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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This meta-analysis uses the Hunter and Schmidt approach. For this purpose, 16 out of 32 studies which were acceptable in terms of their methodology, and had been conducted during an eight year period - , were selected. A meta-analysis was conducted on the articles which had been collected using a standard checklist via; the internet, in person, telephone and e-mail, from universities and research centers across the country. The problem of drug abuse is one of four global crises and a major social problem in many countries, which is closely linked with other aspects of the economy and culture 1. Approximately two thirds of the population is addicted to alcohol and one third are drug users 2. According to official statistics, in , the number of drug users in Iran was 4 million, with more than 2. Three characteristics of addiction are physical or physiological dependence, psychological dependence and drug tolerance. Physical or physiological dependence appears following cessation of the drug. The serious consequences of addiction run broad and deep; health, family life, economy, security and the cultural development of society are all affected. Inhibition of development, political stability and threats to the process of democracy in communities, are symptoms which are attributed to addiction problems 7. Drug abuse and drug dependence are like fatal diseases and they can have similar out comes. Often the result of this dependence shows itself in physical damage, behavioral problems, and relationships with other people. Substance abuse is used in a range of circumstances and in addition to recreational purposes, it is also used to cover life failures. In the past few years, many changes have been made in the field of substance abuse. Adolescent addiction in the metropolises has become a major problem and this has caused considerable damage to their communities 8. According to a United Nations report, million people worldwide are living with substance abuse. Many people require drugs daily like opium, heroin, grass, hashish, marijuana, cocaine, and morphine. Approximately million people use hashish, 14 million cocaine, 9 to 12 million opium and 50 million use different kinds of chemical drugs 9. Geographically, Iran borders Afghanistan, the largest producer country of opium and natural opiates that produces tons of drugs annually, making Iran the biggest consumer of opium in the world Addiction is a physical, psychological, social, and spiritual illness 12 , and there are numerous pre-addiction elements which play fundamental roles in its formation. Environmental factors including drug addiction of one or more family members, family conflict, lack of child supervision by parents, parental unemployment especially fathers , and parents with low literacy. Social factors include; school, friends, unhealthy entertainment, unemployment, lack of social acceptance, cultural poverty, population growth, and uncontrolled migration. Geographic and economic factors include; residence near drug traffic routes, ease of access to drugs, poverty, economic crisis, and unemployment Studies that have been conducted within Iran on factors which have an effect on addiction include research by Jena Abadi et al. In this study meta-analysis methods have been used in order to conduct the research. The concept of meta-analysis was first proposed in by Glass The basic principles in a meta-analysis are measuring the effect size of the various researches, and translating those to a common matrix general matrix , then combining them in order to acquire the mean of the effect All of the 32 studies mentioned in this research had good sample sizes and were favorable in terms of the reliability and stability of their measuring instruments and sampling methods. Researches and studies that were acceptable methodologically and met the criteria of internal consistency were used, and this consisted of 16 cases. The criteria of internal consistency included: 1 Having acceptable methodology hypothesizing, research methodology, statistical population, sample size, sampling, statistical hypotheses, method of statistical analysis, and accuracy of statistical calculations. A checklist of content analysis was used in order to choose thesis and research papers that had the criteria of internal consistency and relevance, in order to extract the needed information for meta-analysis. The present meta-analysis was conducted in seven steps: 1 defining the variables, 2 exploring database and informational sources, 3 collecting the research reports, 4 measuring the effect size from each research, 5 combining the amount of effect sizes from all the examined researches, 6 determining significant levels from the combined researches, 7 and finally determining other influence variables mediator variables on the tendency to addiction. All of the calculations were performed manually and no software was used in this study. The steps of this method are shown in the following section:. However, sometimes this statistical information was not mentioned in the preliminary resource. If you possess the sample size and significance level, then you can apply the following formula to estimate the effect size, regardless of the involvement of meaningful tests Finally in order to combine significant levels of studies and acquire overall significance levels, the approach of Hunter and Schmidt has been used and this formula has been indicated in the following section:. In addition, the effect amount of the mediator variable was calculated from the proportion of sampling error variance to total variance. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, this section includes three sets of findings. The first set includes descriptive information of the collected researches through searches from the internet, journals, libraries, and colleges which are indicated in Table 1. In the researches reviewed, we extracted and classified the influencing variables independent variables on addictive behaviors and the tendency to abuse drugs Table 2. These reviewed researches included 41 individual variables and 35 environmental variables. Each of the independent variables from the selected research hypotheses are offered based on the frequency and presence of each of the hypotheses. The third set is the findings that were collected from research samples during the data analysis step and these are indicated in Table 3. In Table 4 the results of the effect sizes of independent variables about the hypotheses of reviewed researches are shown, along with the results of tests which determined mediator variables. The basic purpose of a meta-analysis in internal studies is in terms of the factors that influence an addiction tendency. These could lead to an overall view about the study results on the desired subject, by combining and integrating results from previous studies. Moreover, this could lead to the identification of different, similar and opposite findings and results from previous researches and determine the amount of the effect and the influencing factors on addiction and the tendency to abuse drugs. The effect size indicated the amount or degree of the phenomena present in society. This means that the results of the meta-analysis indicate that there is a greater relationship between environmental factors than individual factors, in the tendency to become addicted in Iran. It was concluded that the difference between individual and environmental factors on the tendency to become addicted is significant H0. The other important section of meta-analysis is discovering mediator variables which interfere in the relationship between two studied variables. Researchers realize these mediator variables through mathematical equations, and in regard to the results of later studies, mediator variables can then be predicted. This means that the effect of the mediator and influencing variables on the environmental and individual variables is overt. Therefore, with regard to later studies and measurements of mediator variables, it is concluded that these two factors play an integrative role on the tendency to addiction. Results of this study also indicated that environmental factors influenced the tendency to addiction more than individual factors. The following suggestions are offered based on these results:. In this regard, it is suggested that users of prevention models and experts in welfare issues, base their approach on the results of such meta-analysis about prevention in Iran and in other countries. They should be informed that providing intimate, close relationships between parents and their children, as well as listening to their issues and problems, can lead to the prevention of inappropriate relationships. Based on these strategies, parents are able to prevent their children from developing inappropriate relations. This issue needs further studies and research about how to promote, accept, and internalize effective prevention perspectives in schools, universities, and societies. Therefore, the design and conduct of comprehensive and continuous prevention programs should be based on the principles of mental health, and there is also a need for the increased involvement of cultural bodies such as; the Ministry of Education, Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance, and the IRIB medical services. However, it is important to keep in mind that community health also needs social and economic support from groups and organizations in the community, in addition, a theory cannot be helpful solely for addiction, as it should be used as a holistic approach for personal and social development as well. Accordingly, access to drugs, social acceptance and peer pressure, are the main factors that affect drug use in the first instance. Although in this meta-analysis all relevant studies research, thesis and papers were evaluated in terms of their content and we did not rely only on published studies or studies, which were readily available through an internet search. The limitations of such a meta-analysis lie ingraining access to the resources and research which have been conducted in such a specific area, and this includes that they have been published. Considering that the present study is the first academic meta-analysis aimed at the problem of drug abuse, it is recommended that future researchers conduct more research in this area with larger sample sizes and with regard to different age groups, gender differences and pay particular attention to individuals who have experienced stopping drug use, one or more times. It is also recommended that separate and comparison meta-analyses of biological, psychological and social factors are carried out. Each component of them an infectors environmental and personal should be examined in a more specific and separate meta-analysis. Comprehensive prevention approaches, combining the best components of currently available methods: 1 Efforts to reinforce family relationships; 2 Informing parents about problems, issues and needs of the growing period, especially during adolescence and childhood; 3 Increasing social control; 4 Conducting special workshops and seminars; 5 Providing information for successful advertisements that promote effective methods in stopping addiction; 6 Consideration of the important role of friends and peers in the formation of values, attitudes, and behaviors. DOI: Study design Kamali and Safari data analysis, Safari manuscript preparation and literature review has been performed by Safari, Kamali, and Esfahani. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Find articles by Saideh Safari Hajat Aghaii. Find articles by Ayoub Kamaly. Find articles by Mehdi Esfahani. Open in a new tab. Financial Disclosure: No Financial Disclosure. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. Jena Abadi Emotional self-awareness scale, Impulse control scale, Bar-on' emotional intelligence A. Keldi Frooedin Ebrahim Bay Salami Ghaemi Researcher's questionnaire to assess individual attitudes to drug addiction. Akbari Zardhaneh Defense style questionnaire, Addiction Acknowledgment Scale. Zeinali Ghazi Nejad Dortaj Alavi Effect of self-esteem on substance-abuse, theft and prostitution. Mirzaii Abdolrasooli Nastizaii Aminian Zargar Readiness questionnaire to addiction, Marital satisfaction and religiosity questionnaire, Arendt's sensation seeking questionnaire, Psychological hardiness questionnaire, Assertiveness questionnaire. Consider addiction as a treatable, benign problem.
Meta-Analysis of Individual and Environmental Factors that Influence People’s Addiction Tendencies
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These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. The content of this summary does not necessarily reflect the official opinions of the European Union, nor the official opinion of the Republic of Tajikistan, and should be seen as the product of CADAP 5. Updated: August Studies on the prevalence of drug use among the population of Tajikistan were not carried out in In total, 5 respondents were interviewed, of which 2 The study found that the female respondents had a slightly higher awareness of the existence of drugs than the males. Some Among all respondents, Some 1. The survey results showed that However, When asked about drug use, 0. The consumption of inhalants was the most prevalent. According to the responses, 1. The use of marijuana or hashish was second most popular, with 0. The first experience with drugs most often took place at the age of 16 and usually the drug was marijuana, amphetamines, or tranquillisers. In a series of educational, sports and cultural events aimed at promoting a healthy lifestyle were organised. Participants were given information about the problems of drug use in modern society and its consequences. Health bulletins were issued and health information prepared in both the Tajik and Russian languages. Articles were published in newspapers and magazines and awareness-raising programmes were broadcast on three TV channels Channel One, Safina, and Jahonnamo and on the Republican radio. Anti-drug events are also organised annually to coincide with the International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking 26 June. Studies to estimate the population of opiate users, including injecting drug users IDUs , were not carried out in Drug treatment is carried out in the Republic of Tajikistan in specialised drug treatment facilities. The State guarantees anonymous drug treatment. In a total of 1 people received inpatient treatment in substance abuse treatment centres. Of these, The number of drug addicts who received hospital treatment in increased by The main strategic focus of this programme included:. As of 31 December , the country had 3 officially registered HIV cases cumulative number , of which The HIV prevalence rate was HIV cases have been registered in 66 of the 68 districts of the country. The average estimated number of HIV-positive people in the country ranges between 6 —10 Moreover, in recent years, the number of newly reported HIV cases among females has increased almost 2. Thus, in the proportion of women among registered new cases was 8. In , of the total number of registered HIV cases, In the country registered new cases of HIV infection, of which Among the newly registered HIV cases, people The number of reported cases of hepatitis C virus HCV in was According to the Centre for Health Statistics of the Ministry of Health of Tajikistan, in there were cases of syphilis infection among the general population, of which were male and were female. The official data from Tajikistan provide very limited information on the number of deaths related to drug use. Drug treatment is carried out in the Republic of Tajikistan at specialised drug treatment facilities. Services provided by specialised drug treatment agencies in the country include inpatient and outpatient care, anti-relapse therapy, rehabilitation programmes, work with drug addicts and efforts to prevent substance abuse. Treatment of drug dependence in the Republic of Tajikistan is conducted mainly at public drug treatment facilities, including:. The availability of substance abuse treatment beds in the Republic of Tajikistan is 4 per inhabitants. Harm reduction programmes are implemented to minimise the consequences of drug use. Geographically, the HR programme covers almost the whole of the country. In the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan reviewed and supported the letter of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tajikistan asking it to consider a pilot implementation of a programme of OST. Up to patients have received OST at this centre. This is the first gender-sensitive project in the Republic of Tajikistan. The centre provided low-threshold services laundry, showers, communication, leisure, food, sanitary napkins and legal advice and referral to doctors. In this centre, 62 were re-adaptation clients, 40 of whom abstained during the reported period, and two patients were referred for further rehabilitation to the Tangai Republican Rehabilitation Centre. These clients received low-threshold services and advice at the drop-in centre. Five hundred motivational packages were given to the most active clients. Harm reduction programmes were first introduced in the Republic of Tajikistan in in Dushanbe, Khujand and Khorog, mainly in the form of needle exchange programmes NEPs and via the distribution of information materials. In Kulyab a hour drop-in centre for drug users was opened by the non-government organisation NGO Anis. The NGO Volunteer, which implemented a programme in the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast GBAO , provided services 9 times during the reporting period, including services related to: social support 1 ; prevention 2 ; healthcare 2 ; information and counselling 1 ; psychological care and support ; legal services ; and social services The Social Bureau covered 1 clients people injecting drugs, 9 sex workers, 24 people living with HIV, 89 people with tuberculosis, 52 ex-prisoners with HBV and 15 with HCV, 1 minor at risk, and vulnerable women. As part of this programme, one mobile trust point and four NSPs were established, located on the premises of the National Tuberculosis Hospital in urban health centres Nos 2, 12 and During the reporting period, RAN served 1 clients. A total of syringes were exchanged and 23 condoms were distributed. In a total of 4 The steady increase in seizures of cannabis, primarily hashish, continued in , with the result that cannabis comprised This significant change in the type of drug seized was a result of an increase in the areas sown with cannabis in Afghanistan in recent years. The impurities in the samples of heroin that were seized were found to be from the manufacturing process — 6-monoacetylmorphine and acetylcodeine — and cutting agents of extrinsic origin — caffeine, acetaminophen paracetamol and dextromethorphan. No extrinsic substances were found in the narcotic opium seized in Starch-containing substances were found in just a few samples. The physical appearance of the cannabis resin that was seized was either in the form of a rod or of material compressed into rectangular tiles. The dimensions of tiles varied within the following ranges: width 14—16 cm, length 21—23 cm, thickness 2—3 cm. Drug prices in Tajikistan increase in proportion to the distance from the state border. The legislation of the Republic of Tajikistan in the field of drug control is based on the rules and recommendations of the United Nations Drug Treaties and Conventions , , , of which Tajikistan became a signatory in and The main purpose of Law No. Law No. The main objectives of the law are the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of people suffering from substance abuse and addiction, establishing bases and procedures for the provision of substance abuse treatment, and the protection and security of professionals providing drug treatment services. Article 6 of the Constitution guarantees the following types of drug treatment and social protection:. The main objective of this law is the realisation of the national policy and international agreements of Tajikistan in the sphere of licit trafficking of narcotic substances, psychotropic substances and precursors, countermeasures of their illicit trafficking, prevention of drugs and toxicomania and rendering of narcological assistance to people suffering from drug addiction and toxicomania. The main task of the law is to protect the rights and legal interests of people suffering from narcological diseases, establish grounds and a procedure for rendering narcological assistance and to protect the rights of medical and other workers rendering narcological assistance. According to Article 6 of the Law, the Government guarantees the following kinds of narcological assistance and social protection:. Chapter 22 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Tajikistan effective from 1 September stipulates responsibility for the following violations of the law related to drug issues:. The National Strategy of the Republic of Tajikistan in the field of the control of narcotic drugs is aimed at preventing the use of the territory of the state by transnational organised drug traffickers to smuggle narcotics, international commitments and the establishment of strict control over the licit movement of narcotic drugs, ensuring the effective fight against drug trafficking, guaranteeing the medical care of patients with drug addiction and increasing international cooperation in this area. One of the measures taken by the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan in the field of drug control is the coordination of bodies at all levels of society in order to synchronise the activities of law enforcement agencies in the fight against drug trafficking, as well as the relevant ministries and agencies in the control of drug trafficking, psychotropic substances and precursors, and drug prevention. The main body that coordinates ministries, departments and organisations in the prevention of drug abuse, regardless of their form of ownership, is the Coordinating Council on the prevention of drug abuse, approved by Decree No. According to the decree, regional, city, and district councils for the coordination of drug prevention activities were established under republican subordination in the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast, Sughd and Khatlon regions, the city of Dushanbe, and other cities and districts. The Coordinating Council is recognised as the supervisory body of the interaction of ministries, departments and state bodies in the conduct of activities aimed at the prevention of the non-medical use of narcotic drugs and psychotropic and other drugs. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. Breadcrumb Home Publications Tajikistan country overview Tajikistan country overview Contents Drug use among the general population and young people Prevention Problem drug use Treatment demand Drug-related infectious diseases Drug-related deaths Treatment responses Harm reduction responses Drug markets and drug-law offences National drug laws National drug strategy Coordination mechanism in the field of drugs References. Agency on Statistics under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan.
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