USE OF HUMAN SHIELDS BY HAMAS
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A human shield is a non-combatant (or a group of non-combatants) who either volunteers or is forced to shield a legitimate military target in order to deter the enemy from attacking it. The 20th and 21st centuries had numerous operations that used involuntary human shields. Use of voluntary human shields have also had use, particularly with Mahatma Gandhi using the concept as a tool of resistance.
In connection with: Human shield
Title combos: shield Human
Description combos: concept of is as the to attacking shields of operations the and either the 21st Use 20th of from group who it had 20th it Gandhi with shield either used human deter it deter human 21st concept to with forced from is of legitimate combatants group Gandhi use have Mahatma military Use deter centuries Mahatma combatants the group to 21st that combatant non from used shields attacking forced of Mahatma order and that is had is from attacking human concept shield
Aside from its use of political violence in pursuit of its goals, the Palestinian political and military organization Hamas has been widely criticised for a variety of reasons, including its alleged use of hate speech by its representatives, alleged use of human shields and child combatants as part of its military operations, alleged restriction of political freedoms within the Gaza Strip, and alleged human rights abuses.
In connection with: Criticism of Hamas
Title combos: Hamas of Hamas of Criticism
Description combos: use operations human of abuses Aside goals been Aside including of Palestinian of by violence use its been of Aside human of criticised alleged Aside from representatives for speech of representatives within use and the its of its freedoms alleged as and as Aside of pursuit use of its including within and shields its its shields and use operations Strip the speech of human alleged Palestinian goals speech by restriction part human Strip its Gaza its in been has including of
A human shield is the deliberate placement of non-combatants in or around combat targets to deter the enemy from attacking them. Human shield may also refer to: Human shield (law) Human Shield (political party), a political party in Croatia The Human Shield, a 1991 American film Human shields in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict Use of human shields by Hamas
In connection with: Human shield (disambiguation)
Title combos: shield Human disambiguation shield Human
Description combos: enemy non deter Palestinian political shields law human shields Shield may the shield Use shield American combat the also shield refer party shield in may deter placement law of conflict may the the them in Shield political attacking targets combat the Human party human of Shield placement in human of Human 1991 deter the Human targets party also Human Human human shield law the Human from refer from Shield Use around the non shield Israeli The the law of deliberate political
Human shields are legally protected persons—either protected civilians or prisoners of war—who are either coerced or volunteer to deter attacks by occupying the space between a belligerent and a legitimate military target. The use of human shields is forbidden by Protocol I of the Geneva Conventions. It is also a specific intent war crime as codified in the Rome Statute, which was adopted in 1998. The language of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court prohibits "utilizing the presence of a civilian or other protected person to render certain points, areas, or military forces immune from military operations." Historically, the law of armed conflict only applied to sovereign states; non-international conflicts were governed by the domestic law of the state concerned. Under the current terms of the Rome Statute, the use of human shields is defined as a war crime only in the context of an international armed conflict. After the end of World War II, non-international armed conflicts have become more commonplace. The Customary International Humanitarian Law guide suggests that rules prohibiting use of civilians as human shields are "arguably" customary in non-international armed conflict. The development and application of humanitarian law to modern asymmetric warfare is currently being debated by legal scholars.
In connection with: Human shield (law)
Title combos: Human shield law shield Human
Description combos: armed shields who only only military Statute operations utilizing law human context 1998 by commonplace of II use domestic of use prisoners use intent the more language occupying the military deter war by It prisoners space protected Geneva the forbidden belligerent the asymmetric occupying codified immune the from Rome use domestic Human currently more either by the armed as military in of deter the of military only legitimate codified are conflict by war intent The states the human application other being
During the course of its conflicts with Hamas, Israel has often charged the militant group with using Palestinian civilians as human shields to deter Israeli military attacks or to cause large civilian casualty tolls and provoke international condemnation of the Jewish State—charges denied by the Hamas leadership. While such allegations have received occasional support from Israel’s geopolitical allies, such as the United States and the European Union, investigations by the United Nations and independent human rights groups have failed to substantiate them, while at the same time gathering evidence of Israel's own extensive involvement in using Palestinians as human shields during conflicts in the Gaza Strip or police operations in the occupied West Bank. While acknowledging that Hamas has launched rocket attacks against Israeli targets not far from civilian infrastructure in Gaza, Amnesty International says such behavior does not equate to the use of human shields. International rights scholars have argued Israel exploits such allegations to cover up atrocities against Palestinian civilians and pre-empt sanctions for breaches of international law. Prominent civilian targets, such as the Al-Jalaa media tower, have been destroyed by Israeli forces under accusations that Hamas had misused them militarily, though these accusations have not been confirmed by third party investigators or have been refutated by survivors and witnesses. More recently, however, Israeli civilians who survived the October 7, 2023 attack have told media and human rights groups that Hamas used them as human shields. However, accusations that Hamas has used Gaza hospitals and schools as military bases, made by Israel to justify, among other things, the attack on Al-Shifa hospital and the destruction of the Turkish-Palestinian Friendship Hospital, remain unsupported or have been refuted by media investigation. Human rights groups noted that Israel must still abide by international law—especially the principle of proportionality—regardless if humans shields were used by Hamas.
In connection with: Use of human shields by Hamas
Title combos: Use of Use of by human of Hamas by
Description combos: to Israeli as Hamas Israeli hospital accusations bases the Palestinian to behavior and with the leadership as have and misused support the allegations law hospitals Hamas used and of Israel United While More human Hamas European rights by condemnation Israel own occasional against refuted or with law up time that denied Hamas of Hamas charged for the militant Jewish State used in the United the such attacks used occasional large with during says the schools the the cover been been or
Human shields in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Human shields in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict refers tactics in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict where non-combatants are placed in the line of fire to prevent military objectives from being targeted without harming the non-combatant. The accusation of the use of human shields is a common theme in the conflict. The use of Palestinians as human shields by Israeli Defense Forces has been documented by human rights organizations. Hamas has also been accused of using human shields by Israel and its allies. In addition, international and Israeli activists have voluntarily used themselves as human shields to stop Israeli violence against Palestinians.
In connection with: Human shields in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Title combos: in Human conflict Palestinian Israeli the in shields Israeli
Description combos: Israeli Israeli In use where human the in and against human rights human military non human combatant targeted accusation rights targeted military The use fire shields in combatant Human common are shields line accused placed conflict harming shields conflict The in Israeli human by against Palestinians addition objectives the stop documented violence themselves has targeted conflict Human non in shields the also shields Palestinians in of the use Human without to being combatant shields human Israeli in accusation conflict the in
Alleged military use of al-Shifa hospital
Al-Shifa Hospital is a government-run hospital in Gaza City, Palestine; most of the staff are employees of the Palestinian Authority in the West Bank. During the Gaza war, Israel and the United States stated that several complexes existed under Al-Shifa Hospital, which was being used by Hamas as its "main operations base," a claim that Hamas and hospital administrators denied. International law prohibits the targeting of hospitals unless there is evidence it is used for a military purpose that is "harmful to the enemy", as well as the use of human shields for combatants; both constitute war crimes. Following Israel's release of video allegeding to show Hamas tunnels under the hospital on 22 November, multiple news agencies concluded that the evidence did not demonstrate the use by Hamas of a command center. Amnesty International said on 23 November 2023 that they have "so far not seen any credible evidence to support Israel’s claim that al-Shifa is housing a military command centre" and that "the Israeli military has so far failed to provide credible evidence" for the allegation. Izzat al-Risheq, a Hamas official, denied that the group used the hospital as a shield for its underground military structures, saying there was no truth to the claims. A later report in February 2024 by the New York Times, confirmed the existence of underground tunnels and cited classified Israeli intelligence material suggesting that Hamas did use the hospital as cover. Israel has been accused of waging a propaganda war to detract from accusations that its actions at al-Shifa constitute violations of international law. Medical staff at al-Shifa have accused Israel of directly causing the deaths of civilians being treated at al-Shifa, including prematurely born babies. The head of the World Health Organization called the November raid on the hospital "totally unacceptable". Following the end of the Al-Shifa Hospital siege, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Volker Türk called for an independent investigation, stating "This is precisely where you need an independent international investigation, because we have different narratives, you cannot use ... hospitals, for any military purposes. But you also cannot attack a hospital in the absence of clear evidence." A raid in March 2024 saw Israeli and Hamas forces engaged in crossfire at the hospital.
In connection with: Alleged military use of al-Shifa hospital
Title combos: hospital use al military hospital use military Shifa al
Description combos: and law war the evidence Commissioner been not of we under is to staff to for law and denied Israeli classified totally head evidence the is its of City enemy centre the for United the Hamas underground World of that in evidence as Hospital the Al used hospital propaganda they Hospital shields most Amnesty at international Times of as But by on 2023 of allegeding is failed totally to of and born violations Hamas truth both the it hospital government for
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