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Since the early s nature and humanity have chipped away at this gem tucked in northwestern Iran, reducing its size by about 80 percent over the past 30 years. So are the pelicans, the egrets, and the ducks. Even the tourists who flocked to Lake Urmia for therapeutic baths in its warm, hypersaline waters are staying away. What remain are piers that lead nowhere, the rusting carcasses of ships half-buried in the silt, and white, barren landscapes of exposed salt flats. Winds that whip across the lake bed blow salt dust to farm fields, slowly rendering the soil infertile. Noxious, salt-tinged dust storms inflame the eyes, skin, and lungs of people as far away as Tabriz, a city of more than 1. Climate change has intensified droughts and elevated hot summer temperatures that speed up evaporation, scientists say. The voice of science seems to have reached Tehran. Iranian President Hassan Rouhani has pledged to spend five billion dollars to revive Urmia by releasing more water from dams, improving the efficiency of irrigation systems, and switching to less thirsty crops. Yet some promised funding appears to have dried up too, thwarting progress and bringing petitions to Iran's supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, to renew efforts or to seek international assistance. The United Nations Development Programme is working with farmers on more sustainable practices to save water. Although U. University of California, Irvine, engineering professor Amir AghaKouchak, who was born and educated in Iran before immigrating to California, said both regions have suffered extensive droughts in the past. The difference comes when human demands exceed available, renewable water. All rights reserved. Photographs by Newsha Tavakolian. By Kenneth R. Women play in the red waters of what remains of Lake Urmia. Photograph by Newsha Tavakolian, National Geographic. Reza Manafzadeh works on a fruit-tree farm at the edge of the salt lake, where crops are irrigated by a new method—recycled factory water brought by tanker truck. You May Also Like. United States Change.

United Nations Environment Programme

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Ahmady-Birgani, H. Physical Geography Research , 50 2 , Hesam Ahmady-Birgani. Physical Geography Research , ; 50 2 : Toggle navigation. Introduction Over the last decades, sediment fingerprinting technique relative to the experimental models for erosion and deposition processes is now used for its higher reliability and lower uncertainties. Its reliable information give the best indication of sediment yield produced by spatial sources of a catchment and let authorities know how take conservative operations and proper actions across the catchment to stop the soil erosion. Therefore, identification of the dominant processes and sources generating the sediment within its catchment are vital. Material and methods A mixing model algorithm was used to estimate the relative contributions from the potential sediment sources by minimizing the sum of squares of the weighted relative errors. The effects of the correction factors into the fluvial and alluvial sediment loads have been approved, what has not been well understood for Aeolian sediments and desert environments. Therefore, the role of the correction factors is to estimate the proportion of each potentially sediment source. Paired t-student statistical method was applied to find out whether there are differences between being correction factors and not being the correction factors. Results and discussion As the paired t-student method results show, there is not significant differences between the source contribution before using the correction factors and after using them. However, it is a statistical result and objective function results have another story. Thus, different source proportion was seen with no significant statistic results. Conclusion The present research successfully interpreted the impact of correction factors on sediment source contribution of the sand dunes of Lake Urmia. These correction factors are now widely used into the mixing model or objective function to improve the comparability of source and sediment samples. It is inferred that the organic matter correction factor can be used while mineral-magnetism properties of samples are put as the tracers. With generating a scatter plot of particle size or organic matter content against tracer concentration for each source group, necessity of correction factor is evaluated. Generally, it is interpreted that applying the correction factors is vital when some other parameters including sediment environments, tracer properties, chronology of sediments, particle size of sediment loads and etc. AghaKouchak, A. Characteristics of mineral dust impacting the Persian Gulf. Aeolian Research, 30, Mineralogy and geochemistry of atmospheric particulates in western Iran, Atmospheric Environment, Alewell, C. Quantitative sediment source attribution with compound-specific isotope analysis in a C3 plant-dominated catchment central Switzerland , Biogeosciences, 13 5 : Bagnold, R. The physics of blown sand and desert dunes, Methuen press. Chen, F. Using biomarkers as fingerprint properties to identify sediment sources in a small catchment, Science of the Total Environment, Collins, A. Sediment source fingerprinting as an aid to catchment management: a review of the current state of knowledge and a methodological decision-tree for end-users, Journal of environmental management, Sediment source tracing in a lowland agricultural catchment in southern England using a modified procedure combining statistical analysis and numerical modelling, Science of the Total Environment, Apportioning catchment scale sediment sources using a modified composite fingerprinting technique incorporating property weightings and prior information, Geoderma, 3 : Suspended sediment source fingerprinting in a small tropical catchment and some management implications, Applied Geography, 21 4 : Use of composite fingerprints to determine the provenance of the contemporary suspended sediment load transported by rivers, Earth surface processes and landforms, 23 1 : Use of the geochemical record preserved in floodplain deposits to reconstruct recent changes in river basin sediment sources, Geomorphology, 19 : Source type ascription for fluvial suspended sediment based on a quantitative composite fingerprinting technique, Catena, 29 1 : Daliakopoulos, I. The threat of soil salinity: A European scale review, Science of the Total Environment, Da Silva, M. Du, P. Fingerprinting surficial sediment sources: Exploring some potential problems associated with the spatial variability of source material properties, Journal of environmental management, Evrard, O. Combining multiple fallout radionuclides Cs, 7Be, Pbxs to investigate temporal sediment source dynamics in tropical, ephemeral riverine systems, Journal of soils and sediments, 16 3 : Foster, I. Mineral magnetic characterization of sediment sources from an analysis of lake and floodplain sediments in the catchments of the Old Mill reservoir and Slapton Ley, South Devon, UK, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 23 8 : Gholami, H. Aeolian sediment fingerprinting using a Bayesian mixing model, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. Hatfield, R. Horowitz, A. Primer on sediment-trace element chemistry, Lewis Publishers. Hu, G. Klassen, J. Assessing the risk of saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers, Journal of Hydrology. Lamba, J. Apportionment of suspended sediment sources in an agricultural watershed using sediment fingerprinting, Geoderma, Juracek, K. Liu, B. Quantifying the provenance of aeolian sediments using multiple composite fingerprints, Aeolian Research, Nosrati, K. An exploratory study on the use of enzyme activities as sediment tracers: biochemical fingerprints? Oldfield, F. Petelet-Giraud, E. Coastal groundwater salinization: Focus on the vertical variability in a multi-layered aquifer through a multi-isotope fingerprinting Roussillon Basin, France , Science of The Total Environment, Smith, H. Sediment fingerprinting in agricultural catchments: a critical re-examination of source discrimination and data corrections, Geomorphology, Walling, D. The particle size characteristics of fluvial suspended sediment in the Humber and Tweed catchments, UK, Science of the Total Environment, Yang, L. Yang, X. Quaternary environmental changes in the drylands of China—a critical review, Quaternary Science Reviews, 30 23 : Zare Chahooki, M. Zhang, X. Using multiple composite fingerprints to quantify fine sediment source contributions: A new direction, Geoderma, Zhao, H. Effects of desertification on soil and crop growth properties in Horqin sandy cropland of Inner Mongolia, north China, Soil and Tillage Research, 87 2 : Volume 50, Issue 2 July Pages How to cite.

Urmia buy blow