Uyghur Muslims

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— Owen Lattimore, "Return to China's Northern Frontier." The Geographical Journal , Vol. 139, No. 2, June 1973 [69]
Further information: Xinjiang conflict

^ The size of the Uyghur population is disputed between Chinese authorities and Uyghur sources. The Population section of this article further discusses this dispute.

^ Uighur : ئۇيغۇرلار , Уйғурлар , IPA: [ujɣurˈlɑr] ; simplified Chinese : 维吾尔 ; traditional Chinese : 維吾爾 ; pinyin : Wéiwú'ěr , IPA: [wěi.ǔ.àɚ] [24] [25]

^ Native , here, is not synonymous with the term indigenous , but rather means "member/s of a nation".

^ Jump up to: a b The term Turk was a generic label used by members of many ethnicities in Soviet Central Asia. Often the deciding factor for classifying individuals belonging to Turkic nationalities in the Soviet censuses was less what the people called themselves by nationality than what language they claimed as their native tongue. Thus, people who called themselves "Turk" but spoke Uzbek were classified in Soviet censuses as Uzbek by nationality. [61]

^ This contrasts to the Hui people , called Huihui or "Hui" (Muslim) by the Chinese and the Salar people , called "Sala Hui" (Salar Muslims) by the Chinese. Use of the term "Chan Tou Hui" was considered a demeaning slur. [97]

^ "Soon the great chief Julumohe and the Kirghiz gathered a hundred thousand riders to attack the Uyghur city; they killed the Kaghan, executed Jueluowu, and burnt the royal camp. All the tribes were scattered – its ministers Sazhi and Pang Tele with fifteen clans fled to the Karluks, the remaining multitude went to Tibet and Anxi ." ( Chinese : 俄而渠長句錄莫賀與黠戛斯合騎十萬攻回鶻城，殺可汗，誅掘羅勿，焚其牙，諸部潰其相馺職與厖特勒十五部奔葛邏祿，殘眾入吐蕃、安西。) [169]




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^ Агентство Республики Каписью на 26,1% и составила 10098,6 тыс. человек. Увеличилась численность узбеков на 23,3%, составив 457,2 тыс. человек, уйгур – на 6%, составив 223,1 тыс. человек. Снизилась численность русских на 15,3%, составив 3797,0 тыс. человек; немцев – на 49,6%, составив 178,2 тыс. человек; украинцев – на 39,1%, составив 333,2 тыс. человек; татар – на 18,4%, составив 203,3 тыс. человек; других этносов – на 5,8%, составив 714,2 тыс. человек.

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^ Gunter, Joel (August 27, 2021). "Afghanistan's Uyghurs fear the Taliban, and now China too" . BBC News . Retrieved August 27, 2021 .

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^ Shohret Hoshur ; Shemshidin, Zubeyra (April 6, 2010), "Pakistan Uyghurs in Hiding: Brothers blame raids and arrests on pressure from China" , Radio Free Asia , archived from the original on May 13, 2010 , retrieved May 11, 2010

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^ Hawkins, Samantha (March 18, 2021). "Uighur Rally Puts Genocide in Focus Ahead of US-China Talks" . Courthouse News . Retrieved March 25, 2021 .

^ Hoshur, Shohret; Vandenbrink, Rachel (March 24, 2012). "Japan Backs Uyghur Rights" . Radio Free Asia . Archived from the original on July 28, 2018 . Retrieved July 28, 2018 .

^ Shichor, Yitzhak (July 2013). "Nuisance Value: Uyghur activism in Germany and Beijing–Berlin relations". Journal of Contemporary China . 22 (82): 612–629. doi : 10.1080/10670564.2013.766383 . S2CID 145666712 .

^ State statistics committee of Ukraine – National composition of population, 2001 census Archived October 8, 2014, at the Wayback Machine (Ukrainian)

^ Touraj Atabaki, Sanjyot Mehendale (2004). Central Asia and the Caucasus: Transnationalism and Diaspora . p. 31. The Uighurs, too, are Turkic Muslims, linguistically and culturally more closely related to the Uzbeks than the Kazakhs.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Uighur, n. and adj. " , Oxford English Dictionary , Oxford, England: Oxford University Press

^ Jump up to: a b Hahn 2006 , p. 4.

^ Jump up to: a b Drompp 2005 , p. 7.

^ "Uighur | History, Language, & Facts" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Archived from the original on December 17, 2018 . Retrieved December 17, 2018 .

^ Jump up to: a b "The mystery of China's celtic mummies" . The Independent . London. August 28, 2006. Archived from the original on April 3, 2008 . Retrieved June 28, 2008 .

^ Dillon 2004 , p. 24.

^ Jump up to: a b c "Ethnic Uygurs in Hunan Live in Harmony with Han Chinese" . People's Daily . December 29, 2000. Archived from the original on October 16, 2007 . Retrieved March 15, 2007 .

^ "Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on September 27, 2011 . Retrieved August 28, 2011 .

^ Brouwer, Joseph (September 30, 2020). "Xi Defends Xinjiang Policy as "Entirely Correct " " . China Digital Times .

^ Davidson, Helen (September 18, 2020). "Clues to scale of Xinjiang labour operation emerge as China defends camps" . The Guardian .

^ Vanderklippe, Nathan (March 9, 2011). "Lawsuit against Xinjiang researcher marks new effort to silence critics of China's treatment of Uyghurs" . The Globe and Mail .

^ Falconer, Rebecca (March 9, 2021). "Report: "Clear evidence" China is committing genocide against Uyghurs" . Axios .

^ "China cuts Uighur births with IUDs, abortion, sterilization" . Associated Press . June 28, 2020. Archived from the original on December 16, 2020 . Retrieved December 18, 2020 .

^ Chase, Steven (January 24, 2021). "Canada urged to formally label China's Uyghur persecution as genocide" . The Globe and Mail .

^ Turdush, Rukiye; Fiskesjö, Magnus (May 28, 2021). "Dossier: Uyghur Women in China's Genocide" . Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal . 15 (1): 22–43. doi : 10.5038/1911-9933.15.1.1834 .

^ Sudworth, John (December 2020). "China's 'tainted' cotton" . BBC News .

^ Jump up to: a b Brouwer, Joseph (June 25, 2021). "China Uses Global Influence Campaign To Deny Forced Labor, Mass Incarceration in Xinjiang" . China Digital Times .

^ Cheng, Yangyang (December 10, 2020). "The edge of our existence". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . 76 (6): 315–320. Bibcode : 2020BuAtS..76f.315C . doi : 10.1080/00963402.2020.1846417 . S2CID 228097031 .

^ Jump up to: a b Raza, Zainab (October 24, 2019). "China's 'Political Re-Education of Uyghur Muslims ' ". Asian Affairs . 50 (4): 488–501. doi : 10.1080/03068374.2019.1672433 . S2CID 210448190 .

^ Joanne Smith Finley (November 19, 2020) "Why Scholars and Activists Increasingly Fear a Uyghur Genocide in Xinjiang", Journal of Genocide Research . doi: 10.1080/14623528.2020.1848109

^ Parton, Charles (February 11, 2020). "Foresight 2020: The Challenges Facing China". The RUSI Journal . 165 (2): 10–24. doi : 10.1080/03071847.2020.1723284 . S2CID 213331666 .

^ van Ess, Margaretha A.; ter Laan, Nina; Meinema, Erik (April 5, 2021). "Beyond 'radical' versus 'moderate'? New perspectives on the politics of moderation in Muslim majority and Muslim minority settings" . Religion . 51 (2): 161–168. doi : 10.1080/0048721X.2021.1865616 .

^ Dou, Eva (February 11, 2021). "Who are the Uighurs, and what's happening to them in China?" . The Washington Post .

^ Ramzy, Austin; Buckley, Chris (November 16, 2019). " ' Absolutely No Mercy': Leaked Files Expose How China Organized Mass Detentions of Muslims" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved November 16, 2019 .

^ Yashee (November 25, 2019). "Explained: Why has China put Uighur Muslims in camps, and what happens inside?" . The Indian Express .

^ McCormick, Andrew (June 16, 2021). "Uyghurs outside China are traumatized. Now they're starting to talk about it" . MIT Technology Review .

^ Mair, Victor (July 13, 2009). "A Little Primer of Xinjiang Proper Nouns" . Language Log . Archived from the original on July 18, 2009 . Retrieved July 30, 2009 .

^ Jump up to: a b Fairbank & Chʻen 1968 , p. 364.

^ Jump up to: a b Özoğlu 2004 , p. 16.

^ The Terminology Normalization Committee for Ethnic Languages of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (11 October 2006). "Recommendation for English transcription of the word 'ئۇيغۇر'/《维吾尔》" . Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 . Retrieved 14 June 2011 .

^ Russell-Smith 2005 , p. 33.

^ [1]

^ Mackerras 1968 , p. 224.

^ Güzel 2002 .

^ Jump up to: a b c Golden 1992 , p. 155.

^ Hakan Özoğlu, p. 16.

^ Russell-Smith 2005 , p. 32.

^ Ramsey, S. Robert (1987), The Languages of China , Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 185–6

^ Silver, Brian D. (1986), "The Ethnic and Language Dimensions in Russian and Soviet Censuses", in Ralph S. Clem (ed.), Research Guide to the Russian and Soviet Censuses , Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp. 70–97

^ Weishu "vol. 103 section Gāochē" text: 高車 ，蓋古赤狄之餘種也，初號為狄歷，北方以為勑勒，諸夏以為 高車、丁零。 其語略與匈奴同而時有小異，或云其先匈奴之甥也。其種有狄氏、 袁紇氏 、斛律氏、解批氏、護骨氏、異奇斤氏。 transl. "Gaoche, probably remnant stocks of the ancient Red Di . Initially they had been called Dili, in the North they are considered Chile, the various Xia (i.e. Chinese ) consider them Gaoche Dingling / Dingling with High-Carts . Their language and the Xiongnu's are similar though there are small differences. Or one may say they were sons-in-law / sororal nephews of their Xiongnu predecessors. Their tribes are Di, Yuanhe , Hulu, Jiepi, Hugu, Yiqijin."

^ Theobald, Ulrich. (2012) "Huihe 回紇, Huihu 回鶻, Weiwur 維吾爾, Uyghurs" ChinaKnowledge.de – An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art

^ Mair 2006 , pp. 137–8.

^ Rong, Xinjiang. (2018) "Sogdian Merchants and Sogdian Culture on the Silk Road" in Empires and Exchanges in Eurasian Late Antiquity: Rome, China, Iran, and the Steppe, Ca. 250–750 ed. Di Cosmo & Maas. p. 92 of 84–95

^ Jump up to: a b c d e James A. Millward & Peter C. Perdue (2004). "Chapter 2: Political and Cultural History of the Xinjiang Region through the Late Nineteenth Century" . In S. Frederick Starr (ed.). Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland . M. E. Sharpe. pp. 40–41. ISBN 978-0-7656-1318-9 . Archived from the original on January 1, 2016 . Retrieved October 19, 2015 .

^ "Genetic testing reveals awkward-truth about Xinjiang's famous mummies" . Khaleejtimes.com. April 19, 2005. Archived from the original on December 3, 2011 . Retrieved August 28, 2011 .

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^ Lattimore (1973), p. 237.

^ Edward Balfour (1885). The cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia: commercial, industrial and scientific, products of the mineral, vegetable, and animal kingdoms, useful arts and manufactures (3rd ed.). London: B. Quaritch . p. 952 . Retrieved June 28, 2010 . (Original from Harvard University)

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Linda Benson (1990). The Ili Rebellion: the Moslem challenge to Chinese authority in Xinjiang, 1944–1949 . M.E. Sharpe. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-87332-509-7 . Retrieved June 28, 2010 .

^ Ildikó Bellér-Hann (2008). Community matters in Xinjiang, 1880–1949: towards a historical anthropology of the Uyghur (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 50. ISBN 978-90-04-16675-2 . Retrieved June 28, 2010 .

^ Ondřej Klimeš (January 8, 2015). Struggle by the Pen: The Uyghur Discourse of Nation and National Interest, c.1900–1949 . BRILL. pp. 93–. ISBN 978-90-04-28809-6 . Archived from the original on January 9, 2017 . Retrieved April 28, 2016 .

^ Jump up to: a b Brophy, David (2005). "Taranchis, Kashgaris, and the 'uyghur Question' in Soviet Central Asia". Inner Asia . BRILL. 7 (2): 170. doi : 10.1163/146481705793646892 . JSTOR 23615693 .

^ Ondřej Klimeš (January 8, 2015). Struggle by the Pen: The Uyghur Discourse of Nation and National Interest, c.1900–1949 . BRILL. pp. 83–. ISBN 978-90-04-28809-6 . Archived from the original on January 9, 2017 . Retrieved April 28, 2016 .

^ Ondřej Klimeš (January 8, 2015). Struggle by the Pen: The Uyghur Discourse of Nation and National Interest, c.1900–1949 . BRILL. pp. 135–. ISBN 978-90-04-28809-6 . Archived from the original on January 9, 2017 . Retrieved April 28, 2016 .

^ Andrew D. W. Forbes (October 9, 1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949 . CUP Archive. pp. 307–. ISBN 978-0-521-25514-1 . Archived from the original on August 22, 2016 . Retrieved April 28, 2016 .

^ Justin Jon Rudelson (1997). Oasis identities: Uyghur nationalism along China's Silk Road (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-10787-7 . Retrieved June 28, 2010 .

^ Jump up to: a b Ho-dong Kim (2004). Holy war in China: the Muslim rebellion and state in Chinese Central Asia, 1864–1877 (illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-8047-4884-1 . Archived from the original on June 15, 2013 . Retrieved June 28, 2010 .

^ Brophy, David (2005). "Taranchis, Kashgaris, and the 'uyghur Question' in Soviet Central Asia". Inner Asia . BRILL. 7 (2): 166. doi : 10.1163/146481705793646892 . JSTOR 23615693 .

^ Mir, Shabbir (May 21, 2015). "Displaced dreams: Uighur families have no place to call home in G-B" . The Express Tribune . GILGIT. Archived from the original on May 22, 2015.

^ Ho-dong Kim (2004). war in China: the Muslim rebellion and state in Chinese Central Asia, 1864–1877 (illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-8047-4884-1 . Retrieved June 28, 2010 .

^ Millward 2007 , p. 93 .

^ Jump up to: a b Thum, Rian (August 2012). "Modular History: Identity Maintenance before Uyghur Nationalism". The Journal of Asian Studies . 71 (3): 627–653. doi : 10.1017/S0021911812000629 . S2CID 162917965 .

^ Rian Thum (October 13, 2014). The Sacred Routes of Uyghur History . Harvard University Press. pp. 149–. ISBN 978-0-674-96702-1 . Archived from the original on January 9, 2017 . Retrieved June 21, 2016 .

^ Newby, L. J. (2005). The Empire And the Khanate: A Political History of Qing Relations With Khoqand c.1760–1860 . Brill's Inner Asian Library. 16 (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 2. ISBN 978-9004145504 . Archived from the original on January 1, 2016 . Retrieved March 10, 2014 .

^ Jump up to: a b Ildikó Bellér-Hann (2007). Situating the Uyghurs between China and Central Asia . Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-7546-7041-4 . Retrieved July 30, 2010 .

^ Brophy, David (2005). "Taranchis, Kashgaris, and the 'uyghur Question' in Soviet Central Asia (Inner Asia 7 (2))". Inner Asia . BRILL: 163–84. 7 (2): 169–170. doi : 10.1163/146481705793646892 . JSTOR 23615693 .

^ Jump up to: a b Millward 2007 , p. 208

^ Arienne M. Dwyer; East-West Center Washington (2005). The Xinjiang conflict: Uyghur identity, language policy, and political discourse (PDF) (illustrated ed.). East-West Center Washington. p. 75, note 26. ISBN 978-1-932728-28-6 . Archived (PDF) from the original on May 24, 2010 . Retrieved June 28, 2010 .

^ Edward Allworth (1990). The modern Uzbeks: from the fourteenth century to the present : a cultural history (illustrated ed.). Hoover Press. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-8179-8732-9 . Retrieved June 28, 2010 .

^ Akiner (October 28, 2013). Cultural Change & Continuity In . Routledge. pp. 72–. ISBN 978-1-136-15034-0 . Archived from the original on January 9, 2017 . Retrieved July 1, 2016 .

^ Linda Benson (1990). The Ili Rebellion: The Moslem Challenge to Chinese Authority in Xinjiang, 1944-1949 . M.E. Sharpe. pp. 30–. ISBN 978-0-87332-509-7 . Archived from the original on January 1, 2016 . Retrieved November 13, 2015 .

^ Suisheng Zhao (2004). A nation-state by construction: dynamics of modern Chinese nationalism (illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-8047-5001-1 . Retrieved June 12, 2011 .

^ Murray A. Rubinstein (1994). The Other Taiwan: 1945 to the present . M.E. Sharpe. p. 416. ISBN 978-1-56324-193-2 . Retrieved June 28, 2010 .

^ American Asiatic Association (1940). Asia: journ
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