Vagina Anatomy
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Vagina Anatomy
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What exactly IS a vagina ? Well, it's the muscular tube that extends from the cervix to the vulva. It's a surprisingly common question for such a simple definition, but that quick sentence might not answer all your questions. Luckily, a good old vagina diagram can sure help out. You might think you've got it all down pat down there, but we use a lot of code words to talk about it, and we use the technical word itself in the wrong way — after all, it's not entirely accurate to call the extended network between your legs just the "vagina." There's a whole word down there, and the vagina is just one part of it. Since knowledge is power, it's super important to know the anatomy of your vagina. To get to the heart of the matter, we chatted with Melanie Davis, PhD, a certified sexuality educator and sexuality education consultant, who gave us a virtual tour of the vagina and beyond.
First of all, Davis recommends using a mirror and a light and taking a good look between your legs. (Or you can even use the selfie setting on your phone's camera.) Not only should you know what your body looks like, because, well, it's yours, but it will also help keep you safe. If you ever notice anything different down there (i.e., redness, bumps, etc.), you already know what your healthy baseline looks like and can let a doctor know about any changes .
Here's everything you need to know about your anatomy from the outside in, including some facts that we guarantee will surprise you, and a vagina diagram.
When people refer to the "vagina," what they usually mean is the vulva , which includes all the external parts, including the inner and outer lips.
These are the first things you see, and hair grows on them naturally. According to Davis, the labia majora's job is to protect the more sensitive parts inside.
The labia minora provide the second layer of protection for the underlying structures and openings, and they also have oil glands that secrete lubrication to keep you comfortable. Davis also says they're the part of the anatomy most likely to cause women stress due to how they look . Just know that the lips might not be symmetrical, they might extend beyond the labia majora, and the edges might not be totally smooth — and all of this is totally normal. "The healthy thing is to understand that our labia are as unique as our fingerprints. Everybody is different," Davis explains. "There is no right or wrong about it."
According to Davis, the tiny bit of the clitoris that is outwardly visible, which is the little nub you see at the top of your external area when you spread the labia, contains 8,000 nerve endings. That means it's really sensitive, and for many women, stimulating it is the best way to orgasm. The hood, a flap of skin that slides back and forth, functions to protect the clitoris and prevent irritation and arousal when you don't want it. When you are aroused, however, the hood slips back to expose the clitoris. The outer clitoris that you can see and feel is actually connected to an inner clitoris (!!), but more on that shortly.
This small opening, which is where urine comes out, is right below the clitoris. It's hard to see, and you can't really feel anything there. And, no, pee doesn't come out of the vaginal opening! Davis says that many young women think the clitoris is actually the urethra, but don't be fooled.
Right below the urethra lies the introitus, also called the vestibule or the opening to the vagina. Think of it as a foyer. "When we go into an office building, we go into that little area where there are two sets of doors," she says. Basically, the vestibule is the lobby leading to the vagina, which is inside your body. We should also say here that there are many color variations in the whole external vulva area, depending on your skin tone and whether or not you're sexually excited.
This concept is mind-blowing and a relatively recent anatomical discovery. You have a wishbone-shaped structure extending from your clitoris on the outside of your body—the top of the wishbone—to the area under your labia majora deep inside. "It's tissue that engorges during sexual arousal and that is excitable," Davis says. So there's literally much more to female sexual excitement than meets the eye.
So do you see now why calling the whole thing a "vagina" is not exactly accurate? The vagina, also called the birth canal, leads to your uterus. "People think the vagina is a tube that's always open, but it's not. It's a muscle that, when at rest, is closed," Davis says. "The walls touch unless there's a tampon or a finger or whatever inside. So it's not like you're walking around with an open hole in your body." Also, you can't lose anything inserted into your vagina; it's an enclosed pouch that doesn't lead to the rest of your body. It's normal for the vagina to feel bumpy to the touch.
The cervix is the neck-like part of your uterus that extends into the vagina. It's the place where your gyno takes a sample from for a Pap smear. It's also the part that dilates before a person gives birth. Otherwise it stays closed, opening only enough to release blood and other fluids from the uterus when you have your period. If you reach in to touch it, it feels sort of like a clenched fist with a dimple at the bottom.
Your uterus is the place where a fetus would live should you get pregnant. It sheds its lining every 28 days or so when there's no pregnancy, otherwise known as getting your period . You can't feel the uterus from outside your body...it's buried pretty deeply in your lower abdomen.
Every month your ovaries shoot out an egg and send it floating happily down the uterus, where it will hang around in hopes of meeting up with some sperm to make a baby.
Now that you know the ropes, you might have some questions about what's going on down there and whether everything is OK down there. We've got you covered: Check out these links to learn what you need to know about your vaginal health , why your vagina might be itchy , and what these common vaginal odors mean .
So there you have it. And unlike your biology teacher, we're not going to quiz you. Yet.
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The vagina is a wonderful thing, but too many seem to lack a basic understand of its layout and how it works. So let's take a look at how the female anatomy works and what you need to know before you dive in with foreplay .
The vagina is the interior part of the female sexual anatomy that is used in sex. At the lower end is the vaginal opening inside the vulva, and at the top end is the cervix — the gateway into the uterus. Vaginas are muscular tubes with great ability to stretch — after all, it has to be able to pass a baby during childbirth. But the rest of the time it doesn't dilate nearly as much. Unaroused, the average vagina is about 3-4 inches deep and tight. Once fully aroused the vagina extends to around 6 inches in length and increases in diameter. Just as penises come in a wide range of sizes , so do vaginas. Most are average, sitting in a range of 5-7 inches long, while a few are shorter or longer, tighter or looser.
The human vagina evolved alongside the human penis and the two are sized for maximum compatibility. The average dick is 5.5 inches long, the average vagina is 6 inches deep. Crazy, eh?
The vulva consists of all of the external genitalia surrounding the vaginal opening. On either side of it are the labia, with the clitoris, urethral opening, and vaginal opening lined up down the middle, front-to-back. Beyond that point you'll find the perineum (taint) and the anus.
While the vagina gets a lot of attention, the focus should really be on the clitoris. It is one of the most important and yet often neglected parts of the female anatomy.
The clit is best understood by men as the female equivalent of the penis, except even more sensitive . During fetal development the two organs evolve from the same cells in the early embryo. Though much smaller than a penis, the clitoris still has a shaft and a glans, and is even covered by a clitoral hood not unlike a foreskin. The clitoris even fills with blood and becomes larger and erect when the woman is aroused.
Across the small surface of the clitoris there are approximately 8,000 nerve endings — twice as many as you'll find on a penis. The concentration of nerves here makes the clit extremely sensitive, making it often the focus of masturbation and foreplay for women.
Stretching down from the clitoral hood to just past the vaginal opening are the labia. These “lips” are the folds of skin and can take on very different appearances from one woman to another. They can be darker in color than the surrounding skin. There are two layers to the labia: the labia majora and labia minor. The labia majora are the outer lips and tend to be plump, usually enclose most of the vulva, and tend to be covered with pubic hair. The labia minor are the inner lips that directly surround the vaginal opening and urethra. When aroused, the labia will swell with increased blood flow to the genitals, slightly opening the vulva.
For some women the labia are tight against the body, in others they hang more. The shape and elasticity of the vagina has nothing to do with her sexual past; the labia are highly elastic and aren’t permanently stretched out from having sex with many partners or with a particularly large penis.
Completing our tour around the vulva is the mons pubis, otherwise known as the pubic mound. It is a spot of fatty tissues located directly above and to the sides of the vulva, and is covered with pubic hair. It provides a padding over the pubic bone and clitoris to dampen impacts during aggressive sex.
The hymen is a thin layer of tissue around the vaginal opening, typically widest at the bottom end. It does not fully enclose the vagina (that would make mensuration difficult), and isn’t always torn during the first intercourse. For some women the hymen is elastic or small enough that it is never broken, while for others it may be particularly thick and prove a source of pain during sex.
Just inside the vagina is the vaunted G-spot, named for early 20th Century gynecoligist Ernst Gräfenberg who was among the first to scientifically document its existence. It is a a highly sensitive patch of tissue that when properly stimulated is very arousing. G-spot stimulation alone can lead to strong orgasms. You'll find the G-spot on the front side of the vaginal wall about 2-3 inches / 5-8 cm in. It has a bumpier texture than the general smoothness of the rest of the vaginal wall. It's worth noting that not all women have an easily stimulated or located G-spot.
The G-spot's sensitivity comes from the fact that it is the underside of the base of the clitoris. It's not as sensitive as the exterior portion of the clit, but it is still very sensitive. The G-spot can be stimulated by deft application of toys, fingers, or penises ( curved dicks have an advantage in reaching the G-spot over their straighter brothers).
Otherwise known as the anterior and posterior fornix, the A-Spot and P-Spot are both located at the top end of the vagina. They are recesses on the front (anterior) and back (posterior) side of the cervix, and for some women are highly erogenous. The problem is that they are located on either side of the cervix, which for many women is very painful to even have touched, so if you're probing for the A-spot or P-spot you may be in dangerous territory.
The cervix is located at the top end of the vagina. It is a small donut-shaped ring of muscle that serves as the passageway into the uterus, and most of the time that passageway is tightly closed. The stiffness of the cervix is different than the rest of the generally-soft vagina; the cervix has about as much give as the tip of your nose.
Most women find touching the cervix to be painful, especially during intercourse when it may be repeatedly rammed by a longer penis. A small portion of women find cervical stimulation to be pleasurable, some in the "good pain" sort of way.
The cervix's placement at the top end of the vagina means that its depth changes based on how aroused the woman is. As a woman becomes more turned on the vagina lengthens in preparation for intercourse, on average expanding from 3-4 inches deep to around 6 inches, with the cervix at the back end of that. This puts the cervix, along with the A-spot and P-spot, out of reach of the average 5.5-inch-long penis, which makes sense considering that the human penis and vagina evolved alongside each other for maximum compatibility. Men with longer-than-average penises can more easily reach the cevix, and thus need to be careful about their thrust depth and angle to avoid impacting the cervix in most women. A penis depth limiter or bumper can help to reduce the penetration depth and keep the cervix out of reach.
Intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) are placed through the cervix into the uterus. There are two types of IUD: time-delayed hormone release that interferes with part of the menstrual process and makes pregnancy next-to-imposssible and copper coils that trigger a minor inflammatory reaction that kills both eggs and sperm before fertilization can occur. IUDs have two thin plastic strings that extend through the cervix in case the doctor needs to remove the device in the future, the strings are typically cut so 1-2 inches are left protruding.
Technically we're getting past the vagina and its accompanying bits at this point, but it's important to have a full understanding of female anatomy.
On the other side of the cervical passageway from the vagina is the uterus. This muscular cavity is where human life is developed. After an egg is fertilized by the male's sperm, the now-called-zygote is delivered to the uterus where it will develop into an embryo and then a fetus. After roughly nine months of development, the uterine muscles contract repeatedly through the labor process to deliver the baby human through the cervix and vagina.
The fallopian tubes are a pair of ducts that stretch from the ovaries to the uterus. They are the passageway through which sperm must travel to reach the egg, and through which fertilized eggs are delivered to the uterus for fetal development and unfertilized eggs for disposal. Fertilization typically happens in the upper reaches of a fallopian tube when egg and sperm happen to meet. The interior of the tubes are covered in tiny hair-like protrusions called cilia that carry the egg down the duct.
Located at the end of each fallopian tube you'll find the ovaries. These egg-shaped organs are the female equivalent of the male testicle, producing the egg cells used for fertilization and hormones necessary for both the sexual processes and the body as a whole.
Ovaries are the production site for eggs (ovum) through a process called oogenesis. Unlike the testicles, which are constantly pumping out millions of sperm every day, the ovaries work on a slower time scale, between the two of them typically producing one matured egg cell on a rougly once-a-month schedule in a follicle on the ovary's surface. When the egg is fully matured it ruptures through the follicle and is released into the fallopian tube (this process is ovulation) for fertilization by sperm.
Ovaries also produce estrogen, inhibin, and progesterone hormones, as well as testosterone. Estrogen is responsible for the development of female sexual organs. Inhibin helps to regulate the menstrual process. Progesterone is a natural steroid hormone that serves numerous purposes in the female body, working with menstruation, pregnancy, and lactation. Though widely regarded as a "male" hormone, women also rely on lower levels of testosterone for bone and muscular health, cognitive function, and their libido.
The human "egg" isn't anything like an egg like you would get from a chicken. In a human, the egg is a single reproductive cell (a gamete) containing half of the chromosomes and half of the genetic code (one side of the DNA sequence, known as RNA) needed to create a human. The other half is provided by a single sperm cell from the male.
After production in the ovaries, the egg is released into the fallopian tube. It takes 3-4 days for the egg to journey through the fallopian tube and enter the uterus, during which time it is open to fertilization by a sperm. When a sperm meets and egg, the two fuse together and the plasma membrane of the egg rejects any further bindings. The sperm containes enzymes that dissolve through the outer layers of the egg and its core enters the cytoplasm of the egg cell, leaving behind its recognizable case and tail. The inner cell membranes merge, followed by the merging of the cell nuclei and the RNA provided by the egg and the sperm join to create a new, unique DNA sequence. Cellular replication and division then rapidly begins as the bundle of undifferentiated cells migrates from the fallopian tube into the uterus where it will develop into a baby.
On average, every 28 days a woman goes through a full menstrual cycle. This process is how the female body prepares for a possible pregnancy, and involves every part of the female reproductive system. Women generally experience menstuation on a regular schedule from the start of puberty (typically around 8 years old, but it can start as early as 8 or as late as 16) until they arrive at menopause and the ovaries stop producing eggs (typically around 50) and the woman can no longer become pregnant. The menstrual cycle happens in four distinct phases, but is continuous so you can't pin down any one phase as the "starting point".
Menstruation is the shedding of the thickened uterine lining (endometrium) that was prepared to support a possible pregnancy. The mucus, blood, and enometrial cells are expelled through the cervix and vagina over the course of 3-7 days. This is commonly referred to as a woman's "period", and she may use tampons, pads, or menstrual cups to contain the flow without making a mess of her clothing.
The follicular phase starts alongside menstruation, during which the ovaries are stimulated by the release of hormones to produce the follicles that will create the eggs. During this phase the lining of the uterus is refreshed with new enometrial cells and mucus.
Ovulation follows with the release of a single cell from the surface of an ovary. The egg is carried down the fallopian
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