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The black woman - with white parents
Sandra Laing was born black, but to white parents. It would have been strange anywhere - but in apartheid South Africa it was disastrous. Rory Carroll reports from Johannesburg
Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning
© 2022 Guardian News & Media Limited or its affiliated companies. All rights reserved. (modern)
Long before science learned to meddle with genes, there was Sandra Laing. She entered the world in 1955, a beautiful baby by all accounts, who could be expected to grow up in a close-knit family amid mines of gold and forests of pine. At the first sight of Sandra no one, not the nurse, her mother, father or neighbours would admit the obvious. Nature had played a trick. Abraham and Sannie Laing were white, their parents, grandparents and great grandparents were white, yet their daughter was dark. By a biological quirk, the pigment of an unknown black ancestor had lain dormant for generations and manifested in Sandra. Genetic throwbacks were not unheard of but if there was ever a wrong place and wrong time for this phenomenon, it was apartheid South Africa.
Her life is an extraordinary tale of a search for identity in a system built on race and prejudice, where home, school, job and sex life was demarcated by skin colour. Born to a conservative Afrikaner family, Sandra's fate was to not be what she was supposed to be.
It has a happy ending, of sorts, and one which is scheduled to hit bookshops and cinemas now that Hollywood has caught wind of the story. The first biography is due out this year and a British production company has signed a deal with Miramax to make the film. Sandra Laing is about to become famous. Sitting in the back garden of her new house in Leachville, a maze of recently built estates fringing farmland east of Johannesburg, the bulky woman with the crew cut does not much resemble the svelte, toffee-coloured youngster who was photographed hugging a tall, white woman three decades ago. The psychological toll of her traumas has been immense, say friends, and Sandra, 47, is taciturn, the eye contact fleeting, the voice low. "I'm much happier with black people. I am, I was, very shy with white people. Even today I still think white people don't like black people because of the way they treated me." A mild way of putting things from someone who was expelled from school, mocked, abused, persecuted and told she was inferior, something less than fully human, because she lacked the pinkness expected of an Afrikaner descended from Dutch settlers. The nose and lips could be European but the skin is evidence of a liaison between a settler and native, perhaps as early as the 18th century.
"Sometimes I wonder how things might have been, what life might have been like, if I was born white. Mostly I try just to forget the past." She speaks slowly, concentrating on each question, but it is clear she would rather play with the grandson resting on her knee, throw a ball to the dog, re-arrange shelves in the grocery shop, do anything other than an interview. Earlier she did smile, when 10 children with violins trooped into her shop, a converted front room of her house, and gave a concert to celebrate the new home and business which, it is hoped, will harbour a normal, stable life. Wellwishers and dignitaries of all colours made speeches to honour what they called a survivor, a symbol of triumph over despair. A performance by Zulu dancers drove the dog wild and Sandra even joined in the laughter.
The wheel has turned full circle. Growing up in the rural town of Piet Retief, Sandra's parents, members of the racist Nationalist Party, also ran a grocery shop, and in the early years she was happy. Treated as white by her parents and two brothers, Adriaan and Leon, she attended the Dutch Reformed Church and was reared as a God-fearing Afrikaner superior to blacks and "coloureds", those of mixed race. "My parents were good people and they loved me very much." The tight black curly hair and ever-darkening skin was noticeable to all and Sandra remembers being told by her mother to avoid the sun. Teachers looked away when classmates called her a "kaffir" and one day, after five years at the Deborah Retief boarding school, the principal told her to pack her bag; she was being expelled. Two policemen escorted the 10-year-old home.
Sandra's father wept and tried to explain to her about the laws which said she would have to attend a school for black or coloured children. Taking their cue from the state, the community punished the family: ignored at church, refused ice cream at shops, rejected by nine schools, cursed. Abraham Laing appealed in vain against Sandra's reclassification as coloured and she ended up in a boarding school 900km from home, lonely, a bedwetter. In 1967 she was reclassified white when the law changed to say the child of two white parents could not belong to another racial group. Blood tests proved she was the biological offspring of Abraham and Sannie.
By now Sandra felt more at ease with non-whites and at the age of 16 she eloped with a Zulu-speaking vegetable-seller, Petrus Zwane. "My father was furious because I married a black man. He threatened to shoot first me then himself if I ever put my foot over his threshold again." It was a step into another world, from ruling caste privilege to the oppression and poverty of townships. From apartheid there was no escape: Sandra would not be allowed to keep her two children unless she was reclassified coloured, as they were, but her father refused his consent, and without documents she had to eke out a living with odd jobs.
Evicted from their town to make way for whites, Petrus turned drunk and violent and Sandra, destitute, placed the children with social welfare, the hardest decision of her life, she says. As apartheid entered crisis in the 1980s Sandra tried in vain to contact her family, only to learn Abraham had died and Sannie did not want to see her. Sandra found a second husband, Johannes Motloung, and had another three children after being reunited with her first two. Three years ago the Johannesburg Sunday Times found her in a township on the East Rand and arranged a tearful reunion at a nursing home with her mother. Months short of her death, Sannie was bubbly and alert: "Now tell me again, about the children." Sandra's brothers, said to be right-wing, still shun contact.
The publicity galvanised a campaign to find Sandra a house of her own, culminating in last month's ceremony in Leachfield, and the story is on its way to a wider audience. Judy Stone, a contributing editor of Oprah magazine, expects to publish a biography next year and Anthony Fabian, a British producer and director, has a $5m (£3.12m) contract with Miramax to make the film. Billed as a true story of love, betrayal and reconciliation, the working title gets to the point: Skin.

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The Black population of the United States is growing. In 2019, there were 46.8 million people who self-identified as Black, making up roughly 14% of the country’s population. This marks a 29% increase since 2000, when there were roughly 36.2 million Black Americans.
Black Americans are diverse . This group consists of people with varied racial and ethnic identities and experiences. The nation’s Black population includes those who say their race is Black, either alone or along with other racial backgrounds. It also includes Hispanics or Latinos who say their race is Black.
This fact sheet is a profile of the demographic, geographic and economic characteristics of the U.S. Black population in 2019. In order to present detailed data about this group, charts and analysis about the Black population are analyzed through the lens of four different demographic groups:
Scroll down or click through the navigation bar on the left to see various demographic and economic characteristics of the U.S. Black population.
The analysis presented in these fact sheets about the Black population in the United States uses the latest demographic data available. It is based on data from the U.S. Census Bureau’s 2019 American Community Survey, provided through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) from the University of Minnesota.
These fact sheets rely on self-identification of race and ethnicity in the 2019 American Community Survey (ACS) to identify the nation’s Black population. However, an individual’s racial and ethnic self-identification may not be fixed and instead can change over time . In addition, the racial and ethnic categories used by the U.S. Census Bureau can change as the way the nation sees itself changes. These changes, in turn, may impact how many people identify as Black (or any other race). See “ What Census Calls Us ” for more details on how the racial and ethnic categories have changed throughout the years.
Unless otherwise noted, adults are those who are ages 18 and older.
U.S. Black population or total Black population refers to anyone who self-identifies as Black in the United States. This includes those who say their race is only Black; those who say Black is one of two or more races in their background; and those who say they their race is Black, or say that one of their races is Black but also indicate they are of Hispanic or Latino or Black origin. The terms Black population and Black people are used interchangeably in these fact sheets.
The terms single-race Black and Black alone are used interchangeably throughout these fact sheets to refer to the same population. This population is made up of individuals who self-identify only as Black and do not identify as Hispanic or Latino.
The term multiracial Black is used to refer to people who self-identify as two or more races and do not identify as Hispanic or Latino.
The term Black Hispanic is used to refer to those who self-identify as Black and Hispanic or Latino, as well as those who self-identify as multiracial Black and Hispanic or Latino.
Foreign born refers to persons born outside of the United States to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The terms foreign born and immigrant are used interchangeably in these fact sheets. In these fact sheets, we refer to several generations . These are defined by their birth years and ages in 2019 as follows:
There were 46.8 million people in the U.S. who identified as Black in 2019. The Black population has grown by more than 10 million since 2000, when 36.2 million of the U.S. population identified as Black, marking a 29% increase over almost two decades.
More than 4.6 million Black people in the U.S. were born outside the country as of 2019, meaning that 10% of the Black population was foreign born. This is an increase from 2000, when 2.4 million people, or roughly 7%, among the Black population were foreign born.
In 2019, the single-race non-Hispanic Black population was the largest demographic subgroup of U.S. Black people, numbering 41 million – fully 87% of the total Black population. This marks an increase of 21% over 2000, when the population was roughly 33.7 million.
More than 4 million members of this population were born outside of the U.S., meaning 10% of single-race Black people are foreign born. This is an increase over 2000, when 1.9 million (roughly 6%) among the single-race, non-Hispanic Black population were foreign born.
It’s important to mention that there has been a growth in the share of people in the United States – not just Black Americans – who identify as multiracial in recent years. Part of this is due to expansions in how the Census Bureau asks about ethnic and racial identity. Starting in 2000, the bureau has provided respondents with the option to identify as more than one race. Besides that, younger multiracial people are more likely to identify with multiple racial or ethnic identities, on forms or otherwise.
In addition, there are people with multiple racial identities in their family history who do not describe themselves as multiracial . This suggests that there is likely a discrepancy between the number of multiracial Black people in the U.S., as discovered through demographic data analysis, and the number of multiracial Black people who identify themselves in this way.
The multiracial non-Hispanic Black population is the second-largest subgroup included in this analysis, with around 3.7 million people or 8% of the overall Black population. It has grown from roughly 1.5 million in 2000 to 3.7 million in 2019, marking a 144% increase.
Additionally, 130,000 members of this population were born outside of the country, meaning that 4% of the multiracial Black population is foreign born. This is an increase from 2000, when 250,000 people, or roughly 16%, among the multiracial non-Hispanic Black population were foreign born.
There were roughly 2.4 million Black Hispanic people in the U.S. in 2019, which was 5% of the total Black population that year, making this subgroup the smallest population group included in this analysis. This population has grown from roughly 1 million in 2000 to 2.4 million in 2019, marking a 145% increase.
Additionally, roughly 460,000 members of this population were born outside of the country, meaning that almost one-in-five Black Hispanics (19%) are foreign born. This is an increase from 2000, when roughly 260,000 people, or about 27%, among the Black Hispanic population were foreign born.
The U.S. Black population is young and growing. The median age of Black people in 2019 was 32, six years younger than the U.S. population’s median age of 38. Roughly 30% of the entire Black population was below the age of 20 and 11% were 65 or older.
Over a third of the U.S. Black population (35%) was 22 years or younger in 2019. An additional 23% were Millennials, meaning roughly 58% of all Black Americans were age 38 or younger in 2019.
The general fertility rate among Black women ages 15 to 44 is 5.9%.
The single-race Black population is young and growing. The median age of single-race Black people in 2019 was 35, three years younger than the full U.S. population’s median age of 38. Roughly 27% of the single-race Black population were below the age of 20, and 12% were 65 or older.
Roughly a third (32%) of the single-race Black population in the U.S. were either members of Gen Z or age 6 or younger, meaning they were 22 or younger in 2019. An additional 24% were Millennials, meaning 56% of single-race Black people were age 38 or younger in 2019. 
The fertility rate among single-race Black women in the U.S. ages 15 to 44 was 6.0% in 2019.
The multiracial population pyramid shows that this population is young and growing. The median age of multiracial Black people in 2019 was 16, making this the youngest subgroup of the Black population and significantly younger than the U.S. population (which had a median age of 38). Over half (57%) of the multiracial Black population was below the age of 20 in 2019, and 3% were 65 or older.
In 2019, the majority (63%) of multiracial Black people in the U.S. were members of Gen Z or under the age of 7, meaning they were 22 years old or younger.
The fertility rate among multiracial Black women in the U.S. ages 15 to 44 is 5.5%.
The total Black Hispanic population is young and growing. The median age of this population group in 2019 was 22, making Black Hispanics the second-youngest group included in this analysis, and notably younger than the U.S. population, which had a median age of 38.
Roughly 45% of the Black Hispanic population was below the age of 20, and 5% were 65 or older.
In 2019, 51% of the Black Hispanic population in the U.S. were members of Gen Z or under the age of 7. An additional 24% were Millennials, meaning 75% of the Black Hispanic population was 38 years of age or younger that year. 
The fertility rate among Black Hispanic women in the U.S. ages 15 to 44 is 5.2%.
The vast majority of the Black population as of 2019 speaks English very well or only speaks English at home (96%), while almost nine-in-ten (89%) speak only English at home. Besides English, other languages spoken by the Black population ages 5 and older include Spanish (3%), French or Haitian Creole (2%) and Amharic and other Ethiopian languages (1%).
The vast majority of the single-race Black population speaks English very well or only speaks English (97%), while about nine-in-ten (91%) speak only English at home as of 2019. Besides English, other commonly spoken languages by this part of the population ages 5 and older include French or Haitian Creole (2%), Spanish (1%) and Amharic and other Ethiopian languages (1%).
The vast majority of the multiracial Black population speaks English very well or only speaks English at home (99%), while about nine-in-ten (94%) speak only English at home as of 2019. Spanish is spoken by 2% of the multiracial Black population in the United States.
A substantial majority of the multiracial Black population speaks English very well or only speaks English at home (82%), while almost half (48%) speak only English at home as of 2019. Besides English, roughly half (51%) of this population speaks Spanish.
Regionally, the highest concentration of Black people in the U.S. in 2019 is in the South. More than half (56%) live there, while 17% live in the Midwest, 17% live in the Northeast and 10% live in the West.
When it comes to states of residence, Texas is home to the largest Black population, at about 3.9 million. Florida comes in a close second with 3.8 million, and Georgia comes in third, with 3.6 million.
The most populous metropolitan area of residence for all Black people in 2019 is New York City, with 3.8 million. In a distant second is Atlanta, with 2.2 million, and then the Washington, D.C., area, with 1.7 million Black residents.
The South is the region with the highest concentration of the single-race U.S. Black population in 2019, with a roughly six-in-ten majority (59%) of the total. The Northeast is home to 15%, another 17% live in the Midwest and 9% live in the West.
Texas is home to the largest number of Black people of any state, with around 3.4 million single-race Black people. Georgia and Florida are home to the next largest populations of this population, with roughly 3.3 million single-race Black people each.
Additionally, these three states are home to some of the urban areas with the highest shares of single-race Black people. New York City is the metropolitan area with the largest share of the nation’s single-race Black population, with roughly 3.1 million. Other top metropolitan areas include Atlanta, Washington, D.C., Chicago and Philadelphia.
Regionally, the South is home to the highest concentration of the multiracial population in the U.S., with a plurality (40%) of the total as of 2019. Roughly a quarter (24%) live in the Midwest, one-in-five live in the West and 16% live in the Northeast.
California is the top state of residence for multiracial Black people, with over 350,000. Texas is home to roughly 250,000 multiracial Black people, while Florida has roughly 240,000.
New York City is the metropolitan area with the highest number of multiracial Black residents and is home to roughly 160,000 members. Other top metropolitan areas for this subgroup include Washington D.
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