Vagina Inflammation Self Test
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Vagina Inflammation Self Test
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Women's Health Issues
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Vaginal Infections and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
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Overview of Vaginal Infections
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Children
Women of childbearing age
Postmenopausal women
Medical history
Physical examination and testing
Evaluation of children
Vaginal Infections and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Vaginal Yeast Infection (Candidiasis)
Cancer of the vagina is a rare form of cancer. This cancer usually develops in the cells lining the vagina, most typically in women over age 60. Which of the following is the most common symptom of vaginal cancer?
Last full review/revision Sep 2019| Content last modified Sep 2019
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, MD, MSCR, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University
In the United States, vaginal infections are one of the most common reasons women see their doctor, accounting for millions of visits each year.
Vaginal infections are caused by microorganisms, but women can take precautions, such as wearing loose, absorbent underwear, to reduce their risk of getting infections.
Infections usually cause a discharge with itching, redness, and sometimes burning and soreness.
Doctors examine a sample of fluids from the vagina or cervix to check for microorganisms that can cause infections.
Vaginal infections can cause vaginal discharge , discomfort, and vaginal odor. However, these symptoms do not necessarily indicate an infection. Instead, they may result from other conditions that affect the vagina. For example, chemicals or other materials (such as hygiene products, bubble bath, laundry detergents, contraceptive foams and jellies, and synthetic underwear) can irritate the vagina and cause a discharge and discomfort. The inflammation that results is called noninfectious (inflammatory) vaginitis.
A vaginal discharge may be caused by a disorder that affects other reproductive organs, rather than the vagina. For example, a discharge can result from certain sexually transmitted diseases such as chlamydial infection or gonorrhea . The bacteria that cause these diseases can spread from the vagina to the cervix (the lower, narrow part of the uterus that opens into the vagina) and the uterus, causing pelvic inflammatory disease . Genital herpes , which can cause blisters on the vulva (the area around the opening of the vagina), in the vagina, and on the cervix, can also cause a vaginal discharge.
Vaginal infections may be caused by bacteria, yeast, and other microorganisms.
Certain conditions make infection more likely:
Reduced acidity (increased pH) in the vagina: When acidity in the vagina is reduced, the number of protective bacteria (lactobacilli) that normally live in the vagina decreases, and the number of bacteria that can cause infection increases, sometimes resulting in bacterial vaginosis .
Poor hygiene: When the genital area is not kept clean, the number of bacteria increases, making bacterial infections more likely.
Tight, nonabsorbent underwear: This type of underwear may trap moisture, which encourages the growth of bacteria and yeast.
Tissue damage: If tissues in the pelvis are damaged, the body’s natural defenses are weakened. Damage can result from tumors, surgery, radiation therapy, or structural abnormalities such as birth defects or fistulas. Fistulas are abnormal connections between organs, which may, for example, allow the intestine’s contents (which include bacteria) to enter the vagina.
Irritation: Irritation of vaginal tissues can lead to cracks or sores, which provide access to the bloodstream for bacteria and yeast.
Some specific causes of vaginal infections are more common among certain age groups.
In children, vaginal infections are usually caused by bacteria from the anus. These bacteria may be moved to the vagina when girls, particularly those aged 2 to 6 years, wipe from back to front or do not adequately clean the genital area after bowel movements. Fingering the genital area, particularly if girls do not wash their hands after bowel movements, may also move these bacteria to the vagina. Fingering is often a response to itching.
Putting an object (such as a toy or toilet tissue) in the vagina is another common cause of vaginal infections in children.
Sexual abuse is another possible cause. Sexually transmitted diseases , including those that cause vaginal infections, can be spread during sexual abuse.
Pinworms may also cause vaginal infections.
Children may get a vaginal infection when they move bacteria from the anus to the vagina by wiping from back to front.
Hormonal changes shortly before and during menstrual periods or during pregnancy can reduce acidity in the vagina, as can frequent douching, use of spermicides, and semen. Reduced acidity encourages the growth of bacteria that cause disease.
Leaving tampons in too long can lead to infection, possibly because tampons provide a warm, moist environment where bacteria can thrive and because they can irritate the vagina.
Douching can often remove normal, protective bacteria from the vagina, increasing the risk of infection.
After menopause, estrogen levels decrease. As a result, tissues in the vagina become thinner, drier, and more fragile. Cracks or sores may form, providing access for bacteria or yeast. Also, acidity in the vagina decreases, increasing the risk of infection.
Women who have urinary incontinence or are confined to bed may have difficulty keeping the genital area clean. Irritation from urine and stool can lead to infection.
A thin, white or gray cloudy discharge with a fishy odor, which may become stronger after sexual intercourse or during menstrual periods
Occasionally itching and irritation
Infection of the membranes around the fetus ( intra-amniotic infection )
Infections of the uterus after delivery of a baby or after an abortion
Usually a profuse, greenish yellow, frothy discharge.
Pain during sexual intercourse and urination
Thick, white, clumpy discharge (like cottage cheese)
Moderate to severe itching and burning (but not always)
Commonly redness and swelling of the genital area
Typically, vaginal infections cause a vaginal discharge. This discharge differs from a normal one because it is usually accompanied by itching, redness, and sometimes burning or soreness in the genital area. A discharge may have a fishy odor. The appearance and amount of the discharge tend to vary depending on the cause. However, different disorders sometimes cause similar discharges.
Itching may interfere with sleep. Some infections can make sexual intercourse painful and make urination painful and more frequent.
Rarely, the folds of skin around the vaginal and urethral openings become stuck together.
However, sometimes symptoms are mild or do not occur.
Examination and testing of sample of the discharge and/or fluid from the cervix
Girls or women who have a vaginal discharge with itching or who have other vaginal symptoms, such as redness, burning, soreness, or pain during sexual intercourse, should see a doctor.
To determine the cause, the doctor asks questions about the discharge (if present), about possible causes of the symptoms, and about hygiene. The doctor may ask a woman the following:
Have lotions or creams (including home remedies) been used to try to relieve the symptoms?
Was the discharge accompanied by itching, burning, pain, or a sore in the genital area?
When do symptoms occur in relation to the menstrual period?
Does the discharge come and go, or is it always present?
Has an abnormal discharge occurred before, and if so, how did it respond to treatment?
What kind of birth control has been and is being used?
Is pain felt during sexual intercourse?
Has she had previous vaginal infections?
Does her sex partner have symptoms?
The doctor also asks about the possibility of sexually transmitted diseases . For example, a woman may be asked whether she is sexually active and, if so, whether she has more than one partner. This information helps the doctor determine whether other people require treatment.
A pelvic examination is done. While examining the vagina, the doctor takes a sample of the discharge (if present) with a cotton-tipped swab. The sample is examined under a microscope. With information from this examination, the doctor can usually determine whether the cause is bacterial vaginosis, Trichomonas vaginitis, or a yeast infection.
Usually, the doctor also uses a swab to take a sample of fluid from the cervix. The sample is tested for sexually transmitted diseases.
To determine whether there are other infections in the pelvis, the doctor checks the uterus and ovaries by inserting the index and middle fingers of one gloved hand into the vagina and pressing on the outside of the lower abdomen with the other hand. If this maneuver causes substantial pain or if a fever is present, other infections may be present.
If children have Trichomonas vaginitis, doctors evaluate them to determine whether sexual abuse could be the cause.
Keeping the genital area clean and dry to help prevent infections (washing every day with a mild, nonscented soap (such as glycerin soap) and rinsing and drying thoroughly are recommended)
Wiping from front to back after urinating or defecating to prevent bacteria from the anus from being moved to the vagina
Wearing loose, absorbent clothing, such as cotton or cotton-lined underpants, to allow air to circulate and to help keep the genital area dry
Practicing safe sex and limiting the number of sex partners
Douching frequently and using medicated douches are discouraged. Douching can remove normal, protective bacteria from the vagina and reduce the acidity of the vagina, making infections, including pelvic inflammatory disease, more likely.
Use of water or ice to relieve symptoms
If needed, drugs to relieve itching
Measures used for prevention, such as keeping the genital area clean and dry, also help treat infections. Strong or scented soaps and unnecessary topical products (such as feminine hygiene sprays) should be avoided.
Occasionally placing ice packs on the genital area, applying cool compresses, or sitting in a cool sitz bath (with or without baking soda or Epsom salts) may reduce soreness and itching. A sitz bath is taken in the sitting position with the water covering only the genital and rectal area. Flushing the genital area with lukewarm water squeezed from a water bottle may also relieve soreness and itching.
If these measures do not relieve symptoms, drugs may be needed. Antihistamines taken by mouth help relieve itching. They also cause drowsiness and may be useful if symptoms interfere with sleep.
Specific treatment depends on the cause.
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