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Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October Learn More or Try it out now. Therefore, we aim to produce a scoping review to summarise available scientific literature on alcohol and substance dependence ASD in all ethnic and religious groups in the UAE to inform future scientific inquiries. Drawing on the participants, concept, context PCC framework, the following review question was developed: What can be learnt from a review of scientific literature on alcohol and substance abuse in all ethnic and religious groups in the UAE? The scientific literature on ASD in the UAE published between and January , in either English or Arabic, will be considered, including all ethnic, religious and age groups. Grey literature, such as postgraduate dissertations and conference proceedings, will also be considered. Eight English and two Arabic databases and print copies of literature sources in university libraries will be included. EndNote and Covidence software will be used for deduplication, screening and data extraction. Screening and reviewing search results will involve two English-speaking and two Arabic-speaking team members who will work independently. A third reviewer will resolve conflicts. Data charting informed by the Covidence data extraction tool 2. Ethical approval is not required for this study because this is a scoping review of published studies and grey literature. Findings will be disseminated via peer-reviewed journal publications, scientific conferences and a policy brief. Alcohol and drug abuse is a centuries-old escalating global issue linked to various adverse health and social consequences for individuals, families and communities. Decades of studies have accumulated evidence that adverse childhood experiences, comorbidities such as anxiety, mood disorders and other mental health difficulties, contribute to the development of ASD. Research over the years has demonstrated that despite cultural, religious and legal constraints, ASD is on the rise among Muslim Arabs in Islamic nations such as Syria, 7 Jordan and Palestine, 8 9 Saudi Arabia, 10—13 and Kuwait. A systematic review identified 60 studies published between and that reported on alcohol and other substance abuse addictions among Arab Muslims living in GCC countries. The review comprised seven studies conducted in the UAE between and These seven studies examined sociodemographic variables, community samples and legal issues associated with ASD. Some scholars explored the cultural elements and treatment delivery, 17 while others focused their studies on the estimates of the economic implications of addiction in the UAE. They attempted to gain a deeper understanding of the attitudes and perceptions of adolescents in the UAE regarding substance dependence and to identify factors that, in their view, may influence the risk of substance use and suggested possible interventions. The Federal Supreme Council is the highest legislative and executive body, consisting of seven members one for each Emirate. However, some powers are kept with the individual emirates. The population increased dramatically, from in to 9. Since the establishment of the UAE in , the economic and social landscape has shifted significantly. Citizens moved from a nomadic and isolated life into a luxurious lifestyle in urban areas and may have been influenced by the values and traditions of the large expat community. Therefore, alcohol consumption is forbidden by Islam and local law in the UAE. As a result, the regulations on alcohol consumption were again amended to reflect the changing society. As a result, residents in six Emirates no longer need a license to consume alcohol, whereas Sharjah strictly prohibits it. Nonetheless, the legal drinking age of 21 was maintained, as was a zero-tolerance policy for drinking and driving, being in public while intoxicated and selling or serving alcohol to Muslims. The UAE has a zero-tolerance for the recreational use and possession of narcotic drugs such as cannabis, cocaine, heroin, methadone, opium and psychotropic drugs, for example, painkillers, unless part of a supervised and regulated medical and scientific activity. In a preliminary estimate, Doran 18 reported that out of a total population of 8. In , there were admissions, of which were first-time treatment admissions, compared with in and first-time treatment seekers. Alarmingly, people were arrested in the UAE for drug-related crimes in , up To summarise, in light of the increase of ASD in the UAE communities, the long-term adverse effect of ASD, the limitations of the systematic review mentioned earlier, 15 and the growing body of research on ASD in the UAE, a systematic search on the scientific literature on ASD in the UAE that includes all cultural and religious backgrounds over the last 50 years is needed. A scoping review is the most appropriate evidence synthesis to synthesise scientific literature in the UAE. Following the development of the review question, the inclusion and exclusion criteria detailed in table 2 , were formulated to guide the identification of eligible studies for inclusion in the review. This scoping review will consider scientific literature such as quantitative, qualitative and experimental study designs, including randomised controlled trials, non-randomised controlled trials, before-and-after studies and interrupted time-series studies. In addition, analytical observational studies, including prospective and retrospective cohort studies, case—control studies and analytical cross-sectional studies, will be considered for inclusion. This review will also consider descriptive observational study designs, including case series, individual case reports and descriptive cross-sectional studies for inclusion. Qualitative studies focusing on qualitative data will also include, but are not limited to, designs such as phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, qualitative description, action research and feminist research. Grey literature, such as conference proceedings and postgraduate dissertations, will also be included. Older literature sources, such as dissertations and theses from the s and s, may be difficult to find online. As a result, on request, a librarian will identify and retrieve hard copy scientific sources from the UAE University library or other libraries. Following a consultation with a librarian at the UAE University and studying text words contained in the titles and abstracts of search results, the search terms were amended. These 10 databases will be divided among the team members and searched between March and May using the search script that will be adapted for each database. Studies published in English or Arabic between and January will be included due to the limitations of the previous systematic review. However, the studies included in the systematic review will be used to identify eligible studies that may not have been identified through the searches. Search dates: 30 January Filters: Language English; —January For each included database and information source, the following keywords, in both English and Arabic, as well as a combination of the search fields' title, abstract, keywords and MeSH terms, will be applied and adapted:. Handsearches of the reference list of all included full-length articles will be screened for additional studies. We will also search ResearchGate and Artificial Intelligence platforms such as Research Rabbit and Elicit to screen for eligible studies. Furthermore, contact will be made with study authors to explore if they know of any other unpublished studies. Next, AF will export research results from the OneDrive folder to an EndNote library, where duplicates will be removed within and across databases. The team settings in Covidence will allow importing citations, managing screening by multiple reviewers, data extraction and file export. The screening of titles and abstracts will be done over two stages. In preparation for the first stage, screening titles and abstracts and the inclusion and exclusion criteria will be pilot tested by screening at least ten titles and abstracts during a team meeting. Next, the team will adjust eligibility criteria see table 2 and formulate a potential justification for exclusion. Finally, four members will independently screen all the English and other Arabic titles and abstracts against the inclusion and exclusion criteria to remove irrelevant material. Justification for exclusions will be documented in Covidence. The screening phase will take place between June and August Only full-length articles from studies that reached a consensus on inclusion will be downloaded during the second screening phase. Two team members will independently review the English full-text articles, and two Arabic-speaking team members will assess the Arabic articles against the eligibility criteria. Reasons for excluding sources of evidence in full text that do not meet the inclusion criteria will be recorded. After a decision was made on the full-text included studies, the reference lists of the included studies will be screened to identify further eligible studies by KC and KAR. These articles will be imported to Covidence, and AF, VA, AA and MA will screen the titles and abstracts, followed by downloading and screening for eligible full-length articles. Next, two team members, PT and KAR, will contact experts in the field to obtain unpublished studies, reports and conference presentations. These sources will be screened for eligibility by these two team members. Next, data extraction will take place. First, data extraction 2. The draft extraction form will first be pilot tested by the two reviewers on at least five studies. Next, the research team will meet to discuss the finalisation of the data extraction during a team meeting. Two reviewers will independently extract data and send it for consensus to a third reviewer on Covidence. If appropriate, authors of papers will be contacted to request missing or additional data, where required. The extracted data will be circulated hereafter on Google Drive for other team members to review. Any amendments to the data extraction tool will be documented in the Scoping review. Data charting will take place between September and November After the data extraction, the export function in Covidence will be used to export the data in an excel. Finally, the data sheet will be prepared for data analysis and synthesis. Following data analysis and an iterative process between the data set and ASD literature, categories will be developed to respond directly to the review question s. The findings will be presented graphically or in diagrammatic or tabular form. Data analysis and writing up the scoping review findings will occur between December and February There is no patient involved in the study. However, a summary of the findings will be sent to key stakeholders in the UAE working in the field of ASD in February to comment on and provide feedback before submission for publication. Contributors: AF conceived of the idea, developed the research questions and study methods and contributed meaningfully to the drafting and editing; she has also approved the final manuscript. Funding: The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors. Competing interests: None declared. Refer to the Methods section for further details. Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. BMJ Open. Published online May 9. Corresponding author. Received Dec 20; Accepted Apr No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. Associated Data Supplementary Materials Reviewer comments. Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval is not required for this study because this is a scoping review of published studies and grey literature. A scoping review of the scientific literature on alcohol and substance dependence across all ethnic and religious groups in the United Arab Emirates since will be produced. The review will include paper copies of scientific literature published in the s and s that are unavailable online. A diverse team of English and Arabic-speaking faculty with a background in Social work will conduct the review. Introduction Alcohol and drug abuse is a centuries-old escalating global issue linked to various adverse health and social consequences for individuals, families and communities. Table 1 The participant, concept and concept framework. Open in a separate window. Eligibility criteria Following the development of the review question, the inclusion and exclusion criteria detailed in table 2 , were formulated to guide the identification of eligible studies for inclusion in the review. Table 2 Inclusion and exclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria All humans no restrictions :. All ethnic and religious groups, genders or age groups, with alcohol and substance dependence as the sample or an outcome. Scientific literature on ASD, including studies reporting the prevalence, risk factors, relapse, treatment, aftercare and overdose. Types of literature sources This scoping review will consider scientific literature such as quantitative, qualitative and experimental study designs, including randomised controlled trials, non-randomised controlled trials, before-and-after studies and interrupted time-series studies. Table 3 Example of the preliminary database search script and results. Screening process The team settings in Covidence will allow importing citations, managing screening by multiple reviewers, data extraction and file export. Charting the data Next, data extraction will take place. Data analysis and presentation After the data extraction, the export function in Covidence will be used to export the data in an excel. Patient and public involvement There is no patient involved in the study. Supplementary Material Reviewer comments: Click here to view. Author's manuscript: Click here to view. Footnotes Contributors: AF conceived of the idea, developed the research questions and study methods and contributed meaningfully to the drafting and editing; she has also approved the final manuscript. Ethics statements Patient consent for publication Not applicable. References 1. Prevalence of comorbid substance use, anxiety and mood disorders in epidemiological surveys, a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend ; :1— World Health Organization. Sdg target 3. United Nations. Sustainable development goals. The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med ; 9 :e The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health ; 2 :e— Alcohol and other substance use during the covid pandemic: a systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend ; Pt A Abazid H. Drug abuse in the middle East: a focus on Syria. Handbook of substance misuse and addictions: from biology to public health. Springer; Substance abuse studies and prevention efforts among Arabs in the s in Israel, Jordan and the Palestinian authority -- a literature review. Addiction ; 94 — The role of religion in the recovery from alcohol and substance abuse among Jordanian adults. J Relig Health ; 54 — The characteristics and patterns of utilization of healthcare services among omanis with substance use disorders attending therapy for cessation. PLoS One ; 14 :e Volatile substance abuse among school students of eastern Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med ; 13 —4. Substance abuse among male secondary school students in abha City, Saudi Arabia: prevalence and associated factors. Biomed Res ; 27 — Substance use disorders in Saudi Arabia: a scoping review. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy ; 15 Some behavioural and psychological aspects of alcohol and drug dependence in Kuwait psychiatric hospital. Acta Psychiatr Scand ; 63 — Alcohol and substance use in the Arabian Gulf region: a review. Int J Psychol ; 44 — Sarhan HAS. Drugsabuse in the United Arab Emirates. Newcastle University, Treating substance dependency in the UAE: a case study. J Muslim Ment Health ; 4 — Doran C. Preliminary estimates of the economic implications of addiction in the United Arab emirates. East Mediterr Health J ; 22 — JRSM Open ; 6 Amir T. Comparison of patterns of substance abuse in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab emirates. Soc Behav Pers ; 29 — Al Mamari SM. Johns Hopkins University, Alsuwaidi HM. Understanding the barriers to integration to society, recovering patient from addiction face: Qualitative study in UAE. Harvard University, A profile of patients with substance use disorders and treatment outcomes: a year retrospective study from the National rehabilitation center. A 10 year retrospective study of the National Rehabilitation Centre Abu Dhabi: Trends, population characteristics, associations and predictors of treatment outcomes. The pattern of substance use disorder in the United Arab emirates in results of a national rehabilitation centre cohort study. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy ; 11 Gaber B. Country report: United Arab emirates. Bank TW. Population, total-United Arab emirates. Global burden of disease study Collaborators Lancet ; — United Arab Emirates Ministry of Justice. Federal decree law concerning the penal code ; United Arab Emirates Government Portal. Drug and controlled medicine United Arab emirates. United Arab Emirates. International Society of substance use professionals. Global status report on alcohol and health World Health Organization, A 6-year review of drug trends in the United Arab emirates from the perspective of the National rehabilitation center NRC , abu dhabi. Toxicology ; Anti-Drug Council reviews first half of statistics. Chang S. Ann Intern Med ; —3. Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews. JBI Evidence Synthesis ; 18 — Ann Intern Med ; — Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol ; 8 — Hupe M. Endnote X9. JERML ; 16 —9. Covidence systematic review software. Available: www. Recommendations for the extraction, analysis, and presentation of results in scoping reviews. JBI Evid Synth ; 21 — Scoping studies: advancing the methodology. Implement Sci ; 5 Copy Download. Population important characteristics of participants. The scientific literature on alcohol and substance dependence. All humans no restrictions : All ethnic and religious groups, genders or age groups, with alcohol and substance dependence as the sample or an outcome. English and Arabic languages Online and hard copy sources Grey literature, such as postgraduate dissertations and conference proceedings. Opinion and narrative literature reviews Retrospective correlation studies between alcohol and drug consumption and medical conditions. Studies covering the treatment of medical conditions.
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