Us Younger Generation

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"Generation Y" redirects here. For other uses, see Generation Y (disambiguation) and Millennials (disambiguation) .
"Echo Boomers" redirects here. For the American crime drama film, see Echo Boomers (film) .
This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles, condensing it, or adding subheadings . Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page . ( February 2021 )
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Baird, Carolyn (2015), Myths, exaggerations and uncomfortable truths: The real story behind millennials in the workplace , IBM Institute for Business Value
DeChane, Darrin J. (2014). "How to Explain the Millennial Generation? Understand the Context" . Student Pulse . 6 (3): 16.
Espinoza, Chip; Mick Ukleja , Craig Rusch (2010). Managing the Millennials: Discover the Core Competencies for Managing Today's Workforce . Hoboken, NJ: Wiley . pp. 172 . ISBN 978-0470563939 . Retrieved 4 December 2012 .
Espinoza, Chip (2012). Millennial Integration: Challenges Millennials Face in the Workplace and What They Can Do About Them . Yellow Springs, OH: Antioch University and OhioLINK. p. 151. Archived from the original on 13 February 2013.
Furlong, Andy (2013). Youth Studies: An Introduction . New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415564762 .
Gardner, Stephanie F. (15 August 2006). "Preparing for the Nexters" . American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education . 70 (4): 87. doi : 10.5688/aj700487 . PMC 1636975 . PMID 17136206 .
Hobbes, Michael (December 14, 2017). "Generation Screwed" . The Huffington Post . Retrieved June 19, 2021 .
Taylor, Paul; Pew Research Center (2016). The Next America: Boomers, Millennials, and the Looming Generational Showdown . PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1610396196 .


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Millennials , also known as Generation Y or Gen Y , are the demographic cohort following Generation X and preceding Generation Z . Researchers and popular media use the early 1980s as starting birth years and the mid-1990s to early 2000s as ending birth years, with the generation typically being defined as people born from 1981 to 1996. [1] Most Millennials are the children of baby boomers and early Gen Xers; [2] Millennials are often the parents of Generation Alpha . [3]

Across the globe, young people have postponed marriage. [4] Millennials were born at a time of declining fertility rates around the world, [5] and are having fewer children than their predecessors. [6] [7] [8] [9] Those in developing nations will continue to constitute the bulk of global population growth. [10] In the developed world, young people of the 2010s were less inclined to have sexual intercourse compared to their predecessors when they were at the same age. [11] In the West, they are less likely to be religious than their predecessors, [5] [12] but they may identify as spiritual. [13]

This generation is generally marked by elevated usage of and familiarity with the Internet , mobile devices , and social media , [14] which is why they are sometimes termed digital natives . [15] Between the 1990s and the 2010s, people from the developing world became increasingly well educated, a factor that boosted economic growth in these countries. [16] Millennials across the world have suffered significant economic disruption since starting their working lives; many faced high levels of youth unemployment during their early years in the labour market in the wake of the Great Recession , and suffered another recession a decade later due to the COVID-19 pandemic . [17] [18]

Members of this demographic cohort are known as millennials because the oldest became adults around the turn of the millennium . [19] Authors William Strauss and Neil Howe , known for creating the Strauss–Howe generational theory , are widely credited with naming the millennials. [20] They coined the term in 1987, around the time children born in 1982 were entering kindergarten, and the media were first identifying their prospective link to the impending new millennium as the high school graduating class of 2000. [21] They wrote about the cohort in their books Generations: The History of America's Future, 1584 to 2069 (1991) [22] and Millennials Rising: The Next Great Generation (2000). [21]

In August 1993, an Advertising Age editorial coined the phrase Generation Y to describe teenagers of the day, then aged 13–19 (born 1974–1980), who were at the time defined as different from Generation X. [23] However, the 1974–1980 cohort was later re-identified by most media sources as the last wave of Generation X, [24] and by 2003 Ad Age had moved their Generation Y starting year up to 1982. [25] According to journalist Bruce Horovitz, in 2012, Ad Age "threw in the towel by conceding that millennials is a better name than Gen Y," [20] and by 2014, a past director of data strategy at Ad Age said to NPR "the Generation Y label was a placeholder until we found out more about them." [26]

Millennials are sometimes called echo boomers , due to them often being the offspring of the baby boomers , the significant increase in birth rates from the early 1980s to mid-1990s, and their generation's large size relative to that of boomers. [27] [28] [29] [30] In the United States, the echo boom's birth rates peaked in August 1990 [31] [27] and a twentieth-century trend toward smaller families in developed countries continued. [32] [33] Psychologist Jean Twenge described millennials as "Generation Me" in her 2006 book Generation Me: Why Today's Young Americans Are More Confident, Assertive, Entitled – and More Miserable Than Ever Before , [34] [35] while in 2013, Time magazine ran a cover story titled Millennials: The Me Me Me Generation . [36] Alternative names for this group proposed include the Net Generation , [37] Generation 9/11 , [38] Generation Next , [39] and The Burnout Generation . [40]

American sociologist Kathleen Shaputis labeled millennials as the Boomerang Generation or Peter Pan Generation because of the members' perceived tendency for delaying some rites of passage into adulthood for longer periods than most generations before them. These labels were also a reference to a trend toward members living with their parents for longer periods than previous generations. [41] Kimberly Palmer regards the high cost of housing and higher education, and the relative affluence of older generations, as among the factors driving the trend. [42] Questions regarding a clear definition of what it means to be an adult also impact a debate about delayed transitions into adulthood and the emergence of a new life stage, Emerging Adulthood. A 2012 study by professors at Brigham Young University found that college students were more likely to define "adult" based on certain personal abilities and characteristics rather than more traditional "rite of passage" events. [43] Larry Nelson noted that "In prior generations, you get married and you start a career and you do that immediately. What young people today are seeing is that approach has led to divorces, to people unhappy with their careers … The majority want to get married […] they just want to do it right the first time, the same thing with their careers." [43]

Oxford Living Dictionaries describes a millennial as "a person reaching young adulthood in the early 21st century." [44] The Oxford Learner's Dictionaries describes a millennial as "a person who was born between the early 1980s and the late 1990s; a member of Generation Y". [45] Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines millennial as "a person born in the 1980s or 1990s". [46]

Jonathan Rauch , senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, wrote for The Economist in 2018 that "generations are squishy concepts", but the 1981 to 1996 birth cohort is a "widely accepted" definition for millennials. [1] Reuters also state that the "widely accepted definition" is 1981–1996. [47] The United States Census Bureau ended millennials in 1996 in a 2020 news release, [48] but they have stated that "there is no official start and end date for when millennials were born" [49] and they do not officially define millennials. [50]

The Pew Research Center defines millennials as born from 1981–1996, choosing these dates for "key political, economic and social factors", including the September 11th terrorist attacks , Great Recession , and Internet explosion . [51] [52] Various media outlets and statistical organizations have cited Pew's definition including Time magazine, [53] BBC , [54] The Washington Post , [55] The New York Times , [56] The Wall Street Journal , [57] PBS, [58] The Los Angeles Times , [59] and the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics . [60] The Brookings Institution defines the millennial generation as people born between 1981 and 1996, [61] as does Gallup , [62] Federal Reserve Board , [63] American Psychological Association , [64] CBS, [65] and ABC Australia. [66]

Statistics Canada defines Millennials as born from 1982 to 1991. [67] Australia 's McCrindle Research uses 1980–1994 as Generation Y birth years. [68] Psychologist Jean Twenge defines millennials as those born 1980–1994. [69] CNN reports that studies often use 1981–1996 to define millennials, but sometimes list 1980–2000. [70] The Resolution Foundation uses 1981–2000. [71] Elwood Carlson identified the birth years of 1983–2001, based on the upswing in births after 1983 and finishing with the "political and social challenges" that occurred after the September 11th terrorist acts. [72] Author Neil Howe, co-creator of the Strauss–Howe generational theory, defines millennials as being born from 1982 to 2004. [20]

The cohorts born during the cusp years before and after millennials have been identified as "microgenerations" with characteristics of both generations. Names given to these cuspers include Xennials , [73] Generation Catalano , [74] the Oregon Trail Generation ; [75] Zennials [76] and Zillennials , [77] respectively.

Psychologist Jean Twenge, the author of the 2006 book Generation Me , considers millennials, along with younger members of Generation X, to be part of what she calls "Generation Me". [78] Twenge attributes millennials with the traits of confidence and tolerance, but also describes a sense of entitlement and narcissism , based on NPI surveys showing increased narcissism among millennials [ quantify ] compared to preceding generations when they were teens and in their twenties. [79] [80] Psychologist Jeffrey Arnett of Clark University, Worcester has criticized Twenge's research on narcissism among millennials, stating "I think she is vastly misinterpreting or over-interpreting the data, and I think it’s destructive". [81] He doubts that the Narcissistic Personality Inventory really measures narcissism at all. Arnett says that not only are millennials less narcissistic, they're "an exceptionally generous generation that holds great promise for improving the world." [82] A study published in 2017 in the journal Psychological Science found a small decline in narcissism among young people since the 1990s. [83] [84]

Authors William Strauss and Neil Howe argue that each generation has common characteristics that give it a specific character with four basic generational archetypes, repeating in a cycle. According to their hypothesis, they predicted millennials would become more like the "civic-minded" G.I. Generation with a strong sense of community both local and global. [21] Strauss and Howe ascribe seven basic traits to the millennial cohort: special, sheltered, confident, team-oriented, conventional, pressured, and achieving. However, Arthur E. Levine, author of When Hope and Fear Collide: A Portrait of Today's College Student , dismissed these generational images as "stereotypes". [85] In addition, psychologist Jean Twenge says Strauss and Howe's assertions are overly deterministic, non-falsifiable, and unsupported by rigorous evidence. [78]

Polling agency Ipsos-MORI warned that the word 'millennials' is "misused to the point where it’s often mistaken for just another meaningless buzzword" because "many of the claims made about millennial characteristics are simplified, misinterpreted or just plain wrong, which can mean real differences get lost," and that "[e]qually important are the similarities between other generations—the attitudes and behaviors that are staying the same are sometimes just as important and surprising." [86]

Though it is often said that millennials ignore conventional advertising, they are in fact heavily influenced by it. They are particularly sensitive to appeals to transparency, to experiences rather than things, and flexibility. [87]

A 2015 study by Microsoft found that 77% of respondents aged 18 to 24 said yes to the statement, "When nothing is occupying my attention, the first thing I do is reach for my phone," compared to just 10% for those aged 65 and over. [88]

Intelligence researcher James R. Flynn discovered that back in the 1950s, the gap between the vocabulary levels of adults and children was much smaller than it is in the early twenty-first century. Between 1953 and 2006, adult gains on the vocabulary subtest of the Wechsler IQ test were 17.4 points whereas the corresponding gains for children were only 4. He asserted that some of the reasons for this are the surge in interest in higher education and cultural changes. The number of Americans pursuing tertiary qualifications and cognitively demanding jobs has risen significantly since the 1950s. This boosted the level of vocabulary among adults. Back in the 1950s, children generally imitated their parents and adopted their vocabulary. This was no longer the case in the 2000s, when teenagers often developed their own subculture and as such were less likely to use adult-level vocabulary on their essays. [89]

In a 2009 report, Flynn analyzed the results of the Raven's Progressive Matrices test for British fourteen-year-olds from 1980 to 2008. He discovered that their average IQ had dropped by more than two points during that time period. Among those in the higher half of the intelligence distribution, the decline was even more significant, six points. This is a clear case of the reversal of the Flynn effect , the apparent rise in IQ scores observed during the twentieth century. Flynn suspected that this was due to changes in British youth culture. He further noted that in the past, IQ gains had been correlated with socioeconomic class, but this was no longer true. [90]

Psychologists Jean Twenge, W. Keith Campbell, and Ryne A. Sherman analyzed vocabulary test scores on the U.S. General Social Survey (



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) and found that after correcting for education, the use of sophisticated vocabulary has declined between the mid-1970s and the mid-2010s across all levels of education, from below high school to graduate school. Those with at least a bachelor's degree saw the steepest decline. Hence the gap between people who never received a high-school diploma and a university graduate has shrunk, from an average of 3.4 correct answers in the mid- to late-1970s to 2.9 in the early- to mid-2010s. Higher education offers little to no benefits to verbal ability. Because those with only a moderate level of vocabulary were more likely to be admitted to university than in the past, the average for degree holders declined. There are various explanations for this. Accepting high levels of immigrants, many of whom not particularly proficient in the English language, could lower the national adult average. Young people nowadays are much less likely to read for pleasure, thus reducing their levels of vocabulary. On the other hand, while the College Board has reported that SAT verbal scores were on the decline, these scores are an imperfect measure of the vocabulary level of the nation as a whole because the test-taking demographic has changed and because more students take the SAT in the 2010s then in the 1970s, which means there are more with limited ability who took it. Population aging is unconvincing because the effect is too weak. [91]

A 2007 report by the National Endowment of the Arts stated that as a group, American adults were reading for pleasure less often than before. In particular, Americans aged 15 to 24 spent an average of two hours watching television and only seven minutes on reading. In 2002, only 52% of Americans between the ages of 18 and 24 voluntarily read books, down from 59% in 1992. Reading comprehension skills of American adults of all levels of education have deteriorated between the early 1990s and the early 2000s, especially among those with advanced degrees. According to employers, almost three quarters of university graduates were "deficient" in English writing skills. Meanwhile, the reading scores of American tenth-graders proved mediocre, in fifteenth place out of 31 industrialized nations, and the number of twelfth-graders who had never read for pleasure doubled to 19%. [92]

Publishers and booksellers observed that the sales of adolescent and young-adult fiction remained strong. This could be because older adults were buying titles intended for younger people, which inflated the market, and because there were fewer readers buying more books. [92]

Since the 2000 U.S. Census, millennials have taken advantage of the possibility of selecting more than one racial group in abundance. [93] [94] In 2015, the Pew Research Center conducted research regarding generational identity that said a majority of millennials surveyed did not like the "millennial" label. [95] It was discovered that millennials are less likely to strongly identify with the generational term when compared to Generation X or the baby boomers, with only 40% of those born between 1981 and 1997 identifying as millennials. Among older millennials, those born 1981–1988, Pew Research found that 43% personally identified as members of the older demographic cohort, Generation X, while only 35% identified as millennials. Among younger millennials (born 1989–1997), generational identity was not much stronger, with only 45% personally identifying as millennials. It was also found that millennials chose most often to define themselve
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennials
https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2020/07/30/now-more-than-half-of-americans-are-millennials-or-younger/
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