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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. To self-medicate substance dependence, many substance users consume herbal medicines delivered in herbal medicine shops which are prepared through non-standard methods using a variety of different materials. Hence, the present study was carried out aiming to investigate and analyze the content of such herbal medicines. Four herbal medicine shops were selected from each of the 22 zones of Tehran City, Iran, and a total of 95 samples were purchased. A package containing 6 types of medication that was advertised by a satellite TV channel, was also purchased. Using high-performance liquid chromatography HPLC method, the samples were analyzed in the laboratory to detect different types of materials. Among the samples, 23 and 72 samples were uncovered compressed pills Dragon pills and capsules filled with colored powders handmade self-medicating substance dependence capsules , respectively. The package advertised in the satellite TV was prepared in 6 various forms. The findings of this study showed that handmade capsules and pills used for self-medicating substance dependence and also medicines advertised in the satellite TV channels contain different amounts of opioids, amphetamine, benzodiazepines, tramadol, codeine, and other substances that cause problems for substance users who are going to abandon substance abuse. Keywords: Substance withdrawal, Herbal medicine, Dragon, Component analysis, High-performance liquid chromatography. Drug addiction remedies are often provided and prescribed rudimentarily and unsafely by unprofessional individuals without observance of health issues and without any supervision on them. In some cases, herbalists are not aware of the ingredients and consider them to be safe, while it has been found that at least one chemical substance is used for the preparation of these medicines. Given the increasing use of non-standard herbal medicines provided by herbal medicine shops and advertised by satellite TV channels, this study was conducted with the aim to investigate and analyze the content of handmade pills and capsules used for self-medicating substance dependence. This study was conducted in in Tehran, the capital of Iran. Four herbal medicine shops were selected from each of the zones of Tehran and several pills or capsules were purchased from each shop. As the shop keepers did not provide all individuals with self-medicating substance dependence capsules or pills, the researchers asked several motorcycle rider ex-addicts who were treated to purchase the medicines. The treated ex-addicts were equipped with a voice recorder and all conversations were recorded all the time they were in the herbal medicine shop. Moreover, pills and capsules were chosen in a variety of colors and sizes. A total of 95 self-medicating substance dependence capsules or pills were bought from 88 herbal medicine stores and were delivered to Bahar laboratory Tehran, Iran. Furthermore, a package containing 6 types of medication that was advertised by a satellite TV channel was also purchased and sent to the laboratory. In the laboratory, the samples were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography HPLC to detect different types of opioids opium, opium extract, Sokhteh, Sokhteh extract, heroin, compressed heroin, and morphine powder , amphetamines, benzodiazepines, tramadol, codeine, and other substances. Then, the overall amount of each substance was expressed by rate and percentage. Characteristics of the samples: Of the 95 self-medicating substance dependence capsules and pills purchased from the herbal medicine shops in Tehran, 23 samples were uncovered compressed pills known as Dragon pills which were colored dark and light green, dark and light brown, white, and milky, each weighing 1. The self-medicating substance dependence package advertised by satellite TV channel, known as REXON, contained 6 types of medicine with a brochure written in Persian including instructions for their use. The package included a capsule green-yellow , a pill for depression or insomnia light blue , a jelly capsule for analgesia and hangover blue , a supplementary solution for hangover pink , an anti-temptation drops, and a detoxification solution or syrup Figure 3. Analysis of the samples: Table 1 shows the results of sample analysis. The most common substances present in all of the samples respectively were diphenoxylate, tramadol, opioids, acetaminophen, and codeine. In addition, the most common ingredients present in Dragon pills included tramadol, diphenoxylate, opioids, codeine, and acetaminophen, respectively; however, no trace of methadone was found. Moreover, the most common ingredients available in handmade capsules were diphenoxylate, tramadol, opioids, codeine, and acetaminophen, respectively. Rate of main substances including opioids, codeine, tramadol, diphenoxylate, and acetaminophen present in the illegal drugs for self-medicating substance dependence. The most common ingredients present in Dragon pills included tramadol, diphenoxylate, opioids, codeine, and acetaminophen, respectively. In addition, the most common ingredients present in handmade capsules respectively were diphenoxylate, tramadol, morphine, codeine, and acetaminophen. Furthermore, diphenoxylate, morphine, codeine, acetaminophen, benzodiazepine, and methadone were found in a large number of handmade capsules. Rahimi Movaghar et al. However, as reported by Rahimi Movaghar et al. For example, in the study conducted by Abasi and Nazeri, 2 the investigation was performed only on the samples that consumers were complaining about, while in the present study and the study by Rahimi Movaghar et al. In the study by Rahimi Movaghar et al. As stated by the producers of handmade drugs, herbalists use a variety of chemical compounds, most of which are addictive and psychoactive substances like diphenoxylate, acetaminophen codeine, amitriptyline, methadone, diclofenac, diazepam, clonidine, boosting capsules, and even 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine or ecstasy powder. In addition, many of these substances are controlled and are considered as abusive drugs. In addition, the prescription of any anonymous drug by anyone, even if a physician, is a violation of law. As substance abuse is different from other illnesses and is considered as a crime in Iran, substance users are less likely to refer to judicial centers and make a complaint; thus, those who provide this type of service, especially herbalists, are more prone to fraud and abuse. Finally, it can be stated that none of the handmade self-medicating substance dependence medicines and those advertised by the satellite TV channels were not usable for the treatment of substance dependency, and even a drug was not found to be eligible. Furthermore, because of the false belief that medicine treatment is the only possible method for self-medicating substance dependence, a culture of self-medication has emerged. Substance dependence capsules and pills supplied in herbal medicine shops and those advertised by satellite TV channels contain different amounts of opioids, amphetamine, benzodiazepines, tramadol, codeine, and other substances with the potential for causing complications among individuals who want to stop substance dependence through using such medications. None of the drugs present in the capsules and pills were capable of treating substance abuse and some of them could cause very severe complications. In addition, the herbalist that mixed the mentioned substances was not aware of drug interactions. Furthermore, mixing more than 5 drugs in a capsule can be a risk. Moreover, the use of high amounts of tramadol is associated with the risk of convulsion; therefore, a substance abuser who does not receive any instruction for taking these medications may also be at risk of convulsion. Hence, health policymakers and authorities not only must prevent the supply of such drugs, but also must have more supervision over herbal medicine shops and enhance the public awareness on the use of self-medicating substance dependence medicines advertised by satellite TV channels. As one of the weaknesses of this study, a self-reported questionnaire was not used to investigate the effect of the self-medicating substance dependence medicineson substance abusers who used such medications. Moreover, it was not possible to investigate handmade medicines supplied in other cities of the country. However, as one of the strengths of this study, medicines advertised by satellite TV channels were analyzed and compared with handmade herbal medicines prepared by herbalists. The results of field studies have shown that the sale of medicines advertised by satellite TV channels is significant. In addition, in this study, 4 samples were obtained from each of the municipality zones which were more than the number of samples obtained and analyzed in the study performed by Rahimi Movaghar et al. The results of this study showed that none of the handmade self-medicating substance dependencemedicines and those advertised by satellite TV channels were usable for the treatment of substance dependency, and even a drug was not found to be eligible. The authors in this study appreciate all individuals who collaborated in the sample collection and also the Bahar laboratory staff who collaborated on the analysis of the samples. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Addict Health. Find articles by Hamid Reza Khoddami-Vishteh. Find articles by Hooman Narenjiha. Find articles by Roya Noori. Find articles by Azadeh Olyaei. Find articles by Afsaneh Fard-Sanei. Find articles by Monir Fekri. Find articles by Ali Farhoudian. Received Sep 13; Accepted Nov 8. Open in a new tab. Findings of component analysis of the illegal drugs for self-medicating substance dependence. Conflicts of Interest The Authors have no conflict of interest. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.

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Urmia buy cocaine

Drug Abuse Adolescent Students. In recent years, the prevalence of drug abuse has increased throughout the world. On an annual basis, drugs such as heroin, cocaine, and so on cause the deaths of , people worldwide; drug abuse also leads to the disintegration of families 1. Furthermore, it imposes heavy economic and social costs through its effects on human health and increased crime and death in community; thus, it has become a major threat to society 2. Moreover, young people tend to be most at risk for drug abuse 3. As a developing country, Iran is currently experiencing major changes at different economic and cultural levels. Along with all these changes, the population is growing, and the number of young people is increasing. Alarm bells are going off as new studies show the high prevalence of addiction and risky behaviors in the Iranian youth population 4. Drug abuse among youths increases the risk of problems related to their well-being and health, resulting in an increased risk of injury and death from interpersonal violence, road accidents, risky sexual behaviors, unintended pregnancy, diseases such as acquired immune deficiency syndrome AIDS , and academic problems. Therefore, a survey to determine the causes of drug abuse among youths and how to prevent them is crucial 5. Preventive science suggests that negative health outcomes resulting from substance abuse can be prevented by reducing risk factors and enhancing protective factors 6. Prevention of substance abuse among adolescents requires awareness of characteristics that place youth at risk and targeting risk factors that are modifiable. Many studies have attempted to identify risk factors associated with adolescent drug and alcohol usage 7. This investigation was a cross-sectional study with a sample of university students who were selected using self-weighted stratified random sampling at the Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Northwest Iran. The information collection tool was a questionnaire. Research data were analyzed using the SPSS 19 software program, employing the descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The results showed that the mean age of the participants for both sexes was Among effective individual factors, strategies for emotional stress, loneliness and anxiety, curiosity, and rapid irritability were emphasized by the students. Some studies have confirmed the relationship between individual factors like depressive mood and substance use 8. The students also perceived that parental misuse of drugs and parental disagreements, as family factors, had a major role in promoting drug abuse among youths. The results of one study by Velleman et al. In addition to some individual and family factors, participants emphasized the impact of peers as a social factor in increasing the likelihood of drug abuse among youths. The results of Brook et al. In sum, it is essential to consider the factors described above when designing educational and counseling interventions to prevent drug abuse in the population, particularly among adolescents and youths. It is recommended to focus on changing the knowledge and attitudes of youths about the adverse effects of drug abuse on their health using appropriate educational and counseling programs. World development indicators Washington D. C: World Bank Publications; Njuho P, Davids A. Extent and influence of recreational drug use on men and women aged 15 years and older in South Africa. Secondary School Students, Raghibi M. Examining high risk behaviors among students of Zahedan Universities. Injury risk among medically identified alcohol and drug abusers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. Promoting science-based prevention in communities. Addict Behav. Indian J Med Res. Longitudinal study of co-occurring psychiatric disorders and substance use. The role of the family in preventing and intervening with substance use and misuse: a comprehensive review of family interventions, with a focus on young people. Drug Alcohol Rev. Predictors of drug use among South African adolescents. J Adolesc Health. We use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience. They also allow us to analyze user behavior in order to constantly improve the website for you. References 1. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4. Leave a comment here:. Cookie Setting We use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience.

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