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MDMA 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine , or simply ecstasy, is a chemical compound commonly abused as a drug for psychoactive recreational experiences 1. Acute MDMA exposure has negative effects on the physiological functions of many cells and organs. Some tissues such as the brain, heart, liver, kidney, and testis may also be damaged, leading to dangerous consequences depending on the damage intensity 2. A general damage of these factors is production of oxidative stress that plays the main role in MDMA pathogenesis 3 , 4. By increasing the heart rate and blood pressure, MDMA can potentially stimulate cardiovascular action 5. Cardiac arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, dilated cardiomyopathy, and myocarditis along with inflammatory infiltrate and necrosis areas may be the results of MDMA administration. Additionally, eccentric left ventricular dilation, diastolic dysfunction, cardiac myocyte contractile dysfunction, and impaired relaxation may occur following high administration of MDMA 6. Among other subjective symptoms, erectile dysfunction or lack of sexual drive is a common disorder in the reproductive system as reported by drug consumers. There may be a relationship between prolactin increase and lack of sexual drive after MDMA exposure. Since MDMA can increase reactive oxygen species ROS , oxidative stress as an unspecific mechanism of genotoxicity can directly affect reproductive organs. As a fat-soluble non-enzymatic antioxidant, vitamin E has antioxidant activity and intercalates lipids in biological membranes. Therefore, vitamin E isomers can stop ROS-based reactions producing lipid peroxides 8. It is reported that vitamin E deficiency impaired the nervous, skeletal, circulatory, muscular, cardiovascular, immune, and reproductive system 9. Vitamin E could decrease the elevation of the lactate dehydrogenase LDH enzyme, which is found in many body tissues including the heart and may cause cardiac damage. It also can decrease creatine phosphokinase CPK , which is a cardiac index to estimate the heart function and help in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Vitamin E can positively affect the treatment or prevention of cardiac dysfunction, inflammation, myocardial infarction, DNA damage, and apoptosis in the heart 10 , The damaging effects of active oxygen radicals on spermatogenesis and sperm health in the reproductive system could be prevented by vitamin E to decrease testicular oxidative stress There is no information about the vitamin E effects on the heart and testicular toxicity produced by MDMA exposure in mice or other mammals up to now. This study aimed at the evaluation of the adverse effects of MDMA on serum biochemical indices and histological parameters and the protective effects of vitamin E on mice. This study was conducted following the principles of the National Institute of Health NIH publication 85 - 23, for animal experiments with the ethical code of IR. Tap water and standard pellet food were given ad libitum. The mice were randomly divided into four treatment groups 7 mice in each , as follows: group 1 control received saline NaCl 0. Blood samples were collected through cardiac puncture in heparinized tubes. After collecting blood samples, mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. For each testis, we randomly selected 20 tubular profiles that were round and nearly round seminiferous tubules diameters STD and seminiferous epithelial height SE with Motic camera and software. Three spermatogenesis indices in testicular tissue were evaluated including tubular differentiation index TDI , repopulation index RI , and spermiogenesis index SPI. To determine TDI, we calculated the number of seminiferous tubules with more than three layers of germinal cells derived from type A spermatogonia. To find out the RI, we calculated the ratio of active spermatogonia to inactive spermatogonia and the ratio of seminiferous tubules with spermatozoids to empty tubules to determine. To fulfill this procedure, we randomly selected four mice from each group and six random areas of each mouse heart from one slide per sample, as well as 20 tubular profiles per each testis to be counted. The percentage ratio of TUNEL-positive cell nuclei to the total nuclei was calculated for this index Photographs were prepared by Motic camera and software in which collagen and tissue were stained blue and red, respectively. Lactate dehydrogenase is a hydrogen transfer enzyme that is found in almost all cells and it is a sign of tissue damage. The disruption of spermatogenic cells was observed in most seminiferous tubules in the MDMA group. No considerable change was observed in other groups. Five weeks after exposure to MDMA, the heart tissue displayed morphological disorganization as the loss and necrosis of myofibrils, edema, penetration of inflammatory cells, and cytoplasmic vacuolization. Cell infiltration, increased intramuscular space, and necrosis were seen in MDMA-treated heart tissue, and vitamin E could clearly reduce heart inflammation Figure 1. Tubular degeneration a and interstitial edema b in most seminiferous tubules were observed in the MDMA group compared to the control and olive oil groups. Cell infiltration, increased cardiomyocyte space; F, necrosis were seen in MDMA-treated heart tissue. However, no significant differences were observed between other groups Table 1. The MDMA treatment could induce peritubular and myocardial fibrosis or increased collagen deposition. Histological studies showed that the presence of collagen blue staining increased after MDMA treatment. No significant difference was observed between other groups. However, other groups did not have any significant differences compared to each other Table 2. The MDMA group showed a significant difference with other groups while no significant difference was observed between other groups. In this study, we explored the chronic effects of MDMA on the heart and testis structures of mice and the protective effects of vitamin E. Consistent with previous studies, the histopathology of the testis in the present study showed interstitial edema in the MDMA-treated group. Histological damages are the indirect results of the general toxicity of MDMA. Among some possible mechanisms, there are direct toxic actions of MDMA or its metabolites, hormonal disturbance, and alteration of 5-HT activity in the testis. By decreasing the testicular blood flow and vasomotion and inducing the vas deferens contraction, 5-HT plays an important role in the reproductive system of males. The reduction of testicular blood flow may result in edema and testicular hyperemia. It also induces seminiferous tubule fluid accumulation. Song et al. Considering the effect of Sertoli cells in maturation and movement of germ cells 20 and the protective and nutritive roles of Sertoli and Leydig cells in spermatogenesis 19 , 21 , it is suggested that the reduction of Sertoli and Leydig cell numbers may result in serious tubular degeneration and spermiogenesis indices decrement. Moreover, noticeable hyperthermia may occur in some individuals taking MDMA The increase of cardiac and testicular fibrosis stained blue in the MDMA group, compared to other groups, may be induced by lipid peroxidation. The MDMA treatment caused oxygen production in its active forms. Free radicals can cause lipid peroxidation of structural membranes 7. The histological study of the heart revealed structural abnormalities in the MDMA group. It has been suggested that hyperthermia increases the free radicals formation 24 , which results in cardiomyocyte fibrosis No noticeable difference was observed between the olive oil and control groups. This was in accordance with recent studies reporting that the olive oil administration is not the best or most effective way to prevent testis and heart damages 27 , In conclusion, according to the results of the present study, MDMA administration had adverse effects on testis and heart tissues. However, the findings clearly revealed that vitamin E considerably attenuated the deleterious impact of MDMA. Behavioral and stereological analysis of the effects of intermittent feeding diet on the orally administrated MDMA 'Ecstasy' in Mice. Innov Clin Neurosci. Increased oxidative-modifications of cytosolic proteins in 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA, Ecstasy -exposed rat liver. PLoS One. Pro-oxidant effects of Ecstasy and its metabolites in mouse brain synaptosomes. Br J Pharmacol. Correction: Binge ethanol and MDMA combination exacerbates toxic cardiac effects by inducing cellular stress. Metabolites of MDMA induce oxidative stress and contractile dysfunction in adult rat left ventricular myocytes. Cardiovasc Toxicol. Toxicol Lett. Deficient vitamin e uptake during development impairs neural tube closure in mice lacking lipoprotein receptor SR-BI. Sci Rep. Rengaraj D, Hong YH. Effects of dietary vitamin E on fertility functions in poultry species. Int J Mol Sci. Protective effects of crocin on ischemia-reperfusion induced oxidative stress in comparison with vitamin E in isolated rat hearts. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod. Induction of inflammation, DNA damage and apoptosis in rat heart after oral exposure to zinc oxide nanoparticles and the cardioprotective role of alpha-lipoic acid and vitamin E. Drug Res Stuttg. Single dose effect of diazinon on biochemical parameters in testis tissue of adult rats and the protective effect of vitamin E. Iran J Reprod Med. The recreational drug ecstasy disrupts the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal reproductive axis in adult male rats. Radioprotective effect of vitamins C and E. Mutat Res. Influence of vitamin C and vitamin E on testicular zinc content and testicular toxicity in lead exposed albino rats. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. Adler ID. Comparison of the duration of spermatogenesis between male rodents and humans. Long-term effect of ciprofloxacin on testicular tissue: Evidence for biochemical and histochemical changes. Int J Fertil Steril. Isolation of Sertoli, Leydig, and spermatogenic cells from the mouse testis. Sertoli-Sertoli and Sertoli-germ cell interactions and their significance in germ cell movement in the seminiferous epithelium during spermatogenesis. Endocr Rev. Protective effect of pentoxifylline on male Wistar rat testicular germ cell apoptosis induced by 3,4-methylenedioxymeth amphetamine. Iran J Basic Med Sci. J Toxicol Environ Health A. Kaur S, Bansal MP. Protective role of dietary-supplemented selenium and vitamin E in heat-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in mice testes. Neurotoxicity of Ecstasy metabolites in rat cortical neurons, and influence of hyperthermia. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. Alteration of energy substrates and ROS production in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Mediators Inflamm. Protective role of carnitine synergized with vitamin E against isoproterenol induced cardiac infarction in rats. Semen quality and sperm function loss by hypercholesterolemic diet was recovered by addition of olive oil to diet in rabbit. Synergistic action of olive oil supplementation and dietary restriction on serum lipids and cardiac antioxidant defences. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. We use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience. They also allow us to analyze user behavior in order to constantly improve the website for you. This article has been corrected. Abstract Background: Acute exposure to MDMA methylenedioxymethamphetamine has some adverse effects on reproductive and cardiovascular systems, possibly because of oxidative stress induction. Supplementary vitamins such as vitamin E can decrease the rate of oxidative stress and prevent the incidence of dysfunction in organs. Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate the adverse effects of MDMA exposure on the testis and heart tissue and elucidate the protective effect of vitamin E as a potent antioxidant. Mice were killed at the end of day 35 to conduct histological and plasma examinations. To find the relationship and make pair-wise comparisons, the one-way ANOVA test and Tukey test were used, respectively. Results: The mean values of seminiferous epithelial height SEH , seminiferous tubular diameter STD , spermatogenesis indices, and the average number of Leydig and Sertoli cells were significantly lower in testicular tissues of the MDMA group. Background MDMA 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine , or simply ecstasy, is a chemical compound commonly abused as a drug for psychoactive recreational experiences 1. Objectives This study aimed at the evaluation of the adverse effects of MDMA on serum biochemical indices and histological parameters and the protective effects of vitamin E on mice. Patients and Methods 3. Animals and Treatments This study was conducted following the principles of the National Institute of Health NIH publication 85 - 23, for animal experiments with the ethical code of IR. Histomorphometric Analysis For each testis, we randomly selected 20 tubular profiles that were round and nearly round seminiferous tubules diameters STD and seminiferous epithelial height SE with Motic camera and software. Results 4. Figure 1. Table 1. Effects of i. Figure 2. Figure 3. Table 2. References 1. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4. 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The ameliorating effects of Vitamin E on hepatotoxicity of ecstasy

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Introduction: We aimed to assess quality of life related to oral health in narcotic or stimulant users those were referred to maintenance methadone therapy MMT centers in Ahvaz City, Iran. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study based on exploratory approach which has conducted on narcotic and stimulant users in Ahvaz city; during 15th May till September Data was selected by available non-random sampling method. The data collection tools included the demographic variables and the standard OHIP questionnaires. All tests were used as descriptive statistics, Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, independent t -test, one-way analysis of variance. P -values of less than 0. Results: The mean and standard deviation of the participants' age was The quality-of-life scores related to oral health were totally Conclusion: Quality of life related to OHIP was more unfavorable in stimulant users than narcotic users. So, policy makers and authorities are required to focus their interventions and research programs to improve health-related quality of life in users, especially stimulant. Use of addictive substances is among the most challenging and complex health problems leading to a wide range of cardiovascular, mental and psychological, metabolic, endocrine, and infectious disorders 1. Addiction to new drugs and industrial substances not only gives rise to many social and economic problems, but also causes damage to oral health 2. Opioids, as the most commonly used drug in Iran, include opium, syrup, heroin, and codeine used orally, by inhalation, or by injection. Other substances used in Iran include cannabis from the cannabis group , stimulants such as methylphenidate under the brand name of Ritalin from the amphetamine group , ecstasy from the amphetamine group , as well as cocaine and LSD from the hallucinogenic group 2. The use of narcotics or stimulants causes dry mouth or xerostomia, which in turn reduces the saliva pH and increases the formation of plaque and dental plaque. All these factors increase the incidence of tooth decay and periodontal disease 1. Moreover, narcotic and stimulant addiction can increase the tendency to intake simple sugars, which is an effective factor in causing caries and bruxism and increasing tooth sensitivity and necrotic gingivitis 3. Given that narcotic or stimulant addiction reduces motivation and self-confidence, addicts and those treated with methadone have lower rates of oral hygiene than non-addicts 4. Mental problems such as depression caused by drug addiction can eventually lead to neglect oral care and follow-up of dental treatment except in emergencies 5 , 6. Health-related quality of life is specifically associated with quality of life in relation to health and disease, which is a multidimensional concept. Oral health quality of life is one of these dimensions since oral diseases have been proven to affect the quality of life 1. Oral health-related quality of life is defined as an individual's personal assessment of the effects of functional, physical, and social factors as well as experience of oral pain and discomfort on different aspects of their life 7. Given the role that oral conditions play in people's social relations, appearance, self-confidence, as well as speaking, chewing, tasting, and swallowing processes, they affect one's pleasure experienced from life. Therefore, the status of oral health-related quality of life affects people's lives in both physical and mental dimensions 8. The seriousness and importance of dental problems in treating substance abusers necessitate establishment of an accessible dental care program. For example, the toothache interfering with the process of addiction treatment may cause relapse in addicts. In addition, poor appearance and improper functioning of the dental problems can cause isolation and non-compliance with the treatment and care process 9. So far, few studies were conducted on oral health and its related quality of life among the addicts worldwide 10 — 12 and in Iranian cities of Yazd, Mashhad, Isfahan, and Tehran 13 — As they noted, stimulants and morphine were the most commonly used drug among women and men, respectively Furthermore, the oral and dental treatment needs of the addicted population are wide and should be followed up 14 , Akbari et al. In this regard and since no research has ever investigated oral health status related to narcotic and stimulant abuse in Ahvaz City, the present study was conducted. The aim was to determine the quality of life related to oral health of narcotic and stimulant addicts who referred to maintenance methadone therapy MMT centers in Ahvaz City in It was a cross-sectional study based on exploratory approach which has carried out among narcotic and stimulants users who referred to MMT centers using available non-random sampling method in Ahvaz City during 15th May till September The cluster sampling method was conducted from the MMT centers in the east and west of Ahvaz. From each cluster, nine centers were randomly selected. In each center, available sampling method was applied and eligible patients who referred to the MMT centers entered the study. Initially, the participants were explained about the research goal and process. Followed by obtaining informed consent forms, the researcher completed the questionnaires for each participant. Inclusion criteria were having satisfaction to participate in the study, 18 years of age and older, as well as ability to communicate and answer the questions. Exclusion criteria included unwillingness to continue cooperation at any stage of the study and incomplete questionnaires. The participants provided answers to the questionnaire items, which were facilitated or completed by the researcher or the patient's companions if necessary. The study tools included a questionnaire of demographic and contextual variables containing information such as age, gender, education, marriage, number of children, employment, life partners, economic status, insurance status, underlying disease, toothbrush and toothpaste use status, last dentist visit, and number of missing teeth. Furthermore, the standard questionnaire of quality of life related to OHIP was administrated, which was designed to measure the effects of oral disorders on people's health based on the respondents' self-judgment. This questionnaire was translated into Persian by Motallebnejad et al. This questionnaire investigates seven dimensions of functional limitation, physical pain, mental distress, physical disability, mental disability, social disability, and physical disability. The minimum and maximum attainable scores of the questionnaire are 14 and 70, respectively, so that greater scores indicate higher quality of life related to oral health In the study by Navabi et al. In the present study, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated and showed a good result for all dimensions Functional limitations 0. Validity of instrumentation with the exploratory agent approach was acceptable for the opioid group In order to observe ethical considerations, participants were ensured about confidentiality of information. To this end, all questionnaires were coded. Moreover, the participants were clearly explained about the study objectives and finally, those who were willing to participate in the study were surveyed. Descriptive statistics were applied to describe characteristics of the participants, central indices, mean dispersion, and standard deviation were used. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was also applied to evaluate distribution of data, while independent t -test and one-way analysis of variance were run to determine the relationship between variables. The mean age of addicts who referred to addiction treatment centers in Ahvaz was Table 1 represents other demographic characteristics of the participants along with the relationship of these characteristics with the mean quality of life related to oral health. Table 1. Relationship between quality of life related to oral health and variables of study. The mean scores of qualities of life related to oral health and its dimensions were also determined based on the type of substance used; i. Table 2. Mean scores of qualities of life related to oral health of addicts wise. In other words, the mean quality of life related to oral health was higher in narcotic addicts than stimulant users. Later, intensity of the relationship was examined between the dimensions of oral health-related quality of life and the overall score of OHIP in terms of the substance type. Figures 1 — 3 illustrate the theoretical model obtained. Figure 1. Status and severity of the relationship between the scores in the dimensions of OHIP scale and the total score of quality of life related to oral health in stimulant addicts. Figure 2. Status and severity of the relationship between scores in the dimensions of OHIP scale and the total score of quality of life related to oral health in narcotic user. Figure 3. Status and severity of the relationship between scores in the dimensions of OHIP scale and the total score of quality of life related to oral health in narcotic and stimulant users. The present study aimed at evaluating the quality of life related to oral health in patients who referred to MMT centers. The findings showed that the quality of life associated with oral health was significantly lower in people who use stimulants than narcotics. Although this rate of discrepancy was not severe, a significant difference was observed between scores of the two groups of drug abusers in the areas of mental disability, mental distress, and physical disability. More specifically, the effect of oral problems caused by using stimulants was higher on dimensions of quality of life, such as distraction, stress, peace disturbance, confusion in group, life dissatisfaction, and inability to perform activities. In other words, stimulants affect mental health and quality of life related to oral health negatively. Consistent with these findings, Nazemi et al. Our findings on Figure 1 also corroborate this point. According to Figure 2 , in addicts who use narcotics, physical disability was most associated with quality of life related to health. These results confirm the findings reported in the literature indicating that the type of substances applied affect the status of oral health indicators This finding can be justified by mentioning that the most common oral lesions caused by using stimulants include dry mouth 16 , 24 , 25 , spongy gingiva, and erythematosus with margin 16 that plays the most important role in the decline of their oral health Islami et al. In contrast, missing teeth and caries had a significant relationship with drug abuse Generalized pigmentation was observed only in methamphetamine users. According to the literature, the duration of drug withdrawal was significantly associated with the incidence of oral lesions, so that less pigmented lesions were observed in addicts who have quit their addiction even for 1 month. In other words, increased duration of withdrawal improved the pink color, firmness, and stippled knife edge margin of the gum Eslami et al. This pattern change can explain higher incidence of oral health-related psychological problems followed by using stimulants. In this regard, many other factors may be influential, including the effect of addiction treatment methods, such as methadone therapy and withdrawal duration A study was investigated amphetamine-dependent people and found that they intook more sugary foods, crumbs instead of main meals , and drank cranberry drinks compared with the healthy individuals. Drug addicts believed that substance use reduced their appetite and increased their cravings for sugar In the present study, only one fourth of those who referred to the substance abuse centers had been visited by dental professionals during the past year and a significant percentage of participants reported lack of a history of visits to dentists over the last 3 years. In Boston, about half of men and women who were addicted to drugs had more than a year since their last dental visit or were unable to recall the time of their last visit According to the results of other studies, it seems that referring to dentists to receive educational and medical services is low among drug addicts around the world. By comparing the results of this study with those reported in the literature, it can be claimed that the type of substance used by addicts is probably a more decisive factor than other personal variables in terms of the quality of life related to oral health. This finding can be justified by mentioning that quality of life related to oral health showed no significant difference not only among different levels of age, education, employment, economic status, marriage, and chronic illness, but also in other underlying factors such as a history of dental visits or the use of toothbrushes. Such discrepancy in the findings may be attributed to the sample size or the participants' characteristics since they were selected among patients who referred to MMT centers through available sampling method. Therefore, findings of the study are not generalizable to the population. In the studies by Shekarchizadeh et al. This finding is in contrary to the findings of the present study. Given that the participants of the above-mentioned studies included women, retired, or elderlies of different cities, differences in the results can be attributed to diversity in their nutritional, environmental, cultural, or genetic factors. However, results of the studies by Akbari 13 , Khabazian 32 , Gholami 31 , and Khatmi Nasab 33 are consistent with our findings in reporting that age and education had no relationship with quality of life related to oral health 13 , 31 — In this study, the total score of the oral health-related quality of life was Considering that these mean scores were received from the addicts who referred to addiction treatment centers, our findings cannot be representative of all addicts in Ahvaz. Moreover, substance use rates are naturally higher among the large population of addicts who are homeless and sleep on the street. As a result, future researchers are recommended to investigate addicts who are not in medical centers to provide a more comprehensive viewpoint in this area. Due to the cross-sectional nature of this study, some limitations existed in reporting the definitive causal relationship between the studied variables. Furthermore, this study did not investigate addicts under treatment due to specific problems in accessing them. Based on the findings, the quality of life index related to oral health is more unfavorable in stimulant users than narcotic users. Therefore, authorities are recommended to focus their interventions and research programs to improve health-related quality of life in addicts, especially stimulant users. The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences of Ethics Committee. Written informed consent for participation was not required for this study in accordance with the national legislation and the institutional requirements. MC was principal investigators of the study. MC and HM were advisors of the study and performed the statistical analysis. FS was collected the data and drafted the manuscript. All authors contributed to the design, data analysis, assisted in the preparation of the final version of the manuscript, read, and approved the final version of the manuscript. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. The participants as well as the officials of the University of Medical Sciences and Methadone Therapy Centers in Ahvaz are appreciated for their cooperation in the present study. Health consequences of illegal drug use. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 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Oral and dental health of Italian drug addicted in methadone treatment. Oral Sci Int. Prevalence of oral and dental diseases and oral hygiene practices among illicit drug abusers. J Alcohol Drug Depend. Akbari M. Evaluation of oral health status and dental need assessment in narcotic drug abusers. J Mash Dent Sch. Kheirollahi Khatereh. Evaluation of oral health indices in people referring to outpatient addiction treatment centers in Yazd in J Res Dent Sci. Ghane Mehrdad. Oral health behavior of in-treatment female drug addicts in Tehran. Med-Tehran Univ Med Sci. A survey on the pattern of consumption and oral manifestations of a group of addicts in Tehran in Iranian J Ageing. Pattern of drug abuse in addicts self-referred drug rehabilitation centers in Khuzestan province - Iran, — Archiwum medycyny sadowej i kryminologii. Risky behaviors of injecting drug users IDUs referred to addiction rehabilitation centers in Khuzestan Province in J Health Allied Sci. Assessment of oral health status and oral health—related quality of life in thalassemia major patients. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. Validation of a persian of the oral health impact profile OHIP Iranian J Publ Health. Evaluation of oral health and psychological health related quality of life in patient with temporomandibular disorders. J Isfahan Dent Sch. O'Sullivan EM. Community Dent Health. Smit DA, Naidoo S. Methamphetamine abuse: oral symptoms and dental treatment needs. S Afr Dent J. Orodental manifestations in methamphetamine users refereeing to oral medicine department, and their dental considerations. J Urmia Univ Med Sci. Association between tooth loss and opium addiction: results of a community-based study on 5, adult individuals in South East of Iran in A diet promoting sugar dependency causes behavioral cross-sensitization to a low dose of amphetamine. Evaluation of the periodontal status among the institutionalized Iranian elderly supervised by Behzisti Organization in Tehran J Res Dental Sci. Evaluation of oral health-related quality of life among patients with malocclusion. Social participation, barriers, and related factors in older people in Tehran. J Health Promotion Manag. Effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment on oral health related quality of life. Evaluation of the effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy on the quality of life associated with oral health in patients with periodontitis and gingivitis referred to periodontology department of Yazd dental school. The study of oral health status and its related quality of life in elderly people supported by welfare organization in ardabil city. J Health Care. The oral health of streetrecruited injecting drug users: prevalence and correlates of problems. Keywords: quality of life related to oral health, addict, narcotics, stimulants, quality of life. Public Health The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Top bar navigation. About us About us. Sections Sections. About journal About journal. Article types Author guidelines Editor guidelines Publishing fees Submission checklist Contact editorial office. Public Health , 20 May Public Health Education and Promotion. Introduction Use of addictive substances is among the most challenging and complex health problems leading to a wide range of cardiovascular, mental and psychological, metabolic, endocrine, and infectious disorders 1. Methods Participants and Methodology It was a cross-sectional study based on exploratory approach which has carried out among narcotic and stimulants users who referred to MMT centers using available non-random sampling method in Ahvaz City during 15th May till September Ethical Considerations In order to observe ethical considerations, participants were ensured about confidentiality of information. Results The mean age of addicts who referred to addiction treatment centers in Ahvaz was

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