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Valencia buying coke

Waste water analysis using urinary biomarkers allows the reliable detection of actual drug consumption in cities. So far, the results were drawn from surveys. The analysis shows that the use of ecstasy in Valencia is moderate. For the first time, a wide group of scientists have carried out a comparative study regarding the consumption of illegal drugs in 19 European cities, four of which are Spanish, based on waste water analysis. Research centres and universities from 11 European countries have participated in the study. To carry out the investigation, urban waste water was collected from a total of 19 European cities over the course of a week in March Urinary biomarkers for cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy, methamphetamines and cannabis were used on the samples. The results have been published published today in the specialist journal Science of the Total Environment. The analysis allowed the estimation of drug consumption for each one of the 19 cities and the results were normalised according to the size of the city that was investigated. Amongst the main conclusions of the study, the researchers responsible for the investigation highlight the fact that the highest consumption of cocaine, expressed in milligrams consumed per day per inhabitants, corresponds to Antwerp, followed by Amsterdam, Valencia, Eindhoven and Barcelona. On the other hand, cocaine consumption in Nordic countries can be viewed as low. In contrast with cocaine, the consumption of methamphetamines is higher in the north and north-west of Europe, principally in Scandinavia and the Czech Republic. In general, in the group of drugs related to amphetamines, methamphetamines and amphetamines themselves are those which dominate in European waste water. Ecstasy consumption in Valencia and Santiago is approximately half of that in Barcelona, but, in any case, much lower than consumption in countries such as Holland and Belgium. Finally, it is important to signal that the highest level of cannabis consumption is in Holland, the highest rating of which is in Amsterdam, followed by France and Spain. Drug consumption surveillance programs are extremely useful for the development of efficient police policies and to evaluate the effectiveness of current policies with regards to the fight against drug addiction. Until recently, the most usual method to measure drug consumption was based on surveys. These studies were carried out in different sectors of society including consumers with different grades of addiction, such as the general population. Addition information was also obtained using police data for drug seizures, along with hospital information for admittence and other medical data. However, there was a noticeable uncertainty with regards to this information due to the lack of reliability of studies based on surveys, especially when dealing with illegal drug use. Furthermore, the results obtained circumscribe long periods of time annually and large geographical areas states, in general. The approximation employed in this investigation, analysing waste water from water purification plants EDAR , have allowed the centres to obtain reliable information regarding total consumption of the drugs investigated in real time, according to the investigators responsible for the study. Kevin Thomas, the NIVA researcher who co-ordinated this co-operative project, believes that the analysis of waste water provides important information relevant to the estimation methods which currently exist. Furthermore, we can quickly measure changes in consumption habits over a short period of time. The methodology used in this project has been applied to a second study carried out in several European cities in This strategy is applicable in any other country or city. Information on the Internet: www. A research carried out in 19 European cities puts Valencia in a lead position in cocaine use.

Valencia buying coke