Use Of Electron Tubes
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An electron tube (also known as a 'Vacuum tube', or a 'Valve' ) is a glass or metal enclosure in which electrons move through the vacuum or gas from one metal electrode to another. The vacuum tube is often used to amplify weak currents or act as a one-way valve (rectifier) for electric current.
Before the 1947 invention of the transistor the electron tube was the basis of virtually all electronic devices. The simplest kind of electron tube is the diode, which was invented in 1904 by John A. Fleming. In Greek, “di” means “two,” and it was called a diode since it only had two electrodes inside—the negative electrode or “cathode” and the positive electrode or “anode.” Fleming’s diodes were modified light bulbs, so like light bulbs they consisted of a glass bulb with a filament inside. The filament acted as the cathode, emitting large numbers of electrons, while the anode consisted of a small metal plate mounted near the filament and connected to the outside of the tube by a thin wire.
A diode regulates the flow of electric current and acts like a one-way valve turning current on and off. When a battery is connected to the metal cathode, it heats up and electrons “boil off” from its surface. They fly around inside the glass tube and form an invisible cloud around the cathode. When the diode is placed in a circuit so that the anode is connected to the other terminal of the battery, the cloud of electrons rush toward the anode, as do the new electrons streaming off the cathode. This flow of electrons completes the electric circuit. It is extremely difficult for electrons to flow the other way, so the diode acts as a one-way valve.
Fleming invented the diode for use in radio. One of the most difficult things about receiving radio ways was “detecting” the signal. Mechanical devices had been used to detect the presence of incoming radio waves, but the waves are so weak that they don’t have enough energy to move even a very lightweight mechanical detector. With a Fleming diode and a carefully designed tuning device, radio waves could be detected when they acted on the diode, causing it to turn on or off. The diode was a very sensitive, “electronic” type of radio wave detector.
A more versatile type of electron tube is the triode, or three-element tube, invented by Lee De Forest in 1906 (his brand name for it was the Audion, but it came to be known as the triode). In a triode, current can be all-the-way-on, all-the-way-off, or anything in between—like water coming out of a faucet. In a triode the strength of the current, like the flow of the water, can vary. The triode is able to do this by using a tiny wire grid placed between the cathode and the anode to form the third electrode, simply called the grid. A voltage sent to the grid—such as a radio wave, or the weak signal from a microphone—controls electron flow. If the grid is positively charged, it helps accelerate the electrons across the gap between the other two electrodes. If the grid is negatively charged, then it repels electrons and greatly reduces or stops the flow across the gap. The grid makes the triode a much more versatile device than the diode. Especially important is the triode’s ability to amplify small currents. For example, while a Fleming diode could detect the presence of radio waves, the waves were still very weak. A triode electron tube could not only detect them, but also amplify them. That helped make it possible to transmit and receive not only the on/off signals of Morse Code, but also voice and music.
Lee De Forest and other inventors worked for many years to improve the Audion triode. However, the amplification provided by the earliest Audions had a downside—a loud howl known as “feedback.” Feedback happens when output from the triode is unintentionally sent back to the grid, is amplified again, fed back to the input, is amplified again and so on and so on until it overloads the circuit. When that happens, the tube begins to generate its own waves, which create the howling. De Forest tried to fix the Audion so that there was no feedback. Other inventors, however, thought the feedback might be valuable and searched for ways to make use of it. Eventually, engineers discovered that the waves generated by a triode could be used to make radio transmitters and other useful devices.
Later kinds of tubes sometimes had more than three elements inside the tube, so they could not be called triodes. A four-element tube, for example, is called a Tetrode. Some electron tubes had other names—a famous tube used in radar is called the magnetron. Other specialist vacuum tubes are known as Travelling Wave Tubes, Klystron, Klystrode, pentode, magic eye and nixie tubes.
The electron tube was the basis of virtually all electronic devices from the early 1900s until the introduction of the transistor in the late 1940s. Today, most of the jobs once performed by the electron tube are done using semiconductor materials. Certain types of materials can act like a one-way valve just like Fleming’s vacuum tube, or the amplifier like De Forest’s triode, but the semiconductors are more compact and rugged. However, for some jobs the electron tube is still in use, like high power RF amplifiers and electronic warfare components.
If you’re using a desktop computer with a glass screen, you’re looking at a special kind of electron tube called a cathode ray tube. Many electric guitar amplifiers use electron tubes, because musicians say they result in better sound. And radio stations and microwave ovens usually use electron tubes to generate high-power radio waves.
In the 1950's and 1960's, television and radio repairs were often done by what is termed " Tube Jockeys". Other slang for vacuum tubes were "Bottles". Another slang phrase around vacuum tubes that was on air was the "Gassy 807", a double meaning to mean an 807 model tube that had lost its vacuum - or a glass of beer.
There are many variants of vacuum tubes, each with their own applications.
Some of these tube metallic structures were housed within one glass envelope, a space saving design. There was another type of vacuum tube structure used, and that was the Nuvistor. The Nuvistor had UHF applications and exhibited lower noise figures in vacuum tube amplifiers - heavily application dependent, and in audio applications problems with microphony with these types is a huge problem. In RF applications their low inter-electrode capacitances and good noise figures made them moderately common in the better FM tuners and VHF/UHF band radio communications equipment and test equipment. The nuvistor was mostly contrcated as a triode.
There is also a class of vacuum tube known as fast wave devices, and these are characterised by the phase velocity of the resonant wave having speeds greater than the speed of light. They operate at the high microwave frequency bands up to visible light. Specifically these are the:
One of the few films to graphically illustrate a vacuum tube radio and embellish visual effects is the 2000 Movie titled "Frequency". --> http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0186151/
An interesting reference is the story about Eimac.
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An electron tube (also known as a 'Vacuum tube', or a 'Valve' ) is a glass or metal enclosure in which electrons move through the vacuum or gas from one metal electrode to another. The vacuum tube is often used to amplify weak currents or act as a one-way valve (rectifier) for electric current.
ethw.org/Electron_(or_Vacuum)_Tubes
How are electron tubes used in everyday life?
How are electron tubes used in everyday life?
Devices of this kind are used as amplifiers and RF signal sources at microwave frequencies (e.g., in radio relay systems and for dielectric heating) and also as oscillators (e.g., in continuous-wave Doppler radar systems). The klystron is a linear beam device; that is, the electron flow is in a straight line focused by an axial magnetic field.
www.britannica.com/technology/electron-t…
What kind of materials are used in electron tubes?
What kind of materials are used in electron tubes?
New materials, such as diamond for dielectrics, pyrolitic graphite for collectors, and new rare-earth magnets for beam control, greatly improve the power handling and efficiency of modern electron tubes. An electron tube has two or more electrodes separated either by vacuum (in a vacuum tube) or by ionized gas at low pressure (in a gas tube).
www.britannica.com/technology/electron-t…
How is an electric current controlled in an electron tube?
How is an electric current controlled in an electron tube?
In either case, a relatively small electric signal controls a relatively large electric current. This is the essence of the word “electronic,” so as to distinguish it from “electric,” which has more to do with how electron flow is regulated by Ohm’s Law and the physical attributes of wire and components.
www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/semic…
How are the electrodes of an electron tube separated?
How are the electrodes of an electron tube separated?
An electron tube has two or more electrodes separated either by vacuum (in a vacuum tube) or by ionized gas at low pressure (in a gas tube). Its operation depends on the generation and transfer of electrons through the tube from one electrode to another.
www.britannica.com/technology/electron-t…
https://www.britannica.com/technology/electron-tube/Common-tubes-and-their-applications
17.08.2020 · Common tubes and their applications Many types of electron tubes are involved in RF electric power generation and amplification. Another class of electron tubes is employed for …
https://ethw.org/Electron_(or_Vacuum)_Tubes
12.04.2017 · An electron tube (also known as a 'Vacuum tube', or a 'Valve') is a glass or metal enclosure in which electrons move through the vacuum or gas from one metal electrode to …
Electron Tubes - Maltese, Deflection, Perrin, Diffraction and Fine Beam - A Level Physics
How To Make Electron Tubes - P&C Electronics
1942 ARMY RADIO TRAINING FILM “ ELECTRON THEORY AND THE DIODE TUBE ” VACUUM TUBE ELECTRONICS 72782
https://ru4.ilovetranslation.com/N5RulIxNgaZ=d
Use of Electron Tubes Let us consider some cases of electron tube application. Tubes are common elements of radio and electronic devices. Tubes are used as rectifiers - to convert a.c. into d.c., as …
https://www.britannica.com/technology/electron-tube
19.08.2020 · Electron tube, device usually consisting of a sealed glass or metal-ceramic enclosure that is used in electronic circuitry to control a flow of electrons. Among the common …
https://archive.org/details/gov.in.is.2597.2.1967
Section Name: Electron Tubes and Display Devices (LITD 4) Designator of Legally Binding Document: IS 2597-2 Title of Legally Binding Document: Code of practice for the use of electron tubes, Part 2: Special quality receiving tubes …
https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/.../semiconductors/chpt-13/introduction-electron-tubes
16.08.2020 · Transistors perform much the same function as tubes: controlling the flow of electrons in a circuit by means of another flow of electrons in the case of the bipolar transistor, and controlling the flow of electrons …
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube
A vacuum tube, electron tube, valve (British usage), or tube (North America), is a device that controls electric current flow in a high vacuum between electrodes to which an electric potential difference has been applied.. The type known as a thermionic tube or thermionic valve uses the phenomenon of thermionic emission of electrons from a hot cathode and is used …
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/physics-and-astronomy/electron-tubes
Powerful electron beams play the role of active media in electron tubes operating in various frequency ranges. One of the most promising for different scientific and technological …
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Use Of Electron Tubes
