Vaginal Plugs

Vaginal Plugs
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^ David Quammen (16 October 2012). The Flight of the Iguana: A Sidelong View of Science and Nature . Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4767-2873-5 .

^ Jump up to: a b c Dunham, A. E.; Rudolf, V. H. W. (July 2009). "Evolution of sexual size monomorphism: the influence of passive mate guarding". Journal of Evolutionary Biology . 22 (7): 1376–1386. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.714.2656 . doi : 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01768.x . PMID 19486235 . S2CID 13617914 .

^ Baer, Boris; Maile, Roland; Schmid-Hempel, Paul; Morgan, E. David; Jones, Graeme R. (2000). "Chemistry of a Mating Plug in Bumblebees". Journal of Chemical Ecology . 26 (8): 1869–1875. doi : 10.1023/A:1005596707591 . S2CID 25735506 .

^ Alan F. Dixson (26 January 2012). Primate Sexuality: Comparative Studies of the Prosimians, Monkeys, Apes, and Humans . OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-954464-6 .

^ Sauther, Michelle L. (April 1991). "Reproductive behavior of free‐ranging Lemur catta at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar". American Journal of Physical Anthropology . 84 (4): 463–477. doi : 10.1002/ajpa.1330840409 .

^ Larry Vogelnest; Rupert Woods (18 August 2008). Medicine of Australian Mammals . Csiro Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-09928-9 .

^ Hugh Tyndale-Biscoe; Marilyn Renfree (30 January 1987). Reproductive Physiology of Marsupials . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33792-2 .

^ Terence Dawson (16 April 2012). Kangaroos . Csiro Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-10627-7 . Retrieved 13 July 2013 .

^ Jump up to: a b Strassmann, J. (March 2001). "The rarity of multiple mating by females in the social Hymenoptera". Insectes Sociaux . 48 (1): 1–13. doi : 10.1007/PL00001737 . S2CID 20893433 .

^ King, Richard B.; Jadin, Robert C.; Grue, Michael; Walley, Harlan D. (25 August 2009). "Behavioural correlates with hemipenis morphology in New World natricine snakes" . Biological Journal of the Linnean Society . 98 (1): 110–120. doi : 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01270.x .

^ Voss, Robert (June 7, 1979). "Male accessory glands and the evolution of copulatory plugs in rodents". Occasional Papers . The Museum of Zoology University of Michigan. hdl : 2027.42/57125 .

^ Contreras-Garduno, Jorge; Peretti, Alfredo V.; Cordoba-Aguilar, Alex (February 2006). "Evidence that Mating Plug is Related to Null Female Mating Activity in the Scorpion Vaejovis punctatus". Ethology . 112 (2): 152–163. doi : 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2006.01149.x .

^ Ittner, Lars M; Götz, Jürgen (10 May 2007). "Pronuclear injection for the production of transgenic mice" . Nature Protocols . 2 (5): 1206–1215. doi : 10.1038/nprot.2007.145 . PMID 17546016 .

^ Knoflach, Barbara; van Harten, Antonius (August 2001). "Tidarren argo sp. nov. (Araneae: Theridiidae) and its exceptional copulatory behaviour: emasculation, male palpal organ as a mating plug and sexual cannibalism". Journal of Zoology . 254 (4): 449–459. doi : 10.1017/S0952836901000954 .

^ The encyclopedia of land invertebrate behaviour By Rod Preston-Mafham, Ken Preston-Mafham. Pg 113.

^ Dickinson, Janis L.; Rutowski, Ronald L. (July 1989). "The function of the mating plug in the chalcedon checkerspot butterfly". Animal Behaviour . 38 (1): 154–162. doi : 10.1016/s0003-3472(89)80074-0 . S2CID 53175858 .

^ Cardoso, Márcio Zikán; Gilbert, Lawrence E. (7 September 2006). "A male gift to its partner? Cyanogenic glycosides in the spermatophore of longwing butterflies (Heliconius)". Naturwissenschaften . 94 (1): 39–42. doi : 10.1007/s00114-006-0154-6 . PMID 16957921 . S2CID 39830226 .

^ Estrada, Catalina; Schulz, Stefan; Yildizhan, Selma; Gilbert, Lawrence E. (October 2011). "Sexual Selection Drives The Evolution Of Antiaphrodisiac Pheromones in Butterflies". Evolution . 65 (10): 2843–2854. doi : 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01352.x . PMID 21967426 . S2CID 37752151 .

^ Jump up to: a b Shepard, Jon; Guppy, Crispin (2011). Butterflies of British Columbia: Including Western Alberta, Southern Yukon, the Alaska Panhandle, Washington, Northern Oregon, Northern Idaho, and Northwestern Montana . UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-4437-6 . Retrieved 13 November 2017 .

^ " parnassius smintheus " . imnh.isu.edu . Retrieved 13 November 2017 .

^ Alonso-Pimentel H, Tolbert LP, Heed WB (March 1994). "Ultrastructural examination of the insemination reaction in Drosophila" . Cell and Tissue Research . 275 (3): 467–79. doi : 10.1007/BF00318816 . PMID 8137397 . S2CID 29013736 .

^ Hernández, Linda; Aisenberg, Anita; Molina, Jorge (2018). Hebets, E. (ed.). "Mating plugs and sexual cannibalism in the Colombian orb-web spider Leucauge mariana" . Ethology . 124 (1): 1–13. doi : 10.1111/eth.12697 .

A mating plug , also known as a copulation plug , sperm plug , vaginal plug , or sphragis (Latin, from Greek σφραγίς sphragis , "a seal"), is gelatinous secretion used in the mating of some species. It is deposited by a male into a female genital tract, such as the vagina, and later hardens into a plug or glues the tract together. [1] While females can expel the plugs afterwards, the male's sperm still gets a time advantage in getting to the egg, which is often the deciding factor in fertilization.

The mating plug plays an important role in sperm competition and may serve as an alternative and more advantageous strategy to active mate guarding. In some species, such a passive mate-guarding strategy may reduce selection on large male size. [2] Such a strategy may be advantageous because it would allow a male to increase reproductive success by spending more time pursuing new female mates rather than active mate guarding. [2]

The mating plug of the Bombus terrestris was chemically analyzed and found to consist of palmitic acid , linoleic acid , oleic acid , stearic acid , and cycloprolylproline . [3] It was found that the acids (without cycloprolylproline) were sufficient by themselves to create the plug. Researchers hypothesize that cycloprolylproline reduces female receptivity to further breeding.

Use of a mating plug as a strategy for reproductive success can also be seen in a few taxa of Lepidoptera and other insects and is often associated with pupal mating . [15] For example, male variable checkerspot butterflies pass a mating plug into the genital opening of females in order to prevent the females from remating and thus protecting their paternity. [16]

The Heliconius charithonia butterfly uses a mating plug in the form of a spermatophore that provides predatory defense chemicals and protein sources for developing eggs. [17] It also acts as an anaphrodisiac that prevents other males from mating with the female. [18] Similarly in Parnassius smintheus butterflies, the male deposits a waxy genital plug on the tip of the female's abdomen to prevent the female from mating again. [19] It contains sperm and important nutrients for the female, [20] and ensures that the male is the only one to fertilize the female’s eggs. [19]

Most species of stingless bees , like Plebeia remota , are only mated once, and thus make use of mating plugs to store all the sperm they collect for future use. [9]

Another species of insect that uses a copulatory plug is Drosophila mettleri , a Sonoran Desert Fly species from the Diptera family. These plugs serve as a means of male-female control during mating interactions. [21]

A peculiar example of mate plugging occurs in Leucauge mariana spiders. Both male and female participation is required to create a mate plug. The male alone cannot create a functional plug. Female participation in creating a mating plugs, and her presumed benefit from them, have led to multiple studies of sexual selection on the sexual behavior of L. mariana . [22]

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Vaginal dilators (aka vaginal trainers) are tools to help restore or expand the pelvic floor muscles and vaginal tissues. They are key for treating vaginismus and can help you begin or resume vaginal penetration, whether for sexual activity, use of tampons, or tolerance of a gynecological exam.
Dilators typically come in a set of progressively larger sizes, so the stretching and desensitization can occur gently and gradually. They are typically made out of silicone rubber or plastic. There are many, many different types and brands of dilators out there and it can be hard to know which would be best for you, especially if you're not working with a pelvic floor physical therapist who can guide you in the right direction.
Having a caring PT in your corner can make a world of difference if you're managing vaginismus, so don't hesitate to reach out to us, even if it's just to ask questions. We're here for you! If you're not ready to book a visit, you can schedule a free intro call .
For best overall vaginal dilator, it's an equal split between Soul Source dilators and Intimate Rose dilators. See what they look like below.
Our favorite vaginal dilator set on a budget is CalExotics Dr. Berman Dilator Set .
The Milli warrants an honorable mention because it is the only expandable dilator that we are aware of. It is the priciest option of all the dilators we reviewed at $395, but the price may be worth it to someone who really likes the idea of a much more gradual size progression than traditional dilators.
All of these dilators were chosen for this review because they were either created or endorsed by professionals in the women’s health field or are a fan favorite of our team of expert physical therapists here at Origin . Additionally, the particular plastic dilators (Dr. Berman Dilator Set) were chosen as opposed to other plastic dilators because they looked a lot less intimidating than other plastic dilators and they came with a handle, which is useful because the plastic tends to want to fall out more readily.
I personally tried all 4 brands of dilators on myself to determine how they felt when inserted vaginally, if they were good for stretching, if they could be used handsfree, and overall performance. I used the same water-based lube for all 4 to keep it consistent. I tested the smallest size and the largest size I could personally handle of each set of dilators.
Disclaimer: I am a woman without any pelvic floor dysfunction currently and have never been pregnant nor delivered a baby. So it goes without saying that my experience with these dilators will certainly be different than someone who has pelvic pain. However, as a women’s health physical therapist, I tried my hardest to use my experience to describe objectively what I felt in order to help you decide which dilator set is right for you.
Soul Source was created by a sex therapist and a gynecologist in the 90’s and is a local LA company, manufacturing their dilators in the United States. Their silicone dilators come in 8 sizes ranging from their smallest (2.5 inches long x 0.5 inch diameter) to their largest size (6 inches long x 1 ⅝ inch diameter). These dilators have been promoted in the pelvic floor coursework we take as women’s health physical therapists and we have been recommending them to our patients for years.
You can purchase Soul Source dilators on their website or on Amazon . A full set costs $209.99 or you can also purchase individual dilators or smaller sets of 4 dilators for between $78.99-$139.99 depending on which sizes you choose.
How does it feel? The silicone is nice and bendy, but feels rubbery to the touch. Inserted vaginally, the dilators feel friendly, even at the larger size.
Is it good for stretching? Neither the small nor large dilator was particularly good for extra stretching because of how bendy they are, but were great for overall expanding and desensitizing the tissues and muscles.
Can I use it handsfree? The dilators stayed in pretty well when propped up by a rolled up towel placed at the vaginal opening.
Overall: Great range in sizes, friendly color scheme, bendy, but could be a little rubbery or sticky if you don’t get enough lube on them.
Intimate Rose was created by a physical therapist after she sustained an injury to her coccyx and required pelvic floor physical therapy herself. Their set of dilators is similar to those of Soul Source because they are also made of silicone and have 8 sizes. Their smallest size is 2.8 inches long x 0.45 inch diameter and their largest size is 6.5 inches long x 1.5 inch diameter. These dilators are promoted by the APTA and we recommend not only their dilators to patients, but also their vaginal weights.
Intimate Rose dilators can be purchased on their website or on Amazon . A full set costs $179.99 or you can also purchase smaller sets of 4 dailtors for between $79.99-$119.99 depending on which sizes you choose.
How does it feel? Intimate Rose’s silicone is very soft to the touch, almost velvety. Inserted vaginally, the dilators felt similar to Soul Source in that they felt friendly, even at the larger size.
Is it good for stretching? Again, similar to Soul Source, these dilators are not great for extra stretching of the tissues because of how bendy they are.
Can I use it handsfree? These dilators stayed in place well with a rolled up towel placed at the vaginal opening.
Overall: Great range in sizes, smooth, velvety silicone, bendy, and another nice color scheme that doesn’t feel too medical.
These dilators were created by Dr. Laura Berman, a sex and relationship expert and host of several radio and TV shows. These dilators are the only ones on our list that are made of plastic because most plastic dilators on the market appear very medical and even scary-looking. These dilators come with 4 different sizes with the smallest size starting at 0.88 inch diameter and going up to 1.5 inches in diameter. The different sizes are interlocking plastic dilator sleeves that attach to the handle. You can buy these dilators on Amazon for $19.88.
How does it feel? These dilators are made of hard plastic and so feel that way when inserted vaginally. The smallest size is larger than the smaller sizes of the prior two dilator sets, so that should be taken into account.
Is it good for stretching? These hard plastic dilators are very good for extra stretching since they do not bend. Having the handle also helps.
Can I use it handsfree? Because of the handle, it is more challenging to use a rolled up towel to hold the dilator in
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