Une nana sino-indienne
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Une nana sino-indienne
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"Goldi" redirects here. For Göldi, see Goeldi .
^ Jump up to: a b c Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Golds" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 213.
^ Russia Population Census
^ Sixth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China [1] (2010)
^ An, Jun (安俊) (1986). 赫哲语简志 [ Introduction to the Hezhen language ]. Beijing: Publishing House of Minority Nationalities . p. 1.
^ Сем Л. И. (L. I. Sem) "Нанайский язык" (Nanai language), in "Языки мира. Монгольские языки. Тунгусо-маньчжурские языки. Японский язык. Корейский язык" ( Languages of the World: Mongolic languages; Tunguso-Manchurian languages; Japanese language; Korean language ). Moscow, Indrik Publishers, 1997. ISBN 5-85759-047-7 . Page 174. L.I. Sem gives the self name in Cyrillic, as хэǯэ най or хэǯэны
^ Hezhe, Talk about the history of the Chinese ethnics [ permanent dead link ]
^ Du Halde, Jean-Baptiste (1735). Description géographique, historique, chronologique, politique et physique de l'empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie chinoise . Vol. IV. Paris: P.G. Lemercier. p. 7. Numerous later editions are available as well, including one on Google Books
^ О.П. Суник (O.P. Sunik), "Ульчский язык" (Ulch language), in Languages of the World (1997), p. 248; the Cyrillic spelling used there is хэǯэны .
^ Du Halde (1735), p. 12
^ Bäcker, Jörg (2002). "Shamanic Epics and Mongolian Influences on the Lower Amur (I)" . In Naeher, Carsten; Stary, Giovanni; Weiers, Michael (eds.). Proceedings of the First International Conference on Manchu-Tungus Studies, Bonn, August 28-September 1, 2000: Trends in Manchu and Tungus studies . Bonn: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 11–12. ISBN 3447045884 .
^ Forsyth, James (1994). A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990 (illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 214. ISBN 0521477719 .
^ Majewicz, Alfred F., ed. (2011). Materials for the Study of Tungusic Languages and Folklore (illustrated, reprint ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 21. ISBN 978-3110221053 . Volume 15, Issue 4 of Trends in Linguistics. Documentation [TiLDOC]
^ Jump up to: a b c Du Halde (1735), pp. 10-12
^ Fish-Skin Clothes Archived 2009-07-03 at the Wayback Machine
^ UNESCO RED BOOK ON ENDANGERED LANGUAGES: NORTHEAST ASIA
^ Jump up to: a b Kile, Antonina Sergeevna (2015). "The Traditions and Rituals of the Nanai People". Altai Hakpo . 25 : 219, 228.
^ Tatiana, Bulgakova (2013-08-12). Nanai shamanic culture in indigenous discourse . Fürstenberg/Havel. p. 46. ISBN 9783942883146 . OCLC 861552008 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d Gaer, Evdokiya. “The Way of The Soul to The Otherworld and the Nanai Shaman.” Shamanism: Past and Present . edited by Hoppál Mihály and Otto J. von Sadovszky, International Society for Trans-Oceanic Research, 1989, pp. 233-239.
^ "Archived copy" . Archived from the original on 2006-07-17 . Retrieved 2006-08-17 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link )
^ "Textbook preserves Hezhe language" .
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nanai people .
The Nanai people are a Tungusic people of East Asia who have traditionally lived along Heilongjiang (Amur), Songhuajiang (Sunggari) and Wusuli River [1] on the Middle Amur Basin . The ancestors of the Nanai were the Jurchens of northernmost Manchuria ( Outer Manchuria ).
The Nanai/Hezhe language belongs to the Manchu-Tungusic languages . According to the 2010 census there were 12,003 Nanai in Russia.
Common names for these people include нанай/ Nanai (meaning 'natives, locals, people of the land/earth'); self-designation Hezhen (means 'people of the Orient'); Russian : нанайцы nanaitsy ; Chinese : 赫哲族 ; Hèzhézú . There are also terms formerly in use: Golds , Goldes , Goldi , Heje , and Samagir .
Own names are [kilən] ( [nanio] and [nabəi] ) and [χədʑən] ( [nanai] ). [4] [na] means 'land, earth, ground, country' or, in this context, 'native, local' and [nio] , [bəi] , [nai] means 'people' in different dialects.
The Russian linguist L. I. Sem gives the self-name [xədʑən] in the Cyrillic form, хэǯэ най ( Hezhe nai ) or хэǯэны ( Hezheni ), and explains it as the self-name of the Nanai of the lower Amur, meaning, "people who live along the lower course of the river". [5] It is the source of the Chinese name for the Nanai, formerly " 黑斤 " ( Heijin ), " 赫哲哈喇 " ( Hezhehala ), and modern Chinese name " 赫哲 " ( Hezhe ). [6]
Some of the earliest first-hand accounts of the Nanai people in the European languages belong to the French Jesuit geographers travelling on the Ussuri and the Amur in 1709. According to them, the native people living on the Ussuri and on the Amur above the mouth of the Dondon River (which falls into the Amur between today's Khabarovsk and Komsomolsk-on-Amur ) were known as Yupi Tartars (fish-skin tartars), while the name of the people living on the Dondon and on the Amur below Dondon was transcribed by the Jesuits into French as Ketching . [7]
The latter name may be the French transcription of the reported self-name of the Nanai of the lower Amur, [xədʑən] , which was also applied to the closely related Ulch people, [8]
According to the Jesuits, the language of the "Yupi" people seemed to occupy an intermediate position between the Manchu language and that of the "Ketching"( Chinese : 盖靑 , gàiqīng ). people; some level of communication between the Yupi and the Ketching was possible. [9]
Some Han Chinese are said to have founded clan subdivisions among the Nanai and the Nanai have absorbed Manchu and Jurchens. Nanai culture is influenced by Han Chinese and Manchu culture and the Nanai share a myth in common with southern Chinese. [10]
The Nanais at first fought against the Nurhaci and the Manchus, led by their own Nanai Hurka chief Sosoku before surrendering to Hongtaiji in 1631. Mandatory shaving of the front of all male heads was imposed on Amur peoples conquered by the Qing like the Nanai people. The Amur peoples already wore the queue on the back of their heads but did not shave the front until the Qing subjected them and ordered them to shave. [11] The term "shaved-head people" was used to describe the Nanai by Ulch people. [12]
As described by early visitors (e.g., Jesuit cartographers on the Ussuri River in 1709), the economy of the people living there (who would be classified as Nanai, or possible Udege people , today) was based on fishing. [1] The people would live in villages along the banks of the Ussuri, and would spend their entire summers fishing, eating fresh fish in the summer (particularly appreciating the sturgeon ), and drying more fish for eating in winter. Fish would be used as fodder for those few domestic animals they had (which made the flesh of a locally raised pig almost inedible by visitors with European tastes). [13]
The traditional clothing was made out of fish skins. These skins were left to dry. Once dry, they were struck repeatedly with a mallet to leave them completely smooth. Finally they were sewn together. [13] The fish chosen to be used were those weighing more than 50 kilograms. [14]
In the past centuries, this distinct practice earned the Nanai the name "Fish-skin Tartars" ( Chinese : 鱼皮鞑子 , Yupi Dazi ). This name has also been applied, more generically, to other aboriginal groups of the lower Sungari and lower Amur basins. [15]
Agriculture entered the Nanai lands only slowly. Practically the only crop grown by the Yupi villagers on the Ussuri River shores in 1709 was some tobacco . [13]
The Nanai are mainly Shamanist , with a great reverence for the bear ( Doonta ) and the tiger ( Amba ). They consider that the shamans have the power to expel bad spirits by means of prayers to the gods. During the centuries they have been worshipers of the spirits of the sun, the moon, the mountains, the water and the trees. According to their beliefs, the land was once flat until great serpents gouged out the river valleys. They consider that all the things of the universe possess their own spirit and that these spirits wander independently throughout the world. In the Nanai religion, inanimate objects were often personified. Fire, for example, was personified as an elderly woman whom the Nanai referred to as Fadzya Mama. Young children were not allowed to run up to the fire, since they might startle Fadzya Mama, and men always were courteous in the presence of a fire.
Nanai shamans, like other Tungusic peoples of the region, had characteristic clothing, consisting of a skirt and jacket; a leather belt with conical metal pendants; mittens with figures of serpents, lizards or frogs; and hats with branching horns or bear, wolf, or fox fur attached to it. Bits of Chinese mirrors were also sometimes incorporated into the costume.
When a person dies their soul lives on, as the body is merely an outer shell for the soul. This concept of a continuing soul was not introduced to the Nanai by Christianity, but is original to them. [16]
The Nanai believe that each person has both a soul and a spirit. On death the soul and spirit will go different ways. A person’s spirit becomes malevolent and begins to harm their living relatives. With time, these amban may be tamed and can later be worshipped, otherwise a special ritual must be performed to chase the evil spirit away. [17]
After death a person's souls is put into a temporary shelter made of cloth, called a lachako. The souls of the deceased will remain in the lachako for seven days before being moved to a wooden sort of doll called a panyo , where it will remain until the final funerary ritual. [18]
The panyo is taken care of as if it is a living person; for example, it is given a bed to sleep in each night, with a pillow and blanket to match its miniature size. The closest family member is in charge of taking care of the deceased’s panyo . Each night this family member puts the panyo to bed and then wakes it in the morning. The panyo has a small hole carved where the mouth of a person would be, so that a pipe may occasionally be placed there and allow the deceased to smoke. If the family member travels they will bring the panyo with them. [18]
The dead’s final funerary ritual is called kasa tavori and lasts three days, during which there is much feasting and the souls of the deceased are prepared for their journey to the underworld. The most important part of the kasa tavori is held on the third day. On this day the dead’s souls are moved from the panyo into large human looking wooden figures made to be about the size of the deceased, called mugdeh. These mugdeh are moved into a dog sled that will be used to transport them to the underworld, Buni . Before leaving for Buni the shaman communicates any last wills of the deceased to the gathered family. For example in the anthropologist Gaer’s account of this ritual, one soul asked his family to repay a debt to a neighbor that the deceased was never able to repay. [18]
After this ceremony the shaman leads the dog sleds on the dangerous journey to Buni, from where she must leave before sunset or else she will die.
After kasa tavori it has previously been practiced that the living relatives could no longer visit the graves of the deceased, or even talk about them. [18]
The souls of Nanai infants do not behave in the same manner as an adult’s. For the Nanai, children under a year old are not yet people, but are birds. When an infant dies, its soul will turn into a bird and fly off. When an infant dies they are not buried. Instead they are wrapped in a paper made of birch bark and placed in a large tree somewhere in the forest. The soul of the child, or the bird, is then free to enter back into a woman. It is common practice in preparing a funeral rite of an infant to mark it with coal, such as drawing a bracelet around the wrist. If a child is later born to a woman that has similar markings to those drawn on a deceased child then it is believed to be the same soul reborn. [16]
The deceased were normally buried in the ground with the exception of children who died prior to the first birthday; these are buried in tree branches as a "wind burial". Many Nanai are also Tibetan Buddhist .
In Russia the Nanai live on the Sea of Okhotsk , on the Amur River , downstream from Khabarovsk , on both sides of Komsomolsk-on-Amur , as well as on the banks of the Ussuri and the Girin rivers (the Samagirs ). The Russians formerly called them Goldi, after a Nanai clan name. According to the 2002 census , there were 12,160 Nanai in Russia .
In the Soviet Union , a written standard of the Nanai language (based on Cyrillic ) was created by Valentin Avrorin and others. It is still taught today in 13 schools in Khabarovsk .
The Nanai are one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China where they are known as "Hezhe" ( 赫哲族 ; Hèzhé Zú ). According to the last census of 2004, they numbered 4,640 in China (mostly in Heilongjiang province). Chinese Nanai speak the Hezhen dialect of Nanai . They also have a rich oral literature known as the Yimakan . [19] The dialect does not have a written system in China and Nanai usually write in Chinese. (Second language literacy is 84%.) However, as of 2005 teachers have recently finished compiling what is probably the first Hezhe language textbook. [20]
The 2000 Chinese census recorded 4.640 Nanai in China.
(Only includes counties or county-equivalents containing >0.45% of China's Nanai population.)
Goldi family group, north of Khabarovsk 1895
Goldi chiefs north of Khabarovsk , 1895
Goldes shaman priest in his regalia, 1895
Goldi village on the Amur, north of Khabarovsk 1895
Goldi village along the Amur River, north of Khabarovsk 1895
Sipai Hezhe Autonomous Township 四排赫哲族乡
Jiejinkou Hezhe Autonomous Township 街津口赫哲族乡
Bacha Hezhe Autonomous Township 八岔赫哲族乡
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Après notre premier séjour en Casamance en février 2020, nous rêvions d'y retourner et surtout de découvrir cette belle région reverdie après la saison des pluies.
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South-East Asia, Blondie & Brunette ON THE ROAD ! ×
Le départ est fixé à dimanche prochain (8 Octobre). Etant toutes les deux originaires de Caen, il nous faudra dans un premier temps nous rendre à Paris pour y prendre notre avion. Nous nous tournons vers la solution Ouibus qui a un très bon rapport qualité/prix puisque le bus nous déposera directement à l'aéroport Roissy Charles de Gaulle ce qui nous évite notamment de devoir prendre le train puis le RER ! Et pour un tarif plus que raisonnable : 17€/pers.
Le départ en bus se fera donc à 12h de la gare de Caen avec une arrivée prévue à 15h35 à l'aéroport, sachant que notre vol en direction de Bangkok est à 21h35, on est LAAAARGES ! On aura tout le temps de profiter de l'aéroport haha
Justement parlons-en du billet d'avion ! En passant par l'application Kayak, nous avons réussi à trouver notre vol aller-retour, Paris-Bangkok pour la modique somme de 391€ et oui Messieurs, Dames !! Pas cher du tout ! En plus nous n'avons réservé qu'un mois à l'avance... Comme quoi il n'y a pas toujours besoin de s'y prendre 1 an à l'avance. Nous avons tout de même une escale à Mascate mais seulement de 2h, et nous voyagerons donc avec la compagnie Oman Air... Affaire à suivre, je vous ferais un petit compte rendu de ces vols, c'est promis 😉
Pour être tout à fait exacte j’ai en fait un sac à dos et non une valise. Car y a pas photos c’est bien plus facile à transporter lorsque l’on se déplace beaucoup ! Ce qui risque d’être notre cas puisque en faisant un itinéraire très rapide sur Google Maps et en ne citant que les grandes étapes, j’arrive à un total d’environ 8000 km ! Même pas peur 😉
J'en ai même oublié le retour en Thaïlande et plus particulièrement dans les îles du Sud afin de bronzer un peu avant le retour en métropole puis le voyage final jusqu'à Bangkok pour le vol de fin. Bref un long périple nous attends et de tous les blogs que j'ai pu lire, à propos du sac à dos : The lighter is the better ! Veuillez comprendre : Plus c'est léger mieux c'est.
Tâche ardue pour moi puisque clairement ce n'est pas mon fort... Disons que j'aime avoir du choix pour m'habiller.
Cependant, la perspective de ce sac à dos sur mes épaules durant de longues heures me force à être réaliste, je vais devoir faire du tri et n'emmener que l'essentiel ! Et tout devra tenir dans ce backpack de chez Décathlon, d'une contenance de 60L.
Commençons par le matos "High-Tech" :
Continuons avec THE trousse à pharmacie que certains trouveront sans doute bien remplie mais bon je suis tout de même infirmière et par conséquent je ne me voyais pas partir avec le strict minimum genre que du Doliprane ! Voici une liste effectuée avec mon médecin traitant qui a pris le temps d'évaluer toutes les possibilités et qui a essayé de balayer les divers maux dont je pourrais souffrir durant ce voyage.
De mon propre chef, j'ai ajouté à tout ceci :
Dans la catégorie tout et n'importe quoi j'ai décidé d'emmener :
Une trousse de toilette mais pas n'importe laquelle ! Une pliante avec un petit crochet 😀
Et enfin en ce qui concerne les vêtements... je n'ai pas encore totalement décidé de tout donc je vous redirais ça plus tard !
Pour les chaussures c'est assez simple, je pars avec une paire de baskets Nike aux pieds et dans mon sac il y aura une paire de tongs et une paire de sandales La Marine, elles sont waterproof et assez confortable pour marcher plusieurs heures avec mais aussi assez classe pour être portées avec la "petite robe noire".
Comme vous le savez tous, un voyage ça se prépare un minimum à l’avance car il y a des formalités administratives, precautions sanitaires, peut être des achats nécessaires au voyage etc
En ce qui me concerne j’aime avoir le temps de faire les choses, d’être organisée au minimum, de préparer à l’avance... tout cela m’aide à partir détendue et contribue je le pense à un voyage réussi mais on est jamais à l’abri d’une tuile !
Avant un voyage de longue durée il peut être judicieux d’aller voir vos spécialistes préférés en fonction de vos besoins : dentiste, ophtalmologue, gynécologue, allergologue etc.
Et enfin votre médecin traitant qui sera d’une aide précieuse pour vérifier avec vous si vous avez les vaccinations obligatoires pour les pays visités et celles qui sont recommandées. (Prévoir ce rdv au moins 1 mois et demi à l’avance car certaines vaccinations peuvent s’échelonner sur 3 semaines, exemple : le vaccin contre la rage.) Vous pouvez aussi rencontrer des difficultés à vous procurer certains vaccins comme celui de l'hépatite A car ils sont distribués au compte goutte dans les pharmacies en raison d'une rupture de stock.
D'autre part, le vaccin contre la fièvre jaune est disponible uniquement dans les centres
Une traînée pulpeuse et parfaite
Une indienne suce et baise puis se douche
Une ado et le destructeur black