Us Army Lesbians

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^ Milk said numerous times that he was dishonorably discharged and claimed it was because he was gay, but Randy Shilts was skeptical of this claim, stating: "The Harvey Milk of this era was no political activist, and according to available evidence, he played the more typical balancing act between discretion and his sex drive." (p. 16) Scholar Karen Foss confirms his discharge from the Navy had no connection to his sexuality and states, "While exaggeration is a frequent campaign tactic, in Milk's case such embellishments served to demonstrate his willingness to be part of the political system while also maintain his distance from it." (See Foss, Karen. "The Logic of Folly in the Political Campaigns of Harvey Milk", in Queer Words, Queer Images, Jeffrey Ringer, ed. (1994), New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-7441-5 , p. 21.)



^ Jump up to: a b c Meadows, Sarah O.; Engel, Charles C.; Collins, Rebecca L.; Beckman, Robin L.; Cefalu, Matthew; Hawes-Dawson, Jennifer; Waymouth, Molly; Kress, Amii M.; Sontag-Padilla, Lisa; Ramchand, Rajeev; Williams, Kayla M. (June 21, 2018). "2015 Health Related Behaviors Survey: Sexual Orientation, Transgender Identity, and Health Among U.S. Active-Duty Service Members" . Retrieved November 26, 2020 .

^ Thomas Adam (2005). Germany and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History ; a Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia . ABC-CLIO. p. 1007. ISBN 9781851096282 .

^ Alexander M. Bielakowski (2013). Ethnic and Racial Minorities in the U.S. Military: An Encyclopedia . ABC-CLIO. pp. 667–69. ISBN 9781598844276 .

^ Randy Shilts (2005). Conduct Unbecoming: Gays and Lesbians in the U.S. Military . St. Martin's Press. pp. 11–12. ISBN 9780312342647 .

^ Jump up to: a b c "Key Dates in US Policy on Gay Men and Women in the United States Military" . usni.org . Retrieved March 22, 2014 .

^ "HyperWar: The Articles of War, Approved June 4, 1920" . Archived from the original on October 4, 2008 . Retrieved August 23, 2015 .

^ "United States" (PDF) .

^ Charles Kaiser, The Gay Metropolis: The Landmark History of Gay Life in America (Houghton Mifflin, 1997), pp. ??

^ Bérubé, 12

^ Bérubé, 32

^ D., Meyer, Leisa (1996). Creating GI Jane : sexuality and power in the Women's Army Corps during World War II . New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231101449 . OCLC 34473260 .

^ Bérubé, 230

^ Bérubé, 142–3

^ "1940 Defense of Homosexuality: 'Millions of Queers (Our Homo America)': Introduction" . outhistory.org . OutHistory . Retrieved November 27, 2014 .

^ Bérubé, 242

^ Jones, 2

^ Bérubé, p. 243

^ "Homosexuals in Uniform" . Newsweek . June 9, 1947 . Retrieved January 4, 2009 .

^ Archer, 110

^ Katz, 635

^ Humphreys, 51

^ Bérubé, p. 261

^ "Truman Signs Code of Service Justice" (PDF) . New York Times . May 7, 1950 . Retrieved March 31, 2014 .

^ Kusch, Frank (2001). All American Boys: Draft Dodgers in Canada from the Vietnam War . Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. p. 71. ISBN 9780275972684 .

^ Randy Shilts, Conduct Unbecoming: Gays & Lesbians in the U.S. Military Vietnam to the Persian Gulf (NY: St. Martin's Press, 1993), 25-6

^ Jennifer Terry, An American Obsession: Science, Medicine, and Homosexuality in Modern Society (University of Chicago Press, 1999), 347

^ Jones, p. 3

^ Shilts, p. 163

^ Miller, Hayley. "40 Years Since Leonard Matlovich's Time Magazine Cover" . hrc.org . Human Rights Campaign . Retrieved June 8, 2017 .

^ "Leonard Matlovich Makes Time" . Archived from the original on February 20, 2009.

^ The "Queen For a Day Rule" stated that if a service-member was caught having sex with a person of the same gender they could avoid being discharged if the "member did not have a propensity of intent to engage in homosexual acts." Becker, Ron (2006). Gay TV and Straight America . Piscataway, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 62 .

^ United States General Accounting Office (June 1992). Defense Force Management: DOD's Policy on Homosexuality (PDF) . GAO/NSIAD-92-98 . Retrieved October 28, 2009 .

^ "The Sexes: The Sergeant v. the Air Force" . TIME . September 8, 1975. Archived from the original on May 28, 2009 . Retrieved September 10, 2010 .

^ Shilts, p. 63

^ Shilts, p. 363

^ Shilts, p. 371

^ Watkins v. United States Army , 875 F2d 699 ( United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit 1989-05-03).

^ "Servicemembers United: History" . Servicemembers United . Retrieved July 20, 2010 .

^ U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces: U.S. v. Stirewalt, September 29, 2004 , accessed August 16, 2010

^ U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces: U.S. v. Marcum, August 23, 2004 , accessed August 16, 2010

^ United States v. Meno ARMY 20000733

^ SodomyLaws.org: US v. Bullock (2004) , accessed August 16, 2010

^ Department of Defense: "Report of the Comprehensive Review of the Issues Associated with a Repeal of 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell'," November 30, 2010 , accessed January 30, 2012; comprehensive report

^ "US ban on openly gay military personnel suspended" . BBC News . October 12, 2010.

^ "Senate halts 'don't ask, don't tell' repeal" . CNN. September 22, 2010.

^ "Final vote results for roll call 638" .

^ "H.R.2965 – 111th Congress (2009–2010): Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010 – Congress.gov – Library of Congress" . Retrieved August 23, 2015 .

^ Mike Vilensky. "Senate Takes Historic Step, Repeals 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' [Updated]" . Daily Intelligencer . Retrieved August 23, 2015 .

^ "Obama signs DADT repeal before big, emotional crowd" . Retrieved August 23, 2015 .

^ Mears, Bill (July 7, 2011). "Appeals court suspends enforcement of 'don't ask, don't tell' policy" . CNN . Retrieved July 6, 2014 .

^ Greg Sargent (September 19, 2011). "It's official: 'Don't ask don't tell' is history" . Washington Post . Retrieved August 23, 2015 .

^ Morten G. Ender, et al., "Civilian, ROTC, and Military Academy Undergraduate Attitudes toward Homosexuals in the U.S. Military: A Research Note," Armed Forces & Society , January 2012, vol. 38, 164-172, abstract available online , accessed February 2, 2012

^ Huffington Post: Max J. Rosenthal, "At Service Academies, Gay Cadets Find Official Support But Remain Guarded After DADT Repeal," November 3, 2011 , accessed January 31, 2012; U.S. News & World Report : Paul Bedard, "Half of New Officers Oppose Gays In Military," December 27, 2011 , accessed February 1, 2012

^ Palm Center : "USA Today Mischaracterizes Military Attitudes about DADT Repeal," December 28, 2011 , accessed February 1, 2012

^ "Military Homosexual Couples Won't Enjoy Benefits" . Military.com. July 18, 2011.

^ Brown, Robbie (December 14, 2012). "Army Wife Says She Was Excluded as a Lesbian" . New York Times . Retrieved January 26, 2013 .

^ Fantz, Ashley (January 10, 2013). "Marine Corps to spouse clubs: Allow same-sex members or you don't operate on base" . CNN . Retrieved January 26, 2013 .

^ Briggs, Bill (January 18, 2013). "Army spouses club offers 'special guest membership' for same-sex wife" . NBC News . Retrieved January 26, 2013 .

^ "Same-sex wife is Fort Bragg spouse of year" . UPI . January 25, 2013 . Retrieved January 26, 2013 .

^ "Officer's lesbian wife can join spouses club" . Army Times . January 26, 2013 . Retrieved January 26, 2013 .

^ Leon Panetta (February 11, 2013). "Statement from Secretary of Defense Leon E. Panetta on the Extension of Benefits to Same-Sex Partners, No. 077-13" . Department of Defense.

^ "Memorandum for Secretaries of the Military Departments Acting Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness, SUBJECT: Extending Benefits to Same-Sex Domestic Partners of Military Members" (PDF) . February 11, 2013.

^ Scarborough, Rowan (June 7, 2013). "Military benefits for same-sex couples to begin Sept. 1" . Washington Times . Retrieved June 8, 2013 .

^ New York Times : James Dao, "Discharged Gay Service Members Sue Over 'Half-Pay' Policy," September 22, 2011 , accessed February 14, 2012

^ Geidner, Chris (January 7, 2013). "Servicemembers Kicked Out Under Military's Gay Ban Since '04 To Receive Full Separation Pay" . Buzz Feed . Retrieved January 7, 2013 .

^ Muñoz, Carlo (January 7, 2013). " ' Don't ask, don't tell' dischargees to receive full back pay from DOD" . The Hill . Retrieved January 7, 2013 .

^ Swarns, Rachel L. (January 19, 2013). "Military Rules Leave Gay Spouses Out in Cold" . New York Times . Retrieved January 22, 2013 .

^ Johnson, Chris (February 10, 2014). "Pentagon sees no need for gay discharged troops bill" . Washington Blade . Retrieved February 10, 2014 .

^ Geidner, Chris (June 19, 2013). "Lawmakers Push Fix For Ousted Gay Service Members' Discharge Records" . Buzz Feed . Retrieved February 10, 2014 .

^ Weiss, Deborah Cassens (November 22, 2013). "Vets discharged under Don't Ask, Don't Tell should be allowed to seek change in records, ABA says" . ABA Journal . Retrieved February 10, 2014 .

^ Johnson, Chris (January 30, 2014). "Schatz introduces bill for discharged gay veterans" . Washington Blade . Retrieved February 10, 2014 .

^ McCloskey, Megan; Carroll, Chris (June 26, 2013). "Supreme Court strikes down DOMA; Hagel promises benefits ASAP" . Stars & Stripes . Retrieved June 27, 2013 .

^ Huetteman, Emmarie (August 14, 2013). "Gay Spouses of Members of Military Get Benefits" . New York Times . Retrieved August 17, 2013 .

^ Mulrine, Anna (August 14, 2013). "Pentagon extends military spouse benefits to same-sex married couples" . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved August 17, 2013 .

^ Shane III, Leo (August 18, 2013). "DOD leave for same-sex marriage criticized" . Stars and Stripes . Retrieved August 19, 2013 .

^ Patricia Kime, Staff writer (June 9, 2015). "Sexual orientation added to military's non-discrimination policy" . Army Times . Retrieved August 23, 2015 .

^ Sharpe, V. A., & Uchendu, U. S. (2014). Ensuring Appropriate Care for LGBT Veterans in the Veterans Health Administration. Hastings Center Report, 44S53-S55. doi:10.1002/hast.372

^ Ramirez, M. H., & Sterzing, P. R. (2017). Coming out in camouflage: A queer theory perspective on the strength, resilience, and resistance of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender service members and veterans. Journal Of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 29(1), 68-86. doi:10.1080/10538720.2016.1263983

^ Geidner, Chris (November 23, 2011). "SLDN Takes Aim at DOMA" . Metro Weekly .

^ Geidner, Chris (July 17, 2013). "House Republicans Face Decision On Fighting Gay Veterans' Spousal Benefits" . BuzzFeed . Retrieved July 17, 2013 .

^ Geidner, Chris (July 18, 2013). "House Republicans Cave On Marriage Fight" . BuzzFeed . Retrieved July 18, 2013 .

^ Application to Withdraw , accessed July 23, 2013

^ Geidner, Chris (August 29, 2013). "Federal Judge Strikes Down Law Barring Same-Sex Couples from Receiving Veterans Benefits" . BuzzFeed . Retrieved August 29, 2013 .

^ Phaneuf, Keith M. (August 15, 2013). "Blumenthal, Norwich woman battle for equal benefits for veterans" . Connecticut Mirror . Retrieved August 17, 2013 .

^ Serwer, Adam (June 28, 2013). "DOMA is dead but gay vets remain in limbo" . MSNBC . Retrieved August 17, 2013 .

^ Ring, Trudy (June 26, 2013). "Finishing the Job: DOMA Repeal Bill Reintroduced" . The Advocate . Retrieved August 17, 2013 .

^ Johnson, Chris (September 4, 2013). "Feds won't enforce law barring gay veterans from spousal benefits" . Washington Blade . Retrieved September 4, 2013 .

^ Le, Tommy (January 14, 2014). "VA Loan For Same Sex Marriages" . VA Home Loan Centers . Retrieved January 14, 2014 .

^ Denniston, Lye (August 21, 2014). "Test of gap in veterans' benefits for same-sex marriages" . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved August 22, 2014 .

^ AMPA v. MacDonald, Petition for Review, August 18, 2014 , accessed August 22, 2014

^ Oppel Jr., Richard A. (November 10, 2013). "Texas and 5 Other States Resist Processing Benefits for Gay Couples" . New York Times . Retrieved December 8, 2013 .

^ "Oklahoma Gov. Mary Fallin tells National Guard to deny same-sex benefits" . New York Daily News . September 18, 2013 . Retrieved December 3, 2013 .

^ Johnson, Chris (October 31, 2013). "Hagel to direct nat'l guards to offer same-sex benefits" . Washington Blade . Retrieved December 3, 2013 .

^ Allen, Silas (November 7, 2013). "Oklahoma National Guard will process same-sex spouse benefits at a few federal facilities" . NewsOK . Retrieved December 3, 2013 .

^ Mills, Russell (November 20, 2013). "Fallin: OK will no longer process benefits for National Guard couples" . KRMG . Retrieved February 14, 2014 .

^ Zimmerman, Ann; Campoy, Ana (November 27, 2013). "Texas National Guard to begin letting same-sex couples register for benefits" . Fox News . Retrieved December 3, 2013 .

^ Johnson, Chris (December 3, 2013). "Louisiana Nat'l Guard latest to process same-sex benefits" . Washington Blade . Retrieved December 3, 2013 .

^ Johnson, Chris (December 9, 2013). "Georgia Nat'l Guard to process same-sex benefits" . Washington Blade . Retrieved December 9, 2013 .

^ Jump up to: a b Johnson, Chris (December 12, 2013). "All nat'l guards now compliant with Hagel edict on same-sex benefits" . Washington Blade . Retrieved December 12, 2013 .

^ Johnson, Chris (December 20, 2013). "Defense bill contains gay-related provisions" . Washington Blade . Retrieved December 21, 2013 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Sherman (2014). "Communication between VA Providers and Sexual and Gender Minority Veterans: A Pilot Study". Professional Psychology: Research and Practice . 11 (2): 235–242. doi : 10.1037/a0035840 . PMID 24588107 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Sharpe (2014). "Ensuring Appropriate Care for LGBT Veterans in the Veterans Health Administration". Hastings Center Report . 44 Suppl 4: S53-5. doi : 10.1002/hast.372 . PMID 25231789 .



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The United States military formerly excluded gay men , bisexuals , and lesbians from service. In 1993, the United States Congress passed, and President William "Bill" Clinton signed a law instituting the policy commonly referred to as " Don't ask, don't tell " (DADT) which allowed gay, lesbian, and bisexual people to serve as long as they did not reveal their sexual orientation . Although there were isolated instances in which service personnel were met with limited success through lawsuits, efforts to end the ban on openly gay, lesbian, and bisexual people serving either legislatively, or through the courts initially proved unsuccessful.

In 2010, two federal courts ruled the ban on openly gay, lesbian, and bisexual service personnel unconstitutional, and on July 6, 2011, a federal appeals court suspended the DADT policy. In December 2010, the House and Senate passed and President Barack Obama signed the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010 , and under its provisions, restrictions on service by gay, lesbian, and bisexual personnel ended as of September 20, 2011.

According to a RAND Corporation report, a 2015 survey of over 16,000 service members found that 5.8% of the respondents identified as being lesbian, gay or bisexual. [1] When separated by gender, 1.9% of males identified as gay and 2.0% as bisexual. [1] While 7.0% of females identified as lesbian and 9.1% as bisexual. [1]

To train the new American Army in the latest military drills and tactics, General George Washington brought in Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben (1730–94), who had been an officer on the German General staff. Von Steuben escaped Germany where he was threatened with prosecution for homosexuality. He joined Washington's army at Valley Forge in February 1778 accompanied by two young aides. Steuben became an American general, and a senior advisor to Washington. Despite rumors about his parties, there never was an investigation of Steuben and he received a Congressional pension after the war. [2] [3]

The first evidence of antipathy to homosexuals serving in the United States military dates from March 11, 1778, when Lieutenant Frederick Gotthold Enslin was drummed out of the Continental Army following his conviction at court-martial on charges of sodomy and perjury. [4]

The U.S. military discharged soldiers for homosexual acts throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth century even in the absence of any explicit prohibition of sodomy. The Articles of War of the United States of 1916, implemented on March 1, 1917, included Article 93 stating that any person subject to military law who committed "assault with intent to commit sodomy" shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. [5] That was modified on June 4, 1920, to make the act of sodomy itself a crime. [5] The change went into effect on February 4, 1921. [6] It was the first express prohibition of homosexuality or homosexual conduct in the armed forces of the United States. [7]

The several branches of the U.S. lacked a unified policy on service by homosexuals for most of their history. Before 1949, each tended to charge personnel caught engaging in homosexual conduct with sodomy, court-martial them, and issue them a dishonorable discharge. In 1940, psychiatrists Harry Stack Sullivan and Winfred Overholser formulated guidelines for psychiatric screening for military inductees. Both believed homosexuals should not be inducted, and neither proposed excluding all homosexuals from military service. Despite their recommendations, other psychiatrists and military officials made homosexuality a key component of the screening apparatus they recommended. [8] The United States Army Surgeon General's office issued a circular in 1941 that for the first time classified "homosexual proclivities" as disqualifying inductees from military service. The United States Navy an
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