ecstasy use, while a history of specific phobia was associated with past-year ecstasy use. Similarly, non-ecstasy drug users had greater odds of exhibiting all these lifetime disorders than non-drug users. Direct comparisons in psychiatric disorders between ecstasy users and non-drug users, however, are not reported by Keyes et al. Two main questions are examined: 1 Are there subtypes of ecstasy users that are distinguished by their patterns of drug use? Eligible participants consisted of persons living in households, military personnel living off base, and residents of group quarters ie, boarding houses, rooming houses, non-transient hotels and motels, shelters, facilities for housing workers, college quarters, and group homes. Study participants were selected using a multistage cluster sampling design. Professional lay interviewers from the Bureau of the Census administered the face-to-face personal interviews using computer assisted personal interviewing for the survey. Of the 43, participants, 18, were male and 24, were female. Details of the survey designs are reported elsewhere. Participants who responded affirmative to the latter question were considered lifetime ecstasy users. Lifetime use of alcohol, tobacco, and each specific drug class was dichotomized. We evaluated the fit of models between two and six latent classes. Bayesian Information Criterion BIC , entropy, and parsimony were all considered in selecting the final model. Entropy ranges from 0 to 1, with higher values indicating a clearer delineation of classes. Finally, prevalence rates of specific psychiatric disorders by LCA-defined subtype were determined. For reference purposes, we also report rates of specific psychiatric disorders among drug users who had never used ecstasy. All results presented are weighted estimates except for sample sizes. A comparatively high prevalence of ecstasy use was found among young adults aged 18—29 years 4. Regardless of ecstasy use, drug users were likely to be white and to have attended college than non-drug users Table 1. Among all participants, 1. Results of LCA suggested a three-class model as the best fit based on the consideration of parsimony, clearer delineation of classes, and statistical power ie, adequate sample size in each class. This model yielded the highest entropy value 0. Class 1: Ecstasy—polydrug users. Class 2: Ecstasy—marijuana—stimulant users. Class 3: Ecstasy—marijuana users. Finally, compared with ecstasy—marijuana users, a personal history of substance abuse treatment was associated greater odds of being classified as ecstasy—marijuana—stimulant users. The multinomial logistic model included all variables listed in the first column. A comparison with non-ecstasy drug users clearly showed that ecstasy—polydrug users had significantly higher rates of all SUDs, whereas ecstasy—marijuana—stimulant users had higher rates of disorders related to the use of alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, and heroin. Further, ecstasy—marijuana users had a higher rate of marijuana use disorders as compared to non-ecstasy drug users. Overall, ecstasy—polydrug users had a highest mean number of SUDs 5. Comparisons with non-ecstasy drug users showed that ecstasy—polydrug users had higher rates of mania, histrionic personality disorder, and antisocial personality disorder. This study reports new findings concerning the heterogeneity of ecstasy users in a large nationally representative sample of American adults. This study extends previously unaddressed questions 26 by elucidating specific SUD affecting ecstasy users and by applying LCA to identify three subtypes of ecstasy users: ecstasy—polydrug users, ecstasy—marijuana—stimulant users, and ecstasy—marijuana users. Ecstasy—polydrug users exhibited the highest prevalence of disorders related to the use of tobacco, marijuana, amphetamines, opioids, sedatives, and tranquilizers; they also had a higher rate of dysthymia and antisocial personality disorder than did ecstasy—marijuana users. These findings provide impressive evidence that ecstasy users are not homogeneous in nature and that a large proportion of such users are likely to be relatively poor and affected by multiple psychiatric disorders. The high prevalence of psychiatric disorders among ecstasy users is likely, in turn, to result in significantly curtailed occupational, interpersonal, and other life opportunities. Of this most compromised group, the majority met criteria for disorders related to use of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana. Approximately one half had disorders related to the use of cocaine and hallucinogens; more than one third exhibited disorders related to the use of four prescription drug classes; and close to one third met criteria for an antisocial personality disorder. Polysubstance abuse by members of this group may be due to their use of multiple substances to intensify or modulate the effects of drug use, attenuate the discomfort or negative affect associated with the after-effects of ecstasy or other drug use, or to self-medicate health problems resulting from polysubstance abuse. Studies, nonetheless, have suggested a dose—response relationship between the quantity of lifetime ecstasy use and current psychiatric and cognitive difficulties. The majority of them also met criteria for disorders related to the use of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana; close to one half exhibited a cocaine use disorder; and about one third reported a hallucinogen use disorder. Because their rates of SUDs were lower than those of ecstasy—polydrug users, this group can be viewed as comprising moderately problematic drug users who on average met criteria for 3. Their profile is also consistent with their lower odds of low-income and history of substance abuse treatment and familial substance abuse as compared to ecstasy—polydrug users. However, this group still manifested much higher rates of alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and amphetamine use disorders than did non-ecstasy drug users, suggesting that their drug use might be more advanced than non-ecstasy drug users in general. The majority met criteria for nicotine and alcohol use disorders, and close to one half exhibited a marijuana use disorder. Compared with the first two ecstasy groups, this group on average had fewer SUDs, was less likely to have a personal history of substance abuse treatment, and had a lower prevalence of dysthymia. Members of this group resembled non-ecstasy drug users in having an average of two SUDs. The results suggest that cocaine-using ecstasy users are more advanced in their substance abuse than non-cocaine-using ecstasy users. A next step would be to compare the role of cocaine and ecstasy use, alone or in combination, in the risk for SUDs. The presence of different subgroups of lifetime ecstasy users has important implications for prevention efforts. The variations in their patterns of substance use behaviors suggest that the three groups may be located on a continuum of drug use, ranging from less extensive users of mainly marijuana and ecstasy to the middle group, which uses stimulants in addition, and then to the high group, which uses multiple drugs. The generally high rate of substance use among ecstasy users suggests that prevention programs that primarily seek to reduce ecstasy use may be ineffective if they do not also address other substance use eg, marijuana and cocaine use. Additionally, substance abuse is associated with a long list of medical illnesses involving multiple organs and cognitive impairment, and medical problems are likely to persist even after the abuse itself is terminated. It would be of clinical relevance to test whether adding ecstasy use to a routine assessment of substance use in clinical settings would be more helpful in detecting patients in need of medical interventions than a routine assessment of alcohol or cigarette use alone. This practice may be of particular value to the majority of ecstasy users with multiple comorbid disorders who are at risk for adverse effects of drug abuse. In addition, the finding that pure ecstasy users are rare has several implications for research. These findings should be interpreted with the following limitations in mind. The cross-sectional design of the NESARC survey precludes making inferences of causal relationships from our findings. A very small proportion of the institutionalized population eg, homeless, hospitalized, or incarcerated individuals was not included in the survey. Individuals who suffered severe consequences from their substance abuse may be less likely to have been sampled by the household survey, or may otherwise have been unable to participate. Because the very large sample represents the domiciled U. Perhaps the most important characteristic of the data source is its inclusion of the most comprehensive assessments of psychiatric disorders available, which supports the comparison of specific psychiatric disorders among subtypes of ecstasy and other drug users. This first national investigation of the variety of ecstasy users adds new evidence to the field by identifying at least three subtypes of ecstasy users, who are differentiated by patterns of psychiatric disorders, family income, and history of familial substance abuse. Ecstasy—polydrug users are more likely than other groups to live in a low-income family and to manifest antisocial behaviors. The recent resurgence in ecstasy use and high rates of SUDs among ecstasy users underscores the need to monitor trends in ecstasy use and to investigate further how focused prevention and early case finding and intervention efforts may help reduce substance abuse among ecstasy users. The opinions expressed in this paper are solely those of the authors, and not of any sponsoring agency. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Am J Addict. Published in final edited form as: Am J Addict. Find articles by Li-Tzy Wu. Find articles by Andy C Parrott. Find articles by Christopher L Ringwalt. Find articles by Chongming Yang. Find articles by Dan G Blazer. The publisher's version of this article is available at Am J Addict. Open in a new tab. C3 ecstasy—polydrug users vs. C3 ecstasy— marijuana—stimulant users vs. C2 ecstasy—polydrug users vs. NS Hallucinogen dependence 9. NS Hallucinogen use disorders NS Nicotine dependence CI: confidence interval. Declaration of interest The authors report no conflict of interest. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. Personal history of using substance abuse treatment services.

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Do you wonder what are the effects of ecstasy on women and men? Keep on reading to find a lot of information about ecstasy. Classified as an empathogen or drug that increases your feelings of compassion and empathy towards others, the U. When taken at high doses, ecstasy could cause floating sensation and perceptual changes. You can also suffer from side effects like vomiting and seizures to boot. MDMA or ecstasy has a longer name — methylenedioxymethamphetamine — which to some people might sound like supercalifragilisticexpialidocious from Mary Poppins, by the way , but to most if not all people, also spells trouble. Thus, the drug became popular with young adults and teenagers who go to rave parties, concerts, and clubs. Ecstasy may be known as MDMA or 3. Taking it results in euphoria, mood boosting, and empathy when taken because it mainly makes your brain release serotonin or 5-HT. Serotonin plays a crucial role when it comes to dealing with anxiety or mood disorders, which scientists view as more of a female issue rather than a male one in terms of cultural norms. At present, you cannot find systemic data on the subjective effects of MDMA on females when compared to males. According to three studies composed of 74 subjects—20 women and 54 men—the ecstasy drug impacts women far more per kilogram relative to weight compared to men. In these studies, the researchers administered oral doses of MDMA ranging from 70 to milligrams 1. They utilized double-blind placebo-controlled conditions to cover their bases and to ensure the effects rooted from the MDMA itself. They then assessed the subjective peak changes using standardized psychometric rating scales. They also used physiological measures such as heart rate, blood pressure, and peripheral body temperature. Females scored higher for MDMA-induced fear of loss of bodily control, thought disturbances, and perceptual changes. The studies established a clear correlation between MDMA dosage and the intensity of such perceptual changes in women. Even with equal ecstasy doses per kilogram of body weight, the impact on women compared to men consistently showed increased susceptibility to 5-HT release. The results of the study illustrates that even with height and body weight variables taken into account, increasing doses of ecstasy produces much more intense hallucinogenic or hallucinatory effects on perception in both sexes, particularly women. This empathogen has taken the party scene by storm due to the fact that it also acts as a stimulant. You can usually feel the effects of ecstasy about 20 minutes to 60 minutes after taking it. This can last for 3 to 4 hours. The comedown or you returning to normal as MDMA wears off could even last 1 to 2 days or up to 7 days. At the highest doses or whenever you overdose, the illicit substance can cause vomiting, seizures, and other side effects that might lead to outright death. In case of an emergency, you should dial or local emergency numbers to call an ambulance immediately. Users believe ecstasy will make them go for days without rest while also feeling good all the while. During the last couple of years, ecstasy sent many users to the E. Ecstasy increases your heart rate and can cause nausea, sweating, chills, blurred vision, clenched teeth, and dry mouth. The drug can also make you feel paranoid, anxious, and confused. If you were to consume this drug, your body can dangerously overheat while doing physical activities like dancing in a rave party. Ecstasy consumption also causes seizure, swelling of the brain, potential brain damage, and even death. Just remember that women can take a lesser dose than men but still experience drastically pronounced side effects. People suffering from psychiatric disorders, issues with mood, kidney disease, diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, and epilepsy end up becoming more prone to the negative effects of ecstasy. If you were to mix ecstasy with other drugs such as ice, amphetamines, cocaine, alcohol, and certain prescription drugs such as antidepressants , the cocktail becomes extra dangerous or even fatal. In the same vein, women also tend to be more prone to psychoactive or perceptual harm compared to men when taking ecstasy as well. Ecstasy primary and side effects vary from individual to individual depending on factors such as:. They include the following primary intentional and side unintentional and potentially adverse effects. Aside from such symptoms and effects, ecstasy takers who take the drug in strong or huge doses may experience additional effects like the following,. If you took ecstasy in excessively large amounts or with stronger doses, you can end up with bad reactions or outright overdose. The symptoms of ecstasy overdose include the following. When humans end up under threat or stressed, their central nervous system prepares them for physical action in order to react in response to the stimuli. This is the flight-or-fight response—a primal response that helped humanity survive as a species. Key functions such as blood pressure and heart rate might also increase in order to redirect the blood flow away from your gut and right into your muscles. Because ecstasy acts as a nervous system stimulant, it works by encouraging your brain to start this response, thus making you feel excited and refreshed by the burst of sudden energy. The elevation of brain chemicals invoked by ecstasy consumption such as serotonin and dopamine increases causes such sensations to happen. Treatment options for ecstasy abuse and potential dependence in places like Miracles Asia include the following. The effects of ecstasy on men root more on the greater increase in blood pressure when compared to women. Women, on the other hand, gain stronger effects when they take the drug, particularly when it comes to perceptual changes and psychoactive effects. The dosage of MDMA directly affected the intensity of these particular perceptual and psychoactive effects. Across the board though, both genders experienced euphoria, increased energy, serotonin release, heightened senses, and empathy for others. Our website uses cookies to enhance your browsing experience. By using our site, you accept the Miracles Asia privacy policy. You have the option to enable or disable cookies by category, except for essential cookies, which are always active. Adjust your preferences to customize your experience on our website. These essential cookies are necessary for our website to function properly and cannot be disabled. They ensure a seamless and smooth user experience while browsing our site. Non-essential cookies are optional and not required for the basic functioning of a website. They enhance user experience by providing personalized content, enabling social media features, and analyzing website performance. Ecstasy also acts as a nervous system stimulant to boot. You typically swallow the drug as a tablet, but you can buy it in powder form too. Ecstasy exists for the purpose of getting someone high. Pills come in various colors with logos or pictures on them. Some reports of a crystal variant of MDMA or crystal ecstasy have become public as well. The Effects of Ecstasy on Men vs. However, studies have been conducted regarding its physical effects on both sexes. Studies on the Effects of Ecstasy on Sex or Gender According to three studies composed of 74 subjects—20 women and 54 men—the ecstasy drug impacts women far more per kilogram relative to weight compared to men. After 24 hours, they also examined the adverse drug effects during their experiment sessions. The Effects of Ecstasy on Both Sexes: On both sexes or on both the traditional gender binary , ecstasy causes you to become more energetic, empathetic for others, and euphoric due to increased amounts of serotonin in your brain. You can also have lowered inhibitions or suffer from perceptual changes at higher doses. Ecstasy also causes psychoactive effects and thought disturbances that run in contrast with its calmness and relaxation effects. It affects mood or anxiety disorders while also inducing a fear of loss of bodily control. The Effects of Ecstasy on Men: All of the effects listed above that affect both sexes also affects men across the board. When men take the designer drug, they can expect extra simulation of their senses that could cause hallucinations. Men also take the party drug to increase their libido and enjoy its effects on their inhibitions. With that said, higher increases in blood pressure happen more often in men than in women. However, certain effects end up stronger in women, particularly perceptual changes, psychoactive effects, thought disturbances, and fear of loss of body control. Ecstasy produces stronger responses in women than men like with alcohol. In contrast, blood pressure increases lower in women than in men. Acute negative effects more frequently occurred in females compared to their male counterparts. Meanwhile, men instead had much higher blood pressure increases compared to women. Otherwise, they shared the same experiences when it came to ecstasy effects. How Long It Takes for Ecstasy to Take Effect This empathogen has taken the party scene by storm due to the fact that it also acts as a stimulant. At higher doses, it alters your perception of reality altogether. Thus, you can say it offers hallucinogenic properties as well. Users typically use the drug as a mood enhancer while going to nightclubs or parties. Responding too late can lead to irreversible complications and fatalities. As a street drug, drug pushers sell ecstasy as one of their most common illegal drugs. How is Ecstasy Used or Taken? You can swallow MDMA in pill or tablet form or snort it in powder form. Your feelings feel more intense as well when under the influence of ecstasy. The effects of the drug last up to 6 hours with lingering side effects of up to 2 days. The Short Term Effects Of Ecstasy Ecstasy increases your heart rate and can cause nausea, sweating, chills, blurred vision, clenched teeth, and dry mouth. Ecstasy could also damage your brain cells, particularly those involved in memory and thinking. The Complications of Ecstasy on Both Sexes Overheating can then worsen to the point of muscle breakdown. Complications related to ecstasy overdose include damage to the kidney, liver, and heart. You could even die from taking the illicit substance. Risks of Using Ecstasy For Both Sexes People suffering from psychiatric disorders, issues with mood, kidney disease, diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, and epilepsy end up becoming more prone to the negative effects of ecstasy. Symptoms that could last a few days after taking the drug include the following. Aching muscles Trouble concentrating Sleep problems and fatigue Anxiety, agitation, depression Symptoms of Ecstasy Overdose in Both Sexes If you took ecstasy in excessively large amounts or with stronger doses, you can end up with bad reactions or outright overdose. Heart palpitations Dizziness and confusion Muscle twitching or cramps Seizures fits and vomiting A sharp rise in body temperature and blood pressure Ecstasy Could Contribute to Death in Both Sexes Ecstasy use can lead to serious harm or death, which includes the following causes. This could include the release of stress hormones like adrenaline and cortisol. It also distorts your reality by influencing how you perceive sound and sight. This on top of how it makes you feel feelings of love and peace. Ecstasy Could Contribute to Death in Both Sexes Treatment options for ecstasy abuse and potential dependence in places like Miracles Asia include the following. Peer support Group therapy Individual counseling Medical detoxification Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Hospital care for complications and step program like in Narcotics Anonymous or Alcoholics Anonymous The Verdict The effects of ecstasy on men root more on the greater increase in blood pressure when compared to women. Article by Catherine O'Leary. Are You ready to stop drinking or using drugs? Info Kit Form. Are you ready to stop drinking or using drugs? Results-Driven Program. Our clinical team remain in regular contact with each client long after their stay in Thailand. Contact Us. Ig Tw Fb Yt ln. Settings Agree. Privacy Preferences You have the option to enable or disable cookies by category, except for essential cookies, which are always active. Allow All. Manage Consent Preferences Essential Cookies. Non-essential Cookies. Privacy Preferences.

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