United States Secretary
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United States Secretary
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Denotes ad interim Secretary of State
^ Where no vote is listed, confirmation was by voice vote or otherwise unrecorded. [2]
^ Jump up to: a b c As Secretary of War .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e As Attorney General .
^ As Chief Justice of the United States .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f As Chief Clerk of the State Department .
^ This appears to have been a recess appointment that was never submitted to the Senate. [2]
^ As Secretary of the Navy .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k In addition to the president listed, this secretary of state served for a brief period of time (eight days or less) under that president's successor until a replacement could be named and confirmed.
^ Jump up to: a b c d As Assistant Secretary of State .
^ As Second Assistant Secretary of State .
^ As Counselor for the Department of State.
^ Jump up to: a b c As Under Secretary of State .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h As Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs .
^ As Deputy Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f As Deputy Secretary of State .
^ Jump up to: a b c As Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs .
^ As Director of the Foreign Service Institute.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Secretaries of State of the United States .
On January 10, 1780, the Confederation Congress created the Department of Foreign Affairs. [1]
On August 10, 1781, Congress selected Robert R. Livingston , a delegate from New York , as the first Secretary for Foreign Affairs. Livingston was unable to take office until October 20, 1781. He served until June 4, 1783, and was succeeded by John Jay on December 21, 1784, who served until March 4, 1789, when the government under the Articles of Confederation gave way to the government under the Constitution .
The office of Secretary of Foreign Affairs and the Department of Foreign Affairs were reinstated by a law signed by George Washington on July 27, 1789. John Jay retained the post on an interim basis, pending the return of Thomas Jefferson from France.
On September 15, 1789, before Jefferson could return to take the post, Washington signed into law another act which changed the name of the office from Secretary of Foreign Affairs to Secretary of State , changed the name of the department to the Department of State , and added several domestic powers and responsibilities to both the office of secretary and the department. Thomas Jefferson took office as the first Secretary of State on March 22, 1790.
This is a list of United States secretaries of state by time in office. This is based on the difference between dates; if counted by number of calendar days all the figures would be one greater. Cordell Hull is the only person to have served as Secretary of State for more than eight years. Daniel Webster and James G. Blaine are the only secretaries of state to have ever served non-consecutive terms. Warren Christopher served very briefly as Acting Secretary of State non-consecutively with his later tenure as full-fledged Secretary of State. Elihu B. Washburne served as Secretary of State for less than two weeks before becoming Ambassador to France .
As of September 2022, there are seven living former secretaries of state, the oldest being Henry Kissinger (1973–1977). The most recent death of a former secretary of state was that of Madeleine Albright (1997–2001) on March 23, 2022. The living former secretaries of state, in order of service, are:
Henry Kissinger (1973–1977) Age 99
Condoleezza Rice (2005–2009) Age 67
Hillary Clinton (2009–2013) Age 74
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Head of the United States Department of the Treasury
Not to be confused with the Treasurer of the United States .
Seal of the Department of the Treasury
Flag of the Secretary of the Treasury
— U.S. Department of the Treasury Web site [7]
Denotes an acting secretary of the treasury
^ "3 U.S. Code § 19 – Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President; officers eligible to act" . LII / Legal Information Institute .
^ 31 U.S.C. § 301
^ Jump up to: a b 5 U.S.C. § 5312
^ Cabinets and Counselors: The President and the Executive Branch (1997). Congressional Quarterly . p. 87.
^ "Janet L. Yellen Sworn In As 78th Secretary of the United States Department of the Treasury" (Press release). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Treasury. January 26, 2021 . Retrieved January 27, 2021 . {{ cite press release }} : CS1 maint: url-status ( link )
^ Tappe, Anneken; Egan, Matt (January 25, 2021). "Janet Yellen is confirmed as the first female Treasury secretary in US history" . cnn.com . Retrieved January 26, 2021 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: url-status ( link )
^ "Duties & Functions: Secretaries of the Treasury" . United States Department of the Treasury . Archived from the original on November 19, 2010 . Retrieved November 30, 2012 .
^ "What is lawful money? How is it different from legal tender?" . federalreserve.gov . September 29, 2011. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011 . Retrieved September 30, 2011 .
^ "Salary Table No. 2021-EX Rates of Basic Pay for the Executive Schedule (EX)" (PDF) .
Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Secretary of the Treasury .
Office of East Asia
Office of South and Southeast Asia Nations
Office of Europe & Eurasia
Office of the Western Hemisphere
Office of International Monetary Policy
Office of Banking and Securities
Office of International Debt Policy
Office of Development Policy
Office of Financing Operations
Office of African Nations
Office of the Middle East and North Africa
Office of International Trade
Office of International Investment
Office of Trade Finance
Office of Technical Assistance
Office of Risk and Research Analysis
Exchange Stabilization Fund
* Ineligible to act as president • ** Ambiguity exists concerning eligibility to act as president
The United States secretary of the treasury is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury , and is the chief financial officer of the federal government of the United States . The secretary of the treasury serves as the principal advisor to the president of the United States on all matters pertaining to economic and fiscal policy. The secretary is a statutory member of the Cabinet of the United States , and is fifth in the presidential line of succession .
Under the Appointments Clause of the United States Constitution , the officeholder is nominated by the president of the United States, and, following a confirmation hearing before the Senate Committee on Finance , is confirmed by the United States Senate .
The secretary of state , the secretary of the treasury, the secretary of defense , and the attorney general are generally regarded as the four most important Cabinet officials, due to the size and importance of their respective departments. [4]
The current secretary of the treasury is Janet Yellen , who is the first woman to hold the post. [5] [6]
The Secretary is responsible for formulating and recommending domestic and international financial, economic, and tax policy, participating in the formulation of broad fiscal policies that have general significance for the economy, and managing the public debt. The Secretary oversees the activities of the Department in carrying out its major law enforcement responsibilities; in serving as the financial agent for the United States Government ; and in manufacturing coins and currency .
The Chief Financial Officer of the government, the Secretary serves as Chairman Pro Tempore of the President's Economic Policy Council, Chairman of the Boards and Managing Trustee of the Social Security and Medicare Trust Funds, and as U.S. Governor of the International Monetary Fund , the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development , the Inter-American Development Bank , the Asian Development Bank , and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development .
Most of the department's law enforcement agencies such as the U.S. Customs Service , the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), and the U.S. Secret Service were reassigned to other departments in 2003 in conjunction with the creation of the Department of Homeland Security .
The secretary of the treasury is a Level I position in the Executive Schedule and thus earns the salary prescribed for that level ( US$ 221,400, as of January 2021). [9] [3]
If both the secretary and the deputy secretary of the treasury are unable to carry out the duties of the office of secretary of the treasury, then whichever treasury official of under secretary rank sworn in earliest assumes the role of acting secretary. Positions listed on the Department of the Treasury website include the under secretary for domestic finance , the under secretary for international affairs , and the under secretary for terrorism and financial intelligence .
As of September 2022, there are ten living former secretaries of the treasury (with all secretaries that have served since 2003 still living), the oldest being W. Michael Blumenthal (served 1977–1979, born 1926). The most recent secretary of the treasury to die was George Shultz (served 1972–1974, born 1920) on February 6, 2021. The most recently serving secretary to die was Paul H. O'Neill (served 2001–2002, born 1935), on April 18, 2020.
Madam Secretary (informal) The Honorable (formal)
September 11, 1789 ; 232 years ago ( 1789-09-11 )
( 1926-01-03 ) January 3, 1926 (age 96)
( 1930-04-28 ) April 28, 1930 (age 92)
( 1930-04-11 ) April 11, 1930 (age 92)
( 1938-08-29 ) August 29, 1938 (age 84)
( 1954-11-30 ) November 30, 1954 (age 67)
( 1939-08-02 ) August 2, 1939 (age 83)
( 1946-03-28 ) March 28, 1946 (age 76)
( 1961-08-18 ) August 18, 1961 (age 61)
( 1955-08-29 ) August 29, 1955 (age 67)
( 1962-12-21 ) December 21, 1962 (age 59)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Leader of the United States armed forces following the president
Denotes an Acting Secretary of Defense
Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Secretary of Defense .
Office of the Secretary of Defense (including Defense Agencies and DoD Field Activities)
Defense Legal Services Agency (Office of Military Commissions)
Reserves:
A
MC
N
AF
CG
National Guard :
A
AF
Officer:
A
MC
N
AF
SF
CG
Warrant officers
Enlisted:
A
MC
N
AF
SF
CG
All watercraft
Ships:
A
N ( active )
AF
CG
MSC
Weapons:
N
CG
Reactors
Legend
A = Army
MC = Marine Corps
N = Navy
AF = Air Force
SF = Space Force
CG = Coast Guard
* Ineligible to act as president • ** Ambiguity exists concerning eligibility to act as president
The United States secretary of defense ( SecDef ) is the head of the United States Department of Defense , the executive department of the U.S. Armed Forces , and is a high ranking member of the federal cabinet . [5] [6] [7] The secretary of defense's position of command and authority over the military is second only to that of the president of the United States , who is the commander-in-chief . This position corresponds to what is generally known as a defense minister in many other countries. [8] The secretary of defense is appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate , and is by custom a member of the Cabinet and by law a member of the National Security Council . [9]
The secretary of defense is a statutory office , and the general provision in 10 U.S.C. § 113 provides that "subject to the direction of the President", its occupant has "authority, direction, and control over the Department of Defense". The same statute further designates the secretary as "the principal assistant to the President in all matters relating to the Department of Defense". [10] To ensure civilian control of the military , no one may be appointed as the secretary of defense within seven years of serving as a commissioned officer of a regular military component (i.e., non- reserve ) without a waiver from Congress. [11]
Subject only to the orders of the president, the secretary of defense is in the chain of command and exercises command and control , for both operational and administrative purposes, over all service branches administered by the Department of Defense – the Army , Marine Corps , Navy , Air Force , and Space Force – as well as the Coast Guard when its command and control is transferred to the Department of Defense. [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] Only the secretary of defense (or the president or Congress) can authorize the transfer of operational control of forces between the three military departments ( Department of the Army , the Navy , and the Air Force ) and the eleven Unified Combatant Commands . [12] Because the secretary of defense is vested with legal powers that exceed those of any commissioned officer , and is second only to the president in the military hierarchy, its incumbent has sometimes unofficially been referred to as "deputy commander-in-chief ". [17] [18] [19] The chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is the principal military adviser to the secretary of defense and the president; while the chairman may assist the secretary and president in their command functions, the chairman is not in the chain of command. [20]
The secretary of state , the secretary of the treasury , the secretary of defense, and the attorney general are generally regarded as the four most important cabinet officials because of the size and importance of their respective departments. [21]
The current secretary of defense is retired general Lloyd Austin , who is the first African American to serve in the position. [22]
An Army, Navy, and Marine Corps were established in 1775, in concurrence with the American Revolution . The War Department , headed by the secretary of war , was created by Act of Congress in 1789 and was responsible for both the Army and Navy until the founding of a separate Department of the Navy in 1798.
Based on the experiences of World War II , proposals were soon made on how to more effectively manage the large combined military establishment. The Army generally favored centralization while the Navy had institutional preferences for decentralization and the status quo. The resulting National Security Act of 1947 was largely a compromise between these divergent viewpoints. It renamed the Department of War the Department of the Army , and added both it and the Department of the Navy to a newly established National Military Establishment (NME). The Act also separated the Army Air Forces from the Army to become its own branch of service, the United States Air Force .
A new title was coined by the Act for the head of the NME: Secretary of Defense. At first, each of the service secretaries maintained cabinet status. The first secretary of defense, James Forrestal , who in his previous capacity as the secretary of the Navy had opposed the creation of the new position, found it difficult to exercise authority over the other branches with the limited powers his office had at the time. To address this and other problems, the National Security Act was amended in 1949 to further consolidate the national defense structure in order to reduce interservice rivalry , directly subordinate the secretaries of the Army , the Navy and the Air Force to the secretary of defense in the chain of command, and rename the National Military Establishment as the Department of Defense, making it one Executive Department . The position of the deputy secretary of defense , the number two position in the department, was also created at this time.
The general trend since 1949 has been to further centralize management in the Department of Defense, elevating the status and authorities of civilian OSD appointees and defense-wide organizations at the expense of the military departments and the services within them. The last major revision of the statutory framework concerning the position was done in the Goldwater–Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986 . In particular, it elevated the status of joint service for commissioned officers, making it in practice a requirement before appointments to general officer and flag officer grades could be made.
As the secretary of defense is a civilian position intended to be independent of the active-duty leadership, a secretary is required to have been retired from service for at least seven (originally ten) years unless a waiver is approved by Congress. [23] Since the creation of the position in 1947, such a waiver has been approved only three times, for Army general George Marshall in 1950, Marine Corps General Jim Mattis in 2017, and retired Army general Lloyd J. Austin III in 2021. [24] [25]
The secretary of defense, appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate , is by federal law ( 10 U.S.C. § 113 ) the head of the Department of Defense, "the principal assistant to the President in all matters relating to Department of Defense", and has "authority, direction and control over the Department of Defense". Because the Constitution vests all military authority in Congress and the president, the statutory authority of the secretary of defense is derived from their constitutional authorities. Since it is impractical for either Congress or the president to participate in every piece of Department of Defense affairs, the secretary of defense and the secretary's subordinate officials generally exercise military authority.
As the head of DoD, all officials, employees and service members are "under" the secretary of defense. Some of those high-ranking officials, civil and military (outside of OSD and the Joint Staff) are: the secretary of the Army , secretary of the Navy , and secretary of the Air Force , Army chief of staff , commandant of the Marine Corps , chief of naval operations , Air Force chief of staff , chief of space operations , and chief of the National Guard Bureau and the combatant commanders of the Combatant Commands . All these high-ranking positions, civil and military, require Senate confirmation.
The Department of Defense is composed of the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD), the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) and the Joint Staff (JS), Office of the Inspector General (DODIG), the Combatant Commands , the Military Departments ( Department of the Army (DA), Department of the Navy (DON) & Department of the Air Force (DAF)), the Defense Agencies and DoD Field Activities , the National Guard Bureau (NGB), and such other offices, agencies, activities, organizations, and commands established or designated by law, or by the president or by the secretary of defense.
Department of Defense Directive 5100.01 describes the organizational relationships within the Department and is the foundational issuance for delineating the major functions of the Department. The latest version, signed by former secretary of defense Robert Gates in December 2010, is the first major re-write since 1987. [26] [27]
The secretary's principally civilian staff element is called the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD)
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